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Northern Adelbert languages

January 01, 1970

The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a family of twenty languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern Adelbert Range of mountains directly opposite Karkar Island, as opposed to the Southern Adelbert languages, another branch of Madang.

Northern Adelbert
Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait
Pihom–Isumrud
Geographic
distribution		Adelbert Range, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classificationNortheast New Guinea?
  • Madang
    • Central Madang
      • Northern Adelbert
Glottologgrea1298  (Greater Northern Adelbert)
croi1234  (Croisilles)

Malcolm Ross posited a "linkage" connecting the Northern Adelbert languages with the Mabuso languages, and named this group Croisilles /krɔɪˈsɪlz/,[1] as the two families bracket Cape Croisilles (Northern Adelbert to the north, Mabuso to the south). However, Ross never claimed Croisilles was an actual language family, and other researchers have rejected the connection.

Languages edit

There are approximately 20 Northern Adelbert languages.

Below is a comparison of Northern Adelbert language names in Pick (2020)[2] and Z'graggen (1980).[3] A few alternate names from Capell (1952) are also given.[4]

Classification edit

Croisilles was first posited by Malcolm Ross (1995), not as an actual language family, but as a linkage. It was a merger of Wurm's Pihom-Isumrud-Mugil and Mabuso stocks, each of which contained 25–30 languages. Pick (2017, 2020) and Usher reject the merger, and provisionally the inclusion of Mugil (Bargam), though Pick retains the name. Usher disambiguates the (non-Mabuso) family as 'Adelbert Range'.

Usher (2020) edit

Timothy Usher classifies the languages as follows.[6]

Pick (2020) edit

Below is Andrew Pick's (2020) classification of the Northern Adelbert languages.[2]: 14 

Pick (2017) edit

A quite similar internal classification was worked out independently by Pick (2017).[1] Pick could not establish regular sound correspondences with Kobol–Pal (Omosan) or Amaimon (Mabulap), and thus leaves them out of the family.

Pick notes that Barem and Malas share pronominal markers on the verbs 'to teach' and 'to show' that are unique to those two verbs.

Proto-language edit

Proto-Northern Adelbert
Reconstruction ofNorthern Adelbert languages

A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert has been proposed by Pick (2020).[2]

Phonology edit

Pick (2020) reconstructs the phonemes of Proto-Northern Adelbert as:[2]

labial alveolar palatal velar
unvoiced stops *p *t *k
voiced stops *b *d *g
nasals *m *n *ŋ
fricatives *s
laterals *l
rhotics *r
glides *w *y

Four vowels are reconstructed by Pick (2020): *a, *e, *i, *u. Although Northern Adelbert languages usually have the five vowels /a e i o u/, Pick (2020) does not consider *o to be reconstructable.

Pronouns edit

The Proto-Northern Adelbert pronouns are:[2]: 471 

SG PL
1 *ye *yin
2 *ne *nin
3 *we *win

Lexicon edit

Selected lexical reconstructions from Pick (2020) are listed below.

Animal names
gloss Proto-Northern Adelbert
ant *mudir
ant sp. *susur
bird *muga(n/ŋ)
bird *nebek
centipede *wisir
chicken *teteri
crayfish *areker
crocodile *tuar
eel *melik
fly (insect) *kuduruk
flying fox *kepak
flying fox *malabuŋ
frog *idik
grasshopper *takaw
grasshopper *usa
hornbill *baram
leech *udir(a/e)m
louse *gun
mosquito *kasin
night bird *mum
night bird of prey *kilal
palm cockatoo *k(a/e)kawin
pig *buruk
pig, marsupial game animal *wa
pitpit *pia
snake *duag
sunfly *sisimur
Victoria crowned pigeon *maur
Plant names
gloss Proto-Northern Adelbert
aibika greens *iruar
aibika greens *maiw
bamboo *bik
banana *kudi
betel pepper vine *kupi
breadfruit *kidar
coconut *keta
firefly *magam
mango *pai
mushroom *mutar
sago *kamar
stinging nettle (Tok Pisin: salat) *k(u/a)bum
sugarcane *kai
taro *mam
tree *ŋam
tree sp. (Tok Pisin: mangas) *teber
tulip tree *kuari
type of greens *muduru
Material culture
gloss Proto-Northern Adelbert
adze/axe *ben
bow *kemi
canoe *wag
hand drum *wag
house post *bugaŋ
kundu drum *kibem
loincloth *siruw
platform, bed *badim
signal drum, ironwood tree *baner
spear *uyaw
village *kuaw

Comparisons edit

Below is a list of Proto-Northern Adelbert forms that are descended from Proto-Trans–New Guinea.[2]: 470 

gloss Proto-Northern Adelbert Proto-Trans–New Guinea
arm, hand *waben *mbena
older brother *bab *[mb]amba
blood *ked *ke(nj,s)a
heart *gemaŋ *kamu
neck, nape *kumaŋ *kuma(n, ŋ)
mosquito *kasin *kasin
die *um- *kumV-
sleep *in- *kin(i,u)[m]-
know, hear, see *ag- 'see' *nVŋg-
NEG *me (+verb) *ma- (+verb)
water *yag *ok[V]
leaf *tak *sasak

References edit

  1. ^ a b Pick, Andrew (2017). "A Reconstruction of Proto-Croiselles Phonology and Lexicon". 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics. San Antonio, Texas, US. (video)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Pick, Andrew (2020). A reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert phonology and lexicon (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
  3. ^ Z'graggen, J.A. A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. D-31, xvi + 194 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. doi:10.15144/PL-D31
  4. ^ Capell, Arthur. 1952. Languages of the Bogia District, New Guinea. Oceania 22(2), 130-147; 22(3), 178-207.
  5. ^ Petir, Amova, Dum Materem, Pakong Yapong, Sakel Mukarek, Moyang Okira, & Tim Platts-Mills. 1996. Useful Plants of Salembem Village, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Madang: Kristen Pres.
  6. ^ Usher, Timothy. 2020. Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait (NewGuineaWorld)

Further reading edit

 
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Northern Adelbert reconstructions

External links edit

  • Current research on the Madang languages by Andrew Pick

January 01, 1970
northern, adelbert, languages, northern, adelbert, pihom, isumrud, languages, family, twenty, languages, madang, stock, guinea, occupy, coastal, northern, adelbert, range, mountains, directly, opposite, karkar, island, opposed, southern, adelbert, languages, a. The Northern Adelbert or Pihom Isumrud languages are a family of twenty languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea The occupy the coastal northern Adelbert Range of mountains directly opposite Karkar Island as opposed to the Southern Adelbert languages another branch of Madang Northern AdelbertAdelbert Range Isumrud Strait Pihom IsumrudGeographicdistributionAdelbert Range Madang Province Papua New GuineaLinguistic classificationNortheast New Guinea MadangCentral MadangNorthern AdelbertGlottologgrea1298 Greater Northern Adelbert croi1234 Croisilles Malcolm Ross posited a linkage connecting the Northern Adelbert languages with the Mabuso languages and named this group Croisilles k r ɔɪ ˈ s ɪ l z 1 as the two families bracket Cape Croisilles Northern Adelbert to the north Mabuso to the south However Ross never claimed Croisilles was an actual language family and other researchers have rejected the connection Contents 1 Languages 2 Classification 2 1 Usher 2020 2 2 Pick 2020 2 3 Pick 2017 3 Proto language 3 1 Phonology 3 2 Pronouns 3 3 Lexicon 3 4 Comparisons 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksLanguages editThere are approximately 20 Northern Adelbert languages Below is a comparison of Northern Adelbert language names in Pick 2020 2 and Z graggen 1980 3 A few alternate names from Capell 1952 are also given 4 Pick 2020 Z graggen 1980 ISO 639 3 Amako Korak koz Barem Bunabun Z graggen 1980 Bunubun Capell 1952 buq Bargam Mugil mlp Bepour Bepour bie Gavak Dimir dmc Hember Avu Musar Z graggen 1980 Amben Petir et al 1996 5 Vanembere Capell 1952 mmi Karian Bilakura bql Kobol Koguman kgu Kowaki Kowaki xow Maia Pila Saki sks Maiani Tani tnh Mala Pay ped Miani Tani Z graggen 1980 Banar Capell 1952 pla Manep Malas mkr Mauwake Ulingan mhl Mawak Mawak mjj Moere Moere mvq Mokati Wanambre wnb Pal Abasakur abw Pamosu Hinihon hih Parawen Parawen prw Ukuriguma Ukuriguma ukg Usan Wanuma wnu Waskia Waskia wsk Yaben Yaben ybm Yarawata Yarawata yrwClassification editCroisilles was first posited by Malcolm Ross 1995 not as an actual language family but as a linkage It was a merger of Wurm s Pihom Isumrud Mugil and Mabuso stocks each of which contained 25 30 languages Pick 2017 2020 and Usher reject the merger and provisionally the inclusion of Mugil Bargam though Pick retains the name Usher disambiguates the non Mabuso family as Adelbert Range Usher 2020 edit Timothy Usher classifies the languages as follows 6 Adelbert Range Isumrud Strait Kowan Isumrud Strait Waskia Korak Amako North Adelbert Range Yamben Omosan Omosa River Pal Abasakur Kobol Koguman Gilagil River old Isumrud proper Dimir Gavak Brem Bunabun Malas Manep Northwest Adelbert Range Mount Pihom Kaukombar River Mala Pay Miani Maiani Tani Maia Pila Saki Kumil Timper Kumil River Bepour Mauwake Ulingan Moere Tiboran River Timper River Musar Wanambre Kowaki Mawak Pamosu Hinihon Mabulap Numugen Amaimon Mabulap isolate Numugen River see Pick 2020 edit Below is Andrew Pick s 2020 classification of the Northern Adelbert languages 2 14 Northern Adelbert languages Manep Barem languages Manep Barem Kumil Tibor languages Kumil languages Mauwake Bepour Moere Tibor languages Pamosu Hember Avu Mokati Mawak Kowaki Numugen languages Usan Karian Yaben Yarawata Parawen Ukuriguma Kaukombar languages Maia Mala Miani Maiani Gavak Pick 2017 edit A quite similar internal classification was worked out independently by Pick 2017 1 Pick could not establish regular sound correspondences with Kobol Pal Omosan or Amaimon Mabulap and thus leaves them out of the family Northern Adelbert Kumil Tibor t gt s p gt f ŋ gt zero Tibor n gt zero a gt e Mokati Wanambre k gt h C gt voice Kowaki Mawak Pamosu Hember Avu Musar Kumil k t gt C gt voice k gt zero Bepour Mauwake Moere Kaukombar k ŋ n gt zero Mala Miani Maiani Maia Manep Barem ŋ gt n g gt ŋ wV gt u Manep Malas Barem Brem Gabak Dimir Numugen ŋ gt n 6 languages Amako Waskia Waskia Korak Pick notes that Barem and Malas share pronominal markers on the verbs to teach and to show that are unique to those two verbs Proto language editProto Northern AdelbertReconstruction ofNorthern Adelbert languages A phonological reconstruction of Proto Northern Adelbert has been proposed by Pick 2020 2 Phonology edit Pick 2020 reconstructs the phonemes of Proto Northern Adelbert as 2 labial alveolar palatal velar unvoiced stops p t k voiced stops b d g nasals m n ŋ fricatives s laterals l rhotics r glides w y Four vowels are reconstructed by Pick 2020 a e i u Although Northern Adelbert languages usually have the five vowels a e i o u Pick 2020 does not consider o to be reconstructable Pronouns edit The Proto Northern Adelbert pronouns are 2 471 SG PL 1 ye yin 2 ne nin 3 we win Lexicon edit Selected lexical reconstructions from Pick 2020 are listed below Animal names gloss Proto Northern Adelbert ant mudir ant sp susur bird muga n ŋ bird nebek centipede wisir chicken teteri crayfish areker crocodile tuar eel melik fly insect kuduruk flying fox kepak flying fox malabuŋ frog idik grasshopper takaw grasshopper usa hornbill baram leech udir a e m louse gun mosquito kasin night bird mum night bird of prey kilal palm cockatoo k a e kawin pig buruk pig marsupial game animal wa pitpit pia snake duag sunfly sisimur Victoria crowned pigeon maur Plant names gloss Proto Northern Adelbert aibika greens iruar aibika greens maiw bamboo bik banana kudi betel pepper vine kupi breadfruit kidar coconut keta firefly magam mango pai mushroom mutar sago kamar stinging nettle Tok Pisin salat k u a bum sugarcane kai taro mam tree ŋam tree sp Tok Pisin mangas teber tulip tree kuari type of greens muduru Material culture gloss Proto Northern Adelbert adze axe ben bow kemi canoe wag hand drum wag house post bugaŋ kundu drum kibem loincloth siruw platform bed badim signal drum ironwood tree baner spear uyaw village kuaw Comparisons edit Below is a list of Proto Northern Adelbert forms that are descended from Proto Trans New Guinea 2 470 gloss Proto Northern Adelbert Proto Trans New Guinea arm hand waben mbena older brother bab mb amba blood ked ke nj s a heart gemaŋ kamu neck nape kumaŋ kuma n ŋ mosquito kasin kasin die um kumV sleep in kin i u m know hear see ag see nVŋg NEG me verb ma verb water yag ok V leaf tak sasakReferences edit a b Pick Andrew 2017 A Reconstruction of Proto Croiselles Phonology and Lexicon 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics San Antonio Texas US video a b c d e f Pick Andrew 2020 A reconstruction of Proto Northern Adelbert phonology and lexicon PDF PhD dissertation University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa Z graggen J A A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range languages Madang Province Papua New Guinea D 31 xvi 194 pages Pacific Linguistics The Australian National University 1980 doi 10 15144 PL D31 Capell Arthur 1952 Languages of the Bogia District New Guinea Oceania 22 2 130 147 22 3 178 207 Petir Amova Dum Materem Pakong Yapong Sakel Mukarek Moyang Okira amp Tim Platts Mills 1996 Useful Plants of Salembem Village Madang Province Papua New Guinea Madang Kristen Pres Usher Timothy 2020 Adelbert Range Isumrud Strait NewGuineaWorld Further reading edit nbsp Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix Proto Northern Adelbert reconstructions Ross Malcolm 2014 Proto Croisilles TransNewGuinea org Ross Malcolm 2014 Proto Mabuso TransNewGuinea org Ross Malcolm 2014 Proto North Adelbert TransNewGuinea org Ross Malcolm 2014 Proto Isumrud TransNewGuinea org Ross Malcolm 2014 Proto Pihom TransNewGuinea org Ross Malcolm 2014 Proto Tibor Omosa TransNewGuinea org Ross Malcolm 2014 Proto Kaukombar TransNewGuinea org Ross Malcolm 2014 Proto Kumil TransNewGuinea org Ross Malcolm 2014 Proto Numugen TransNewGuinea org External links editCurrent research on the Madang languages by Andrew Pick Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Northern Adelbert languages amp oldid 1212121223, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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