Dimensional metrology, also known as industrial metrology, is the application of metrology for quantifying the physical size, form (shape), characteristics, and relational distance from any given feature.
Standardized measurements are essential to technological advancement, and early measurement tools have been found dating back to the dawn of human civilization.[1] Early Mesopotamian and Egyptian metrologists created a set of measurement standards based on body parts known as anthropic units. These ancient systems of measurements utilized fingers, palms, hands, feet, and paces as intervals.
Carpenters and surveyors were some of the first dimensional inspectors, and many specialized units craftsmen, such as the remen, were worked into a system of unit fractions that allowed for calculations utilizing analytic geometry. Later agricultural measures such as feet, yards, paces, Cubits, fathoms, rods, cords, perch, stadia, miles and degrees of the Earth's circumference, many of which are still in use.
Early Measurement Tools & StandardizationEdit
Early Egyptian rulers were incremented in units of fingers, palms, and feet based on standardized inscription grids. These grids outlined the standards of measurement as canons of proportion, and were made commensurate with Mesopotamian standards based on fingers, hands, and feet. In this system, four palms or three hands measured one foot; ten hands equaled one meter.[2]
These standards were used to measure and define property and regulated by law for several purposes, such as taxation, infrastructure, and more. such as buildings and fields were adopted by the Greeks, Romans, and Persians as legal standards and became the basis of European standards of measure.[3] They were also used to relate length to area with units such as the khet, setat and aroura, area to volume with units such as the artaba and space to time with units such as the Egyptian minute of march, the itrw which recorded an hours travel on a river, and the days sail.
Modern toolsEdit
Modern measurement equipment include hand tools, CMMs (coordinate-measuring machines), machine vision systems, laser trackers, and optical comparators. A CMM is based on CNC technology to automate measurement of Cartesian coordinates using a touch probe, contact scanning probe, or non-contact sensor. Optical comparators are used when physically touching the part is undesirable; components that consist of fragile or mailable materials require measurement using non-contact techniques. Instruments can now build 3D models of a part and its internal features using CT Scanning[4] or X-Ray imaging.[5]
Relative measurementsEdit
Measurements are often expressed as a size relative to a theoretically perfect part that has its geometry defined in a print or computer model. A print is a blueprint illustrating the defined geometry of a part and its features. Each feature can have a size, a distance from other features, and an allowed tolerance set on each element. The international language used to describe physical parts is called Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (colloquially known as GD&T). Prints can be hand drawn or automatically generated by a computer CAD model. However, computer controlled measurement like coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) and vision measuring machines (VMMs) can measure a part relative to a CAD model without the need for a print. Typically, this process is done to reverse engineer components.
Mechanical engineeringEdit
Industrial metrology is common in manufacturing quality control systems to help identify errors in component production and ensure proper performance. Blueprints and 3D CAD models (as described above) are usually made by a mechanical engineer.
^Gyllenbok, Jan (2018), "Introduction", in Gyllenbok, Jan (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures: Volume 1, Science Networks. Historical Studies, vol. 56, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57598-8_1, ISBN978-3-319-57598-8, retrieved 2022-05-26
^Stone, Mark H. (2014-01-30). "The Cubit: A History and Measurement Commentary". Journal of Anthropology. 2014: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2014/489757.
^"measurement system | Types & Definition". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
^Villarraga-Gómez, Herminso; Herazo, Ericka; Smith, Stuart (November 2019). "X-ray computed tomography: from medical imaging to dimensional metrology". Precision Engineering. 60: 544–569. doi:10.1016/j.precisioneng.2019.06.007. S2CID 210437460 – via ResearchGate.
^"Three Dimensional Metrology Key-Note-Papers NIST" (PDF). NIST.gov. (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
National Institute for Standards and Technology Dimensional Metrology Portal
An example of Industrial Metrology equipment.
The Dimensional Metrology Standards Consortium is an ANSI standards organization that identify needed standards in the field of digital metrology
October 19, 2023
dimensional, metrology, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, this, article, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scho. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Dimensional metrology news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Dimensional metrology also known as industrial metrology is the application of metrology for quantifying the physical size form shape characteristics and relational distance from any given feature Contents 1 History of metrology 1 1 Early Measurement Tools amp Standardization 2 Modern tools 3 Relative measurements 4 Mechanical engineering 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory of metrology EditStandardized measurements are essential to technological advancement and early measurement tools have been found dating back to the dawn of human civilization 1 Early Mesopotamian and Egyptian metrologists created a set of measurement standards based on body parts known as anthropic units These ancient systems of measurements utilized fingers palms hands feet and paces as intervals Carpenters and surveyors were some of the first dimensional inspectors and many specialized units craftsmen such as the remen were worked into a system of unit fractions that allowed for calculations utilizing analytic geometry Later agricultural measures such as feet yards paces Cubits fathoms rods cords perch stadia miles and degrees of the Earth s circumference many of which are still in use Early Measurement Tools amp Standardization Edit Early Egyptian rulers were incremented in units of fingers palms and feet based on standardized inscription grids These grids outlined the standards of measurement as canons of proportion and were made commensurate with Mesopotamian standards based on fingers hands and feet In this system four palms or three hands measured one foot ten hands equaled one meter 2 These standards were used to measure and define property and regulated by law for several purposes such as taxation infrastructure and more such as buildings and fields were adopted by the Greeks Romans and Persians as legal standards and became the basis of European standards of measure 3 They were also used to relate length to area with units such as the khet setat and aroura area to volume with units such as the artaba and space to time with units such as the Egyptian minute of march the itrw which recorded an hours travel on a river and the days sail Modern tools EditModern measurement equipment include hand tools CMMs coordinate measuring machines machine vision systems laser trackers and optical comparators A CMM is based on CNC technology to automate measurement of Cartesian coordinates using a touch probe contact scanning probe or non contact sensor Optical comparators are used when physically touching the part is undesirable components that consist of fragile or mailable materials require measurement using non contact techniques Instruments can now build 3D models of a part and its internal features using CT Scanning 4 or X Ray imaging 5 Relative measurements EditMeasurements are often expressed as a size relative to a theoretically perfect part that has its geometry defined in a print or computer model A print is a blueprint illustrating the defined geometry of a part and its features Each feature can have a size a distance from other features and an allowed tolerance set on each element The international language used to describe physical parts is called Geometric Dimensioning amp Tolerancing colloquially known as GD amp T Prints can be hand drawn or automatically generated by a computer CAD model However computer controlled measurement like coordinate measuring machines CMMs and vision measuring machines VMMs can measure a part relative to a CAD model without the need for a print Typically this process is done to reverse engineer components Mechanical engineering EditIndustrial metrology is common in manufacturing quality control systems to help identify errors in component production and ensure proper performance Blueprints and 3D CAD models as described above are usually made by a mechanical engineer See also EditPosition sensor Positioning systemReferences Edit Gyllenbok Jan 2018 Introduction in Gyllenbok Jan ed Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology Weights and Measures Volume 1 Science Networks Historical Studies vol 56 Cham Springer International Publishing pp 1 5 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 57598 8 1 ISBN 978 3 319 57598 8 retrieved 2022 05 26 Stone Mark H 2014 01 30 The Cubit A History and Measurement Commentary Journal of Anthropology 2014 1 11 doi 10 1155 2014 489757 measurement system Types amp Definition Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 06 23 Villarraga Gomez Herminso Herazo Ericka Smith Stuart November 2019 X ray computed tomography from medical imaging to dimensional metrology Precision Engineering 60 544 569 doi 10 1016 j precisioneng 2019 06 007 S2CID 210437460 via ResearchGate Three Dimensional Metrology Key Note Papers NIST PDF NIST gov Archived PDF from the original on 2016 12 20 Retrieved June 23 2021 Further reading EditDoiron T 2007 20 C A Short History of the Standard Reference Temperature for Industrial Dimensional Measurements Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology National Institute of Science and Technology 112 1 1 23 doi 10 6028 jres 112 001 PMC 4654601 PMID 27110451 External links EditNational Institute for Standards and Technology Dimensional Metrology Portal An example of Industrial Metrology equipment The Dimensional Metrology Standards Consortium is an ANSI standards organization that identify needed standards in the field of digital metrology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dimensional metrology amp oldid 1178612645, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
