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Digital Scriptorium

April 11, 2024

Digital Scriptorium (DS) is a non-profit, tax-exempt consortium of American libraries with collections of medieval and early modern manuscripts, that is, handwritten books made in the traditions of the world's scribal cultures.[1][2] The DS Catalog represents these manuscript collections in a web-based platform form building a national union catalog for teaching and scholarly research in medieval and early modern studies.

Digital Scriptorium
CuratorsEducational consortium
Funded byInstitute for Museum and Library Services
Websitedigital-scriptorium.org
Leaf from a Gradual, c, 1450–1475, Italy; New York, Columbia University, Plimpton MS 040A

The DS Catalog is an open-access resource based on Linked Open Data technologies and practices. It enables users to study manuscripts held in academic, research, and public libraries and museums in the United States. It makes available collections that are often restricted from public access and includes not only famous masterpieces of book illumination but also understudied manuscripts that have been previously overlooked for publication or study.

DS is overseen by a board of directors and is supported by its member institutions. As an organization with national representation, DS serves the interests of a diverse community of scholars, teachers, students, hobbyists, booksellers, and collectors—anyone with an interest in premodern manuscripts.

History edit

 
Glossed Psalter, Paris, c. 1140–60; Berkeley, CA, U.C. Berkeley Bancroft Library, MS UCB 147, fol. 46v-47r.

Founded in 1997 and funded by grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation and the Institute for Museum and Library Services, DS at its inception was a joint project funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation between the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley (under Prof. Charles Faulhaber[3]) and the Rare Book & Manuscript Library of Columbia University (under Dr. Consuelo W. Dutschke[4]). The original goal was to digitize and make an online database available on the World Wide Web catalog records and selected images from the two universities' medieval European and early Renaissance manuscript collections.[5] By providing free online access to these collections, the founders hoped to inspire more research and study of medieval manuscript culture. Moreover, because of patterns of collecting in the 19th and early 20th century, many manuscripts in American collections comprise partial texts or detached single leaves.[6] Cataloging as many of these fragmentary works as possible increases the chance that some manuscripts could be reconstituted, if only virtually.

Based on this model, DS attracted additional members. Between 1999 and 2005, additional holdings from Huntington Library, the University of Texas, Austin, and the New York Public Library, Harvard University's Houghton Library, Yale University's Beinecke Library, and the University of Pennsylvania. Among these institutions with substantial collections were libraries with few but rare works such as the Providence Public Library, which owns an unusual 15th century Bible (Wetmore Ms 1) in rebus format. By September 2015, the DS database included catalog records for over 8,300 manuscripts and 47,000 digitized images (all manuscript records are now preserved on the Digital Scriptorium site on the Internet Archive.

The University of California, Berkeley provided the first home to the DS database, both in terms of managing the project and devising its initial technology.[7] For an interim period of time (2003–2011) DS was hosted at Columbia University but returned to Berkeley in 2011. The technical innovations produced by the teams of both originating universities created a digital product based on a progressive, standards-based digitization policy.[8][9][10] Originally using Microsoft Access to serve as a cross-institutional data collection tool, the DS database used SGML and later XML to aggregate and query the combined information. When the database returned to U.C. Berkeley in 2011, a new platform was developed using software known as WebGenDB. WebGenDB is a non-proprietary, web-based interface for the underlying control database GenDB.[11][12] However, weaknesses relating to both the technical platform and the workflows for data creation and management were by this time beginning to threaten the sustainability of Digital Scriptorium.[13] High standards for data entry required staffing and expertise that many institutions did not have. Further complicating member participation was the fact that many institutions were developing their own institutional platforms for publishing manuscript metadata and images. For example, in 2005 the University of Pennsylvania Libraries began full digitization and cataloging practices using MARC standards and published the MARC records in its own OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) as well as on its open-access digital repository Openn.[14] Consequently, Penn Libraries stopped adding records to DS because the work was duplicative and the standards of cataloging in DS and in MARC were incompatible. With the increase in digitization of rare materials, especially of medieval manuscripts,[15][16] across institutions in the United States and around the world, more institutions began to need DS's image hosting services less and less.

Digital Scriptorium 2.0 edit

 
Pontifical, Italy, c. 1385-1499; Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University, Houghton Library MS Typ 0001, fol. 99r

When, in 2018, the UC Berkeley Library determined that it would no longer support the WebGen software that supported the DS database, the DS Board of Directors determined that the DS technical platform required an overhaul. DS took this opportunity to reconsider not only the technical infrastructure but also the workflows and processes of the DS organization in creating and maintaining the platform.

A planning meeting held at the Beinecke Library in February 2019 brought together stakeholders to decide the future of DS.[17] The meeting resulted in the establishment of five guiding principles for development: 1) as a national union catalog, DS 2.0's primary function will be to enable researchers to find premodern manuscripts in US collections, including non-European manuscripts, 2) DS 2.0 will require minimal standards for data entry; 3) members will manage their own manuscript metadata in their institutional formats; 4) DS 2.0 will use what members provide from their institutional record and will not correct or add to a member's metadata; 5) DS 2.0 will not host images, but will provide IIIF functionality to view images in platform; and 6) DS 2.0 will reconcile and enhance metadata with external authorities and in-house Manuscript ID and Name Authorities and will make DS 2.0 data available for reuse.

 
De Civitate Dei, France, c. 1300–1399; Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University, Houghton Library MS Typ 0228, fol. 1v

In 2020, the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries was awarded, on behalf of DS, a planning grant from the Institute for Museum and Library Services[18][19] to develop a data model for DS 2.0 and implement a prototype using Wikibase as its technical platform.[20] DS 2.0 solved earlier workflow challenges by transforming data created and maintained by member institutions' structured metadata into LOD and enriches it with semantic connections to external authorities and Wikidata. DS Catalog entries also link out to member institution's websites and digital repositories, where users can discover more detailed information about and often images of the manuscripts held in their respective home collections.

The DS Catalog is an online data repository, a semantic portal, and knowledge base allowing users to explore and query heterogeneous data contained in manuscript records from multiple sources in a single interface powered by LOD.[21][22] The DS Catalog transforms member institution's structured metadata into LOD and enriches it with semantic connections to external authorities and vocabularies, including the Getty Vocabularies, FAST, and Wikidata. DS Catalog entries also link out to member institution's websites and digital repositories, where users can discover more detailed information about the manuscripts held in their respective home collections.

The beta version of DS 2.0 will launch in March 2023 and will become known as the DS Catalog.

Legacy edit

 
Military use of explosives, Germany, 1584; Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Rare Book and Manuscript Library MS Codex 0109, fol. 67v-68r

Since 1997, Digital Scriptorium has enabled public viewing of non-circulating materials normally available only to specialists with restricted access. Special emphasis has been placed on touchstone materials such as manuscripts signed and dated by scribes, thus beginning the American contribution to the goal established in 1953 by the Comité international de paléographie latine (International Committee of Latin Paleography): to document the relatively small number of codices of certain origin that will serve stylistically to localize and date the vast quantities of unsigned manuscripts[RL1] . DS publishes not only manuscripts of firm attribution but also ones that need the attention of further scholarship that traditionally have gone unnoticed by scholarship. Because it is web-based, it also allows for updates and corrections, and as a matter of form individual records in DS acknowledge contributions from outside scholars. Because the DS consortium consists of academic, public, and rare book libraries and museums, it encourages a broad audience that benefits from a reciprocally beneficial body of knowledge. While attending to the needs of community of specialists, including, medievalists, classicists, musicologists, paleographers, diplomatists, literary scholars and art historians, DS also recognizes a public user community that values rare and unique works of historical, literary and artistic significance.[23][

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Clemens, Raymond; Graham, Timothy (2007). Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-80-143863-9. OCLC 487164034.
  2. ^ De Hamel, Christopher (1997). A History of Illuminated Manuscripts (2nd, revised and enlarged ed.). London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-71-483452-8. OCLC 883857406.
  3. ^ "Charles B. Faulhaber". wikidata.org. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  4. ^ "Consuelo W. Dutschke". wikidata.org. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  5. ^ Johnston, Mark (2000). "The Digital Scriptorium and Master: Two Major Initiatives in Online Manuscript Cataloging: A report from the 2001 International Congress on Medieval Studies". La corónica: A Journal of Medieval Hispanic Languages, Literatures, and Cultures. 29 (2): 249–256. doi:10.1353/cor.2000.0013. ISSN 1947-4261.
  6. ^ Hindman, Sandra; Rowe, Nina Ariadne; Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University (2001). Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction (Exhibition catalog). Evanston, Ill.: Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University. ISBN 978-0-94-168021-9. OCLC 469528994.
  7. ^ Faulhaber, C. B. (1999). "The Digital Scriptorium: A new way to study medieval Iberian manuscripts" (PDF). In D. Dougherty & M. M. Azevedo (Eds.), Multicultural Iberia: Language, literature, and music: 9–21 – via escholarshop.org.
  8. ^ The technical development staff at Columbia included: Terry Catapano, Joanna Dipasquale, Dmitri Laury, Stuart Marquis, Leslie Myrick and Dave Ortiz; at Berkeley the technical staff includes (or included): Mary Elings, John Hassan, Giulia Hill, Lynne Grigsby, Alvin Pollock and Merrilee Proffitt.
  9. ^ Dutschke, Consuelo W. (15 May 2008). "Digital Scriptorium: Ten Years Young, and Working on Survival". Storicamente (in Italian). 4. doi:10.1473/stor298. ISSN 2282-6033.
  10. ^ Humphrey, Joy (31 October 2007). "Manuscripts and Metadata: Descriptive Metadata in Three Manuscript Catalogs: DigCIM, MALVINE, and Digital Scriptorium". Cataloging & Classification Quarterly. 45 (2): 19–39. doi:10.1300/J104v45n02_03. ISSN 0163-9374.
  11. ^ "Content Management System (WGDB)". University of California, Berkeley. 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  12. ^ (PDF). California Digital Library. August 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  13. ^ Dutschke, Consuelo W. (15 May 2008). "Digital Scriptorium: Ten Years Young, and Working on Survival". Storicamente (in Italian). 4. doi:10.1473/stor298. ISSN 2282-6033.
  14. ^ "Penn Libraries Launches 'OPenn' Digital Resources Online Platform". Penn Today. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  15. ^ Endres, Bill (31 August 2019). Digitizing Medieval Manuscripts. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-1-942401-80-3.
  16. ^ Estill, Laura (2015). "Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture. Brent Nelson and Melissa Terras, eds. New Technologies in Medieval and Renaissance Studies 3; Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 426. Toronto: Iter Inc. and Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2012. viii + 498 pp. $85". Renaissance Quarterly. 68 (1): 264–265. doi:10.1086/681336. ISSN 0034-4338.
  17. ^ "DS Meetings at the Beinecke, 24-26 February 2019 | Digital Scriptorium". digital-scriptorium.org. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  18. ^ "LG-246396-OLS-20". imls.gov. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  19. ^ "Institute of Museum and Library Services: Grants Funding for Digital Scriptorium 2.0". almanac.upenn.edu. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  20. ^ "DS 2.0 Catalog". catalog.digital-scriptorium.org. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  21. ^ Digital Scriptorium 2.0: a LOD knowledge base and national union catalog for premodern manuscripts, retrieved 26 February 2023
  22. ^ "Koho, M., Coladangelo, L. P., Ransom, L., Emery, D. (in press). A Wikibase model for premodern manuscript metadata harmonization, linked data integration, and discovery". Journal of Computing and Cultural Heritage.
  23. ^ Faulhauber, C. B. (1999). "The Digital Scriptorium: A new way to study medieval Iberian manuscripts" (PDF). In D. Dougherty & M. M. Azevedo (Eds.), Multicultural Iberia: Language, literature, and music: 9–21. doi:10.2307/3657860. ISSN 0018-2133 – via escholarship.org.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Digital Scriptorium.
  • Digital Scriptorium

April 11, 2024
digital, scriptorium, profit, exempt, consortium, american, libraries, with, collections, medieval, early, modern, manuscripts, that, handwritten, books, made, traditions, world, scribal, cultures, catalog, represents, these, manuscript, collections, based, pl. Digital Scriptorium DS is a non profit tax exempt consortium of American libraries with collections of medieval and early modern manuscripts that is handwritten books made in the traditions of the world s scribal cultures 1 2 The DS Catalog represents these manuscript collections in a web based platform form building a national union catalog for teaching and scholarly research in medieval and early modern studies Digital ScriptoriumCuratorsEducational consortiumFunded byInstitute for Museum and Library ServicesWebsitedigital scriptorium orgLeaf from a Gradual c 1450 1475 Italy New York Columbia University Plimpton MS 040AThe DS Catalog is an open access resource based on Linked Open Data technologies and practices It enables users to study manuscripts held in academic research and public libraries and museums in the United States It makes available collections that are often restricted from public access and includes not only famous masterpieces of book illumination but also understudied manuscripts that have been previously overlooked for publication or study DS is overseen by a board of directors and is supported by its member institutions As an organization with national representation DS serves the interests of a diverse community of scholars teachers students hobbyists booksellers and collectors anyone with an interest in premodern manuscripts Contents 1 History 2 Digital Scriptorium 2 0 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory edit nbsp Glossed Psalter Paris c 1140 60 Berkeley CA U C Berkeley Bancroft Library MS UCB 147 fol 46v 47r Founded in 1997 and funded by grants from the Andrew W Mellon Foundation the National Endowment for the Humanities the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation and the Institute for Museum and Library Services DS at its inception was a joint project funded by the Andrew W Mellon Foundation between the Bancroft Library at the University of California Berkeley under Prof Charles Faulhaber 3 and the Rare Book amp Manuscript Library of Columbia University under Dr Consuelo W Dutschke 4 The original goal was to digitize and make an online database available on the World Wide Web catalog records and selected images from the two universities medieval European and early Renaissance manuscript collections 5 By providing free online access to these collections the founders hoped to inspire more research and study of medieval manuscript culture Moreover because of patterns of collecting in the 19th and early 20th century many manuscripts in American collections comprise partial texts or detached single leaves 6 Cataloging as many of these fragmentary works as possible increases the chance that some manuscripts could be reconstituted if only virtually Based on this model DS attracted additional members Between 1999 and 2005 additional holdings from Huntington Library the University of Texas Austin and the New York Public Library Harvard University s Houghton Library Yale University s Beinecke Library and the University of Pennsylvania Among these institutions with substantial collections were libraries with few but rare works such as the Providence Public Library which owns an unusual 15th century Bible Wetmore Ms 1 in rebus format By September 2015 the DS database included catalog records for over 8 300 manuscripts and 47 000 digitized images all manuscript records are now preserved on the Digital Scriptorium site on the Internet Archive The University of California Berkeley provided the first home to the DS database both in terms of managing the project and devising its initial technology 7 For an interim period of time 2003 2011 DS was hosted at Columbia University but returned to Berkeley in 2011 The technical innovations produced by the teams of both originating universities created a digital product based on a progressive standards based digitization policy 8 9 10 Originally using Microsoft Access to serve as a cross institutional data collection tool the DS database used SGML and later XML to aggregate and query the combined information When the database returned to U C Berkeley in 2011 a new platform was developed using software known as WebGenDB WebGenDB is a non proprietary web based interface for the underlying control database GenDB 11 12 However weaknesses relating to both the technical platform and the workflows for data creation and management were by this time beginning to threaten the sustainability of Digital Scriptorium 13 High standards for data entry required staffing and expertise that many institutions did not have Further complicating member participation was the fact that many institutions were developing their own institutional platforms for publishing manuscript metadata and images For example in 2005 the University of Pennsylvania Libraries began full digitization and cataloging practices using MARC standards and published the MARC records in its own OPAC Online Public Access Catalog as well as on its open access digital repository Openn 14 Consequently Penn Libraries stopped adding records to DS because the work was duplicative and the standards of cataloging in DS and in MARC were incompatible With the increase in digitization of rare materials especially of medieval manuscripts 15 16 across institutions in the United States and around the world more institutions began to need DS s image hosting services less and less Digital Scriptorium 2 0 edit nbsp Pontifical Italy c 1385 1499 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Houghton Library MS Typ 0001 fol 99rWhen in 2018 the UC Berkeley Library determined that it would no longer support the WebGen software that supported the DS database the DS Board of Directors determined that the DS technical platform required an overhaul DS took this opportunity to reconsider not only the technical infrastructure but also the workflows and processes of the DS organization in creating and maintaining the platform A planning meeting held at the Beinecke Library in February 2019 brought together stakeholders to decide the future of DS 17 The meeting resulted in the establishment of five guiding principles for development 1 as a national union catalog DS 2 0 s primary function will be to enable researchers to find premodern manuscripts in US collections including non European manuscripts 2 DS 2 0 will require minimal standards for data entry 3 members will manage their own manuscript metadata in their institutional formats 4 DS 2 0 will use what members provide from their institutional record and will not correct or add to a member s metadata 5 DS 2 0 will not host images but will provide IIIF functionality to view images in platform and 6 DS 2 0 will reconcile and enhance metadata with external authorities and in house Manuscript ID and Name Authorities and will make DS 2 0 data available for reuse nbsp De Civitate Dei France c 1300 1399 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Houghton Library MS Typ 0228 fol 1vIn 2020 the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries was awarded on behalf of DS a planning grant from the Institute for Museum and Library Services 18 19 to develop a data model for DS 2 0 and implement a prototype using Wikibase as its technical platform 20 DS 2 0 solved earlier workflow challenges by transforming data created and maintained by member institutions structured metadata into LOD and enriches it with semantic connections to external authorities and Wikidata DS Catalog entries also link out to member institution s websites and digital repositories where users can discover more detailed information about and often images of the manuscripts held in their respective home collections The DS Catalog is an online data repository a semantic portal and knowledge base allowing users to explore and query heterogeneous data contained in manuscript records from multiple sources in a single interface powered by LOD 21 22 The DS Catalog transforms member institution s structured metadata into LOD and enriches it with semantic connections to external authorities and vocabularies including the Getty Vocabularies FAST and Wikidata DS Catalog entries also link out to member institution s websites and digital repositories where users can discover more detailed information about the manuscripts held in their respective home collections The beta version of DS 2 0 will launch in March 2023 and will become known as the DS Catalog Legacy edit nbsp Military use of explosives Germany 1584 Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Rare Book and Manuscript Library MS Codex 0109 fol 67v 68rSince 1997 Digital Scriptorium has enabled public viewing of non circulating materials normally available only to specialists with restricted access Special emphasis has been placed on touchstone materials such as manuscripts signed and dated by scribes thus beginning the American contribution to the goal established in 1953 by the Comite international de paleographie latine International Committee of Latin Paleography to document the relatively small number of codices of certain origin that will serve stylistically to localize and date the vast quantities of unsigned manuscripts RL1 DS publishes not only manuscripts of firm attribution but also ones that need the attention of further scholarship that traditionally have gone unnoticed by scholarship Because it is web based it also allows for updates and corrections and as a matter of form individual records in DS acknowledge contributions from outside scholars Because the DS consortium consists of academic public and rare book libraries and museums it encourages a broad audience that benefits from a reciprocally beneficial body of knowledge While attending to the needs of community of specialists including medievalists classicists musicologists paleographers diplomatists literary scholars and art historians DS also recognizes a public user community that values rare and unique works of historical literary and artistic significance 23 See also editConsortium for European Research Libraries FragmentariumReferences edit Clemens Raymond Graham Timothy 2007 Introduction to Manuscript Studies Ithaca Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 80 143863 9 OCLC 487164034 De Hamel Christopher 1997 A History of Illuminated Manuscripts 2nd revised and enlarged ed London Phaidon Press ISBN 978 0 71 483452 8 OCLC 883857406 Charles B Faulhaber wikidata org Retrieved 26 February 2023 Consuelo W Dutschke wikidata org Retrieved 26 February 2023 Johnston Mark 2000 The Digital Scriptorium and Master Two Major Initiatives in Online Manuscript Cataloging A report from the 2001 International Congress on Medieval Studies La coronica A Journal of Medieval Hispanic Languages Literatures and Cultures 29 2 249 256 doi 10 1353 cor 2000 0013 ISSN 1947 4261 Hindman Sandra Rowe Nina Ariadne Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art Northwestern University 2001 Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age Recovery and Reconstruction Exhibition catalog Evanston Ill Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art Northwestern University ISBN 978 0 94 168021 9 OCLC 469528994 Faulhaber C B 1999 The Digital Scriptorium A new way to study medieval Iberian manuscripts PDF In D Dougherty amp M M Azevedo Eds Multicultural Iberia Language literature and music 9 21 via escholarshop org The technical development staff at Columbia included Terry Catapano Joanna Dipasquale Dmitri Laury Stuart Marquis Leslie Myrick and Dave Ortiz at Berkeley the technical staff includes or included Mary Elings John Hassan Giulia Hill Lynne Grigsby Alvin Pollock and Merrilee Proffitt Dutschke Consuelo W 15 May 2008 Digital Scriptorium Ten Years Young and Working on Survival Storicamente in Italian 4 doi 10 1473 stor298 ISSN 2282 6033 Humphrey Joy 31 October 2007 Manuscripts and Metadata Descriptive Metadata in Three Manuscript Catalogs DigCIM MALVINE and Digital Scriptorium Cataloging amp Classification Quarterly 45 2 19 39 doi 10 1300 J104v45n02 03 ISSN 0163 9374 Content Management System WGDB University of California Berkeley 2016 Retrieved 8 June 2016 CDL Guidelines for Digital Objects CDL GDO PDF California Digital Library August 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 21 January 2016 Retrieved 8 June 2016 Dutschke Consuelo W 15 May 2008 Digital Scriptorium Ten Years Young and Working on Survival Storicamente in Italian 4 doi 10 1473 stor298 ISSN 2282 6033 Penn Libraries Launches OPenn Digital Resources Online Platform Penn Today Retrieved 26 February 2023 Endres Bill 31 August 2019 Digitizing Medieval Manuscripts Amsterdam University Press ISBN 978 1 942401 80 3 Estill Laura 2015 Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture Brent Nelson and Melissa Terras eds New Technologies in Medieval and Renaissance Studies 3 Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 426 Toronto Iter Inc and Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies 2012 viii 498 pp 85 Renaissance Quarterly 68 1 264 265 doi 10 1086 681336 ISSN 0034 4338 DS Meetings at the Beinecke 24 26 February 2019 Digital Scriptorium digital scriptorium org 21 March 2019 Retrieved 26 February 2023 LG 246396 OLS 20 imls gov Retrieved 26 February 2023 Institute of Museum and Library Services Grants Funding for Digital Scriptorium 2 0 almanac upenn edu Retrieved 26 February 2023 DS 2 0 Catalog catalog digital scriptorium org Retrieved 26 February 2023 Digital Scriptorium 2 0 a LOD knowledge base and national union catalog for premodern manuscripts retrieved 26 February 2023 Koho M Coladangelo L P Ransom L Emery D in press A Wikibase model for premodern manuscript metadata harmonization linked data integration and discovery Journal of Computing and Cultural Heritage Faulhauber C B 1999 The Digital Scriptorium A new way to study medieval Iberian manuscripts PDF In D Dougherty amp M M Azevedo Eds Multicultural Iberia Language literature and music 9 21 doi 10 2307 3657860 ISSN 0018 2133 via escholarship org External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Digital Scriptorium Digital Scriptorium Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Digital Scriptorium amp oldid 1179880633, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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