This article is about a Lutheran music genre. For the literary genre, see Lutheran hymn. For other chorales, see chorale.
A Lutheran chorale is a musical setting of a Lutheran hymn, intended to be sung by a congregation in a German Protestant Church service. The typical four-part setting of a chorale, in which the sopranos (and the congregation) sing the melody along with three lower voices, is known as a chorale harmonization.
Luther and his contemporaries referred to these vernacular hymns as geistliche Lieder (spiritual songs), Psalmen (psalms), christliche Lieder (Christian songs), and geistliche (or christliche) Gesänge or Kirchengesänge. The German word Choral, which was originally used to describe Latin plainchant melodies, was first applied to the Lutheran hymn only in the later sixteenth century.[1]
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) harmonised hundreds of chorales, typically used at the end of his cantatas and concluding scenes in his Passions. In his St Matthew Passion, he set five stanzas of "O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden" in four different ways. He also used hymns as the base for his cycle of chorale cantatas and chorale preludes. Bach concentrated on the chorales especially in the Chorale cantatas of his second annual cycle, composed mostly in 1724/25.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)
This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page.(October 2017)
Chorales also appear in chorale preludes, pieces generally for organ originally designed to be played immediately before the congregational singing of the hymn, but developed into an autonomous genre by north-German composers of the middle and late 17th century, particularly Dieterich Buxtehude.[6] A chorale prelude includes the melody of the chorale, and adds contrapuntal lines. One of the first composers to write chorale preludes was Samuel Scheidt. Bach's many chorale preludes are the best-known examples of the form. Later composers of the chorale prelude include Johannes Brahms, for example in his Eleven Chorale Preludes, and Max Reger who composed many examples, including Wie schön leucht' uns der Morgenstern (based on the hymn by Philipp Nicolai). In the 20th century, important contributions to the genre were made by Hugo Distler and Ernst Pepping.[6]
Other instrumentaledit
Sofia Gubaidulina – Meditation über den Bach-Choral "Vor deinen Thron tret' ich hiermit", for harpsichord, two violins, viola, cello, and contrabass (1993)
Scholarshipedit
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)
Scholarship regarding Lutheran chorales intensified from the 19th century.[citation needed]
Carl von Winterfeldedit
The musicologist Carl von Winterfeld published three volumes of Der evangelische Kirchengesang und sein Verhältniss zur Kunst des Tonsatzes (Evangelical church-song and its relation to the art of composition) from 1843 to 1847.[7]
Zahn's classification of chorale tunesedit
Johannes Zahn published Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder (the tunes of the German Evangelical hymns) in six volumes from 1889 to 1893.[8]
Leaver, Robin A. 2001. "Luther, Martin". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Marshall, Robert L. 2001. "Chorale prelude". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Marshall, Robert L., and Robin A. Leaver. 2001. "Chorale". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Harten, Uwe. 1996. Anton Bruckner. Ein Handbuch. Salburg: Residenz Verlag. ISBN3-7017-1030-9.
Winterfeld, Carl von [in German] (1843–1847). Der evangelische Kirchengesang und sein Verhältniss zur Kunst des Tonsatzes (in German). Vol. I–III. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Separate volumes at Google Books:{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
I (1843): Der Evangelische Kirchengesang im ersten Jahrhunderte der Kirchenverbesserung (first centuries of the reformation)
II (1845): Der Evangelische Kirchengesang im siebzehnten Jahrhunderte (17th century)
III (1847): Der Evangelische Kirchengesang im achtzehnten Jahrhunderte (18th century)
I (1889): Zweizeilige bis fünfzeilige Melodien (melodies in two to five lines), Nos. 1–2047
II (1890): Sechszeilige Melodien (melodies in six lines), Nos. 2048–4216
III (1890): Die siebenzeiligen und jambischen achtzeiligen Melodien (melodies in seven and eight iambic lines), Nos. 4217–6231
IV (1891): Die Melodien von den achtzeiligen trochäischen bis zu den zehnzeiligen inkl. enthaltend (melodies in eight trochaic up to and including ten lines), Nos. 6232–8087
V (1892): Die übrigen Melodien von den elfzeiligen an, nebst Anhang und Nachlese, sowie das chronologische Verzeichnis der Erfinder von Melodien und alphabetische Register der Melodien (the other melodies of eleven lines and more, with an annex and complement, and also a chronological index of composers of melodies and an alphabetical register of melodies), Nos.8088–8806
VI (1893): Schlüßband: Chronologisches Verzeichnis der benutzten Gesang-, Melodien- und Choralbücher, und die letzten Nachträge (closing volume: chronological catalogue of used song-, melody- and choirbooks, and the last supplements)
Further readingedit
Anon. 1980. "Chorale". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd. ISBN1-56159-174-2.
Lightwood, James Thomas (1906). "I: The German Chorale". Hymn-tunes and Their Story. London: Charles H. Kelly. pp. 1–22.
Randel, Don Michael (ed.). 1986. The New Harvard Dictionary of Music, third edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-61525-5.
Randel, Don Michael (ed.). 2003. The Harvard Dictionary of Music, fourth edition. Cambridge: Belknap Press, for Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-011632.
Wilson, Archibald W. (1920). Hughes, H. V. (ed.). The Chorales: Their Origin and Influence. Church Music Monographs. Vol. 1. London: Faith Press.
External linksedit
Look up lutheran chorale in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
by Bernard Greenberg in the J. S. Bach FAQ (archived copy)
Complete sets of all four-part Bach chorale settings in MIDI or QuickTime format
American Choral Music, 1870–1923, LoC
ChoraleGUIDE – help with Bach chorale harmonization
The Chorales of Bach's St. Matthew Passion
May 03, 2024
lutheran, chorale, this, article, about, lutheran, music, genre, literary, genre, lutheran, hymn, other, chorales, chorale, musical, setting, lutheran, hymn, intended, sung, congregation, german, protestant, church, service, typical, four, part, setting, chora. This article is about a Lutheran music genre For the literary genre see Lutheran hymn For other chorales see chorale A Lutheran chorale is a musical setting of a Lutheran hymn intended to be sung by a congregation in a German Protestant Church service The typical four part setting of a chorale in which the sopranos and the congregation sing the melody along with three lower voices is known as a chorale harmonization The third stanza of the eponymous chorale in Johann Sebastian Bach s setting as the final movement of his chorale cantata Wachet auf ruft uns die Stimme BWV 140 Contents 1 Lutheran hymns 2 Composers 3 Compositions based on Lutheran chorales 3 1 Vocal 3 2 Organ 3 3 Other instrumental 4 Scholarship 4 1 Carl von Winterfeld 4 2 Zahn s classification of chorale tunes 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External linksLutheran hymns editSee also Lutheran hymn List of hymns by Martin Luther and Hymnody of continental Europe Reformation Starting in 1523 Martin Luther began translating worship texts into German from the Latin 1 He composed melodies for some hymns himself such as Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott A Mighty Fortress Is Our God and even a few harmonized settings 2 For other hymns he adapted Gregorian chant melodies used in Catholic worship to fit new German texts sometimes using the same melody more than once citation needed For example he fitted the melody of the hymn Veni redemptor gentium to three different texts Verleih uns Frieden gnadiglich Erhalt uns Herr bei deinem Wort and Nun komm der Heiden Heiland 1 The first Lutheran hymns were published in 1524 3 These included the Achtliederbuch known as the first Lutheran hymnal and the Erfurt Enchiridion both with unaccompanied melodic settings as well as Johann Walter s Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn the first to contain part song settings of Lutheran hymns 1 4 Luther and his contemporaries referred to these vernacular hymns as geistliche Lieder spiritual songs Psalmen psalms christliche Lieder Christian songs and geistliche or christliche Gesange or Kirchengesange The German word Choral which was originally used to describe Latin plainchant melodies was first applied to the Lutheran hymn only in the later sixteenth century 1 In the modern era many Lutheran hymns are used in Protestant worship sometimes sung in four part harmony citation needed Composers editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Lutheran chorale news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2020 Learn how and when to remove this message See also de Liste von Kirchenliederkomponisten Composers of tunes for Lutheran hymns or who adopted such tunes in their compositions Martin Luther 1483 1546 Johann Walter 1496 1570 Sebald Heyden 1499 1561 Nikolaus Herman c 1500 1561 Johannes Hermann 1515 1593 Nikolaus Selnecker 1530 1592 Cyriakus Schneegass 1546 1597 Joachim a Burck 1546 1610 Philipp Nicolai 1556 1608 Bartholomaus Gesius c 1562 1613 Michael Praetorius 1571 1621 Melchior Franck c 1579 1639 Melchior Teschner 1584 1635 Michael Altenburg 1584 1640 Heinrich Schutz 1585 1672 Johann Hermann Schein 1586 1630 Samuel Scheidt 1587 1654 Johann Schop c 1590 1667 Heinrich Scheidemann c 1595 1663 Johann Cruger 1598 1662 Andreas Hammerschmidt 1611 1612 1675 Dieterich Buxtehude c 1638 1707 Gottfried Vopelius 1645 1715 Johann Pachelbel 1653 1706 Johann Sebastian Bach 1685 1750 harmonised hundreds of chorales typically used at the end of his cantatas and concluding scenes in his Passions In his St Matthew Passion he set five stanzas of O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden in four different ways He also used hymns as the base for his cycle of chorale cantatas and chorale preludes Bach concentrated on the chorales especially in the Chorale cantatas of his second annual cycle composed mostly in 1724 25 Felix Mendelssohn 1809 1847 Anton Bruckner 1824 1896 5 Johannes Brahms 1833 1897 Max Reger 1873 1916 Sigfrid Karg Elert 1877 1933 Igor Stravinsky 1882 1971 Ernst Pepping 1901 1981 Hugo Distler 1908 1942 Sofia Gubaidulina b 1931 George C Baker b 1951 Compositions based on Lutheran chorales editThis section has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it October 2017 This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints or discuss the issue on the talk page October 2017 This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Lutheran chorale news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this message Learn how and when to remove this message See also Chorale setting and Chorale fantasia nbsp The autograph of Bach s chorale prelude on the hymn Wie schon leuchtet der Morgenstern BWV 739 Vocal edit See also Chorale monody Chorale concerto Chorale cantata Chorale motet and Four part harmony Organ edit See also Chorale prelude Chorale partita and Chorale setting organ Chorales also appear in chorale preludes pieces generally for organ originally designed to be played immediately before the congregational singing of the hymn but developed into an autonomous genre by north German composers of the middle and late 17th century particularly Dieterich Buxtehude 6 A chorale prelude includes the melody of the chorale and adds contrapuntal lines One of the first composers to write chorale preludes was Samuel Scheidt Bach s many chorale preludes are the best known examples of the form Later composers of the chorale prelude include Johannes Brahms for example in his Eleven Chorale Preludes and Max Reger who composed many examples including Wie schon leucht uns der Morgenstern based on the hymn by Philipp Nicolai In the 20th century important contributions to the genre were made by Hugo Distler and Ernst Pepping 6 Other instrumental edit Sofia Gubaidulina Meditation uber den Bach Choral Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit for harpsichord two violins viola cello and contrabass 1993 Scholarship editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it October 2017 See also Hymnology Scholarship regarding Lutheran chorales intensified from the 19th century citation needed Carl von Winterfeld edit The musicologist Carl von Winterfeld published three volumes of Der evangelische Kirchengesang und sein Verhaltniss zur Kunst des Tonsatzes Evangelical church song and its relation to the art of composition from 1843 to 1847 7 Zahn s classification of chorale tunes edit Johannes Zahn published Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder the tunes of the German Evangelical hymns in six volumes from 1889 to 1893 8 References edit a b c d Marshall and Leaver 2001 Leaver 2001 Tovey 1911 6 269 Braun 2001 Harten 1996 p 145 a b Marshall 2001 Winterfeld 1843 1847 Zahn 1889 1893 Sources editBraun Werner 2001 Walter Walther Johann Johannes i The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians second edition edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell London Macmillan Publishers Leaver Robin A 2001 Luther Martin The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians second edition edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell London Macmillan Publishers Marshall Robert L 2001 Chorale prelude The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians second edition edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell London Macmillan Publishers Marshall Robert L and Robin A Leaver 2001 Chorale The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians second edition edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell London Macmillan Publishers Harten Uwe 1996 Anton Bruckner Ein Handbuch Salburg Residenz Verlag ISBN 3 7017 1030 9 Tovey Donald Francis 1911 Chorale In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Winterfeld Carl von in German 1843 1847 Der evangelische Kirchengesang und sein Verhaltniss zur Kunst des Tonsatzes in German Vol I III Leipzig Breitkopf amp Hartel Separate volumes at Google Books a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint postscript link I 1843 Der Evangelische Kirchengesang im ersten Jahrhunderte der Kirchenverbesserung first centuries of the reformation II 1845 Der Evangelische Kirchengesang im siebzehnten Jahrhunderte 17th century III 1847 Der Evangelische Kirchengesang im achtzehnten Jahrhunderte 18th century Zahn Johannes 1889 1893 Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder in German Vol I VI Gutersloh Bertelsmann Separate volumes at Internet Archive a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint postscript link I 1889 Zweizeilige bis funfzeilige Melodien melodies in two to five lines Nos 1 2047 II 1890 Sechszeilige Melodien melodies in six lines Nos 2048 4216 III 1890 Die siebenzeiligen und jambischen achtzeiligen Melodien melodies in seven and eight iambic lines Nos 4217 6231 IV 1891 Die Melodien von den achtzeiligen trochaischen bis zu den zehnzeiligen inkl enthaltend melodies in eight trochaic up to and including ten lines Nos 6232 8087 V 1892 Die ubrigen Melodien von den elfzeiligen an nebst Anhang und Nachlese sowie das chronologische Verzeichnis der Erfinder von Melodien und alphabetische Register der Melodien the other melodies of eleven lines and more with an annex and complement and also a chronological index of composers of melodies and an alphabetical register of melodies Nos 8088 8806 VI 1893 Schlussband Chronologisches Verzeichnis der benutzten Gesang Melodien und Choralbucher und die letzten Nachtrage closing volume chronological catalogue of used song melody and choirbooks and the last supplements Further reading editAnon 1980 Chorale The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians edited by Stanley Sadie 20 vol London Macmillan Publishers Ltd ISBN 1 56159 174 2 Lightwood James Thomas 1906 I The German Chorale Hymn tunes and Their Story London Charles H Kelly pp 1 22 Randel Don Michael ed 1986 The New Harvard Dictionary of Music third edition Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 61525 5 Randel Don Michael ed 2003 The Harvard Dictionary of Music fourth edition Cambridge Belknap Press for Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 011632 Wilson Archibald W 1920 Hughes H V ed The Chorales Their Origin and Influence Church Music Monographs Vol 1 London Faith Press External links edit nbsp Look up lutheran chorale in Wiktionary the free dictionary Chorale discussion by Bernard Greenberg in the J S Bach FAQ archived copy Complete sets of all four part Bach chorale settings in MIDI or QuickTime format American Choral Music 1870 1923 LoC ChoraleGUIDE help with Bach chorale harmonization The Chorales of Bach s St Matthew Passion Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lutheran chorale amp oldid 1158640360 Zahn s classification of chorale tunes, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
