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Halifax West

Halifax West (French: Halifax-Ouest) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979. Its population in 2021 was 111,944.

Halifax West
Nova Scotia electoral district
Halifax West in relation to other Nova Scotia federal electoral districts. Imagery as of 2009, boundaries modified in 2013 and anticipated to be further modified in 2023.
Federal electoral district
LegislatureHouse of Commons
MP
 
 
 
Lena Diab
Liberal
District created1976
First contested1979
Last contested2021
District webpageprofile, map
Demographics
Population (2021)[1]111,944
Electors (2021)78,839
Area (km²)[2]227.31
Pop. density (per km²)492.5
Census division(s)Halifax
Census subdivision(s)Halifax

Demographics edit

Historical population
YearPop.±%
200179,933—    
200688,756+11.0%
201187,275−1.7%
201696,255+10.3%
2021111,944+16.3%

From the 2016 census Ethnic groups:

Languages:

Religions:

Education:

  • No certificate, diploma or degree: 16.1%
  • High school certificate: 22.4%
  • Apprenticeship or trade certificate or diploma: 9.1%
  • Community college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma: 19.1%
  • University certificate or diploma: 33.2%

Median Age:

  • 38.0

Median total income:

  • $29,849

Average total income:

  • $37,831

Median household income:

  • $59,335

Average household income:

  • $72,291

Median family income:

  • $73,643

Average family income:

  • $85,379

Unemployment:

  • 5.9%

Geography edit

The district includes the communities of Bedford, the west end of Halifax, and an area that extends to the community of Upper Hammonds Plains in the north, Tantallon in the west and Terence Bay in the south. The area is 227.31 km2 (87.76 sq mi).

History edit

The electoral district was created in 1976 from Halifax—East Hants riding. This riding lost territory to South Shore—St. Margarets as a result of the 2012 federal electoral redistribution.

Members of Parliament edit

This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Parliament Years Member Party
Halifax West
Riding created from Halifax—East Hants
31st  1979–1980     Howard Edward Crosby Progressive Conservative
32nd  1980–1984
33rd  1984–1988
34th  1988–1993
35th  1993–1997     Geoff Regan Liberal
36th  1997–2000     Gordon Earle New Democratic
37th  2000–2004     Geoff Regan Liberal
38th  2004–2006
39th  2006–2008
40th  2008–2011
41st  2011–2015
42nd  2015–2019
43rd  2019–2021
44th  2021–present     Lena Diab Liberal

Election results edit

Graph of election results in Halifax West (minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)

2021 edit

2021 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Lena Metlege Diab 24,744 48.49 -0.97 $83,716.15
New Democratic Jonathan Keith Roberts 12,331 24.16 +4.97 $15,101.47
Conservative Eleanor Humphries 11,243 22.03 +2.74 $51,584.17
People's Julie Scott 1,447 2.84 $4,571.34
Green Richard Zurawski 1,181 2.31 -9.75 $1,237.40
Christian Heritage Kevin Schulthies 85 0.17 $164.00
Total valid votes/expense limit 51,031 100.00 $110,211.79
Total rejected ballots 191
Turnout 51,222 64.97 -5.74
Registered voters 78,839
Liberal hold Swing -2.99
Source: Elections Canada[3]
2021 federal election redistributed results[4]
Party Vote %
  Liberal 21,758 47.55
  New Democratic 11,895 26.00
  Conservative 9,858 21.55
  Green 1,121 2.45
  People's 1,054 2.30
  Others 68 0.15

2019 edit

2019 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Geoff Regan 26,885 49.46 −19.19 $47,993.19
Conservative Fred Shuman 10,488 19.29 +3.64 $56,155.00
New Democratic Jacob Wilson 10,429 19.19 +7.42 $3,588.81
Green Richard Zurawski 6,555 12.06 +8.12 $1,525.90
Total valid votes/expense limit 54,357 99.15   $103,859.40
Total rejected ballots 465 0.85 +0.49
Turnout 54,822 70.71 −1.00
Eligible voters 77,531
Liberal hold Swing −11.42
Source: Elections Canada[5]

2015 edit

2015 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Geoff Regan 34,377 68.65 +31.38 $51,596.91
Conservative Michael McGinnis 7,837 15.65 –14.53 $34,660.89
New Democratic Joanne Hussey 5,894 11.77 –16.68 $38,094.46
Green Richard Henryk Zurawski 1,971 3.94 –0.17 $258.75
Total valid votes/expense limit 50,079 100.00   $203,472.37
Total rejected ballots 181 0.36
Turnout 50,260 71.71
Eligible voters 70,089
Liberal hold Swing +22.95
Source: Elections Canada[6][7]
2011 federal election redistributed results[8]
Party Vote %
  Liberal 14,824 37.27
  Conservative 12,005 30.18
  New Democratic 11,318 28.45
  Green 1,632 4.10

2011 edit

2011 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Geoff Regan 16,230 35.92 -5.64 $61,795.88
Conservative Bruce Pretty 13,782 30.50 +9.37 $51,236.29
New Democratic Gregor Ash 13,239 29.30 -0.30 $42,761.72
Green Thomas Trappenberg 1,931 4.27 -2.81 $860.31
Total valid votes/expense limit 45,182 100.0     $84,619.08
Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots 239 0.53 +0.16
Turnout 45,421 62.34 +3.21
Eligible voters 72,862
Liberal hold Swing -7.47
Sources:[9][10]

2008 edit

2008 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Geoff Regan 17,129 41.56 -7.80 $50,515.55
New Democratic Tamara Lorincz 12,201 29.60 +5.17 $25,480.72
Conservative Rakesh Khosla 8,708 21.13 -1.91 $29,390.36
Green Michael Munday 2,920 7.08 +3.90 $2,823.08
Christian Heritage Trevor Ennis 257 0.62 $123.50
Total valid votes/expense limit 41,215 100.0     $81,056
Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots 154 0.37 +0.04
Turnout 41,369 59.13 -3.92
Eligible voters 69,960
Liberal hold Swing -6.48

2006 edit

2006 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Geoff Regan 21,818 49.36 +1.86 $54,533.58
New Democratic Alan Hill 10,798 24.43 -3.52 $15,656.30
Conservative Rakesh Khosla 10,184 23.04 +2.10 $46,536.45
Green Thomas Trappenberg 1,406 3.18 -0.43 $642.68
Total valid votes/expense limit 44,206 100.0     $75,552
Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots 147 0.33 -0.02
Turnout 44,353 63.05 -0.46
Eligible voters 70,349
Liberal hold Swing +2.69

2004 edit

2004 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Geoff Regan 19,083 47.50 +6.55 $60,896.27
New Democratic Bill Carr 11,228 27.95 -0.12 $33,350.95
Conservative Ken MacPhee 8,413 20.94 -9.26 $32,442.47
Green Martin Willison 1,452 3.61 $1,152.00
Total valid votes/expense limit 40,176 100.0     $71,525
Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots 141 0.35
Turnout 40,317 63.51 +3.64
Eligible voters 63,479
Liberal notional hold Swing +3.34
Changes from 2000 are based on redistributed results. Conservative Party change is based on the combination of Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party totals.
2000 federal election redistributed results
Party Vote %
  Liberal 14,289 40.95
  New Democratic 9,797 28.07
  Progressive Conservative 7,412 21.24
  Alliance 3,126 8.96
  Others 273 0.78

2000 edit

2000 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Geoff Regan 18,327 39.21 +8.32
New Democratic Gordon Earle 14,016 29.99 -4.64
Progressive Conservative Charles Cirtwill 9,701 20.76 -2.70
Alliance Hilda Stevens 4,531 9.70 -0.77
Marxist–Leninist Tony Seed 160 0.34 +0.19
Total valid votes 46,735 100.00
Liberal gain from New Democratic Swing +6.48

Changes for the Canadian Alliance from 1997 are based on the results of its predecessor, the Reform Party.

1997 edit

1997 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Gordon Earle 16,013 34.63 +26.23
Liberal Geoff Regan 14,284 30.89 -14.73
Progressive Conservative Heather Foley 10,848 23.46 -0.29
Reform Stephen Oickle 4,843 10.47 -8.93
Natural Law John Runkle 179 0.39 -0.42
Marxist–Leninist Gary Zatzman 70 0.15
Total valid votes 46,237 100.00
New Democratic gain from Liberal Swing +20.48

1993 edit

1993 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Geoff Regan 26 904 45.62 +7.01
Progressive Conservative Joel Matheson 14 005 23.75 -21.00
Reform Jim Donohue 11,439 19.40
New Democratic Sheila Richardson 4,952 8.40 -7.85
National Kirby Judge 1,201 2.04
Natural Law Bernard Gormley 475 0.81
Total valid votes 58,976 100.00
Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative Swing +14.01

1988 edit

1988 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Howard Crosby 24,815 44.75 -9.53
Liberal Michael Kelly 21,409 38.61 +14.36
New Democratic Lois Wiseman 9,011 16.25 -4.59
Commonwealth of Canada Bob Fulcher 217 0.39
Total valid votes 55,452 100.00

1984 edit

1984 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Howard Crosby 30,287 54.28 +14.31
Liberal Ben Prossin 13,529 24.25 -14.32
New Democratic Dennis Theman 11,626 20.84 -0.07
Independent Arthur Canning 355 0.64 +0.09
Total valid votes 55,797 100.00

1980 edit

1980 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Howard Crosby 19,195 39.97 -7.24
Liberal Dick Boyce 18,522 38.57 +3.85
New Democratic Dennis Theman 10,043 20.91 +3.73
Independent Arthur Canning 266 0.55 -0.02
Total valid votes 48,026 100.00

1979 edit

1979 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes %
Progressive Conservative Howard Crosby 22,714 47.21
Liberal Dick Boyce 16,702 34.72
New Democratic Dennis Theman 8,265 17.18
Independent Arthur Canning 275 0.57
Independent David Morgan 152 0.32
Total valid votes 48,108 100.00

See also edit

References edit

  • "Halifax West (Code 12005) Census Profile". 2011 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved 3 March 2011.

Notes edit

  1. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Data table". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  2. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Data table". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  3. ^ "September 20, 2021 General Election Election Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  4. ^ "Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders". Elections Canada. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  5. ^ "Official Voting Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  6. ^ "October 19, 2015 Election Results — Halifax West (Validated results)". Elections Canada. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  8. ^ Pundits' Guide to Canadian Elections
  9. ^ Elections Canada – Official voting results, Forty-first general election, 2011
  10. ^ Elections Canada – Candidate's electoral campaign return, 41st general election

External links edit

  • Riding history for Halifax West (1976– ) from the Library of Parliament
  • Official Site of Geoff Regan, MP, Halifax West

halifax, west, this, article, about, federal, electoral, district, public, high, school, located, this, riding, high, school, french, halifax, ouest, federal, electoral, district, nova, scotia, canada, that, been, represented, house, commons, canada, since, 19. This article is about the federal electoral district For the public high school located in this riding see Halifax West High School Halifax West French Halifax Ouest is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia Canada that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979 Its population in 2021 was 111 944 Halifax WestNova Scotia electoral districtHalifax West in relation to other Nova Scotia federal electoral districts Imagery as of 2009 boundaries modified in 2013 and anticipated to be further modified in 2023 Federal electoral districtLegislatureHouse of CommonsMP Lena DiabLiberalDistrict created1976First contested1979Last contested2021District webpageprofile mapDemographicsPopulation 2021 1 111 944Electors 2021 78 839Area km 2 227 31Pop density per km 492 5Census division s HalifaxCensus subdivision s Halifax Contents 1 Demographics 2 Geography 3 History 3 1 Members of Parliament 4 Election results 4 1 2021 4 2 2019 4 3 2015 4 4 2011 4 5 2008 4 6 2006 4 7 2004 4 8 2000 4 9 1997 4 10 1993 4 11 1988 4 12 1984 4 13 1980 4 14 1979 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 7 External linksDemographics editHistorical populationYearPop 200179 933 200688 756 11 0 201187 275 1 7 201696 255 10 3 2021111 944 16 3 From the 2016 census Ethnic groups White 90 8 Black 2 7 Arab 2 4 South Asian 1 5 Other 2 6 Languages English 89 5 French 2 6 Arabic 2 4 Chinese 0 8 Korean 0 5 Other 4 2 Religions Protestant 43 0 Catholic 39 8 Jewish 2 4 Muslim 2 3 Other Christian 1 4 Christian Orthodox 1 1 No religious affiliation 8 4 Education No certificate diploma or degree 16 1 High school certificate 22 4 Apprenticeship or trade certificate or diploma 9 1 Community college CEGEP or other non university certificate or diploma 19 1 University certificate or diploma 33 2 Median Age 38 0Median total income 29 849Average total income 37 831Median household income 59 335Average household income 72 291Median family income 73 643Average family income 85 379Unemployment 5 9 Geography editThe district includes the communities of Bedford the west end of Halifax and an area that extends to the community of Upper Hammonds Plains in the north Tantallon in the west and Terence Bay in the south The area is 227 31 km2 87 76 sq mi History editThe electoral district was created in 1976 from Halifax East Hants riding This riding lost territory to South Shore St Margarets as a result of the 2012 federal electoral redistribution Members of Parliament edit This riding has elected the following members of Parliament Parliament Years Member PartyHalifax WestRiding created from Halifax East Hants31st 1979 1980 Howard Edward Crosby Progressive Conservative32nd 1980 198433rd 1984 198834th 1988 199335th 1993 1997 Geoff Regan Liberal36th 1997 2000 Gordon Earle New Democratic37th 2000 2004 Geoff Regan Liberal38th 2004 200639th 2006 200840th 2008 201141st 2011 201542nd 2015 201943rd 2019 202144th 2021 present Lena Diab LiberalElection results editGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Graph of election results in Halifax West minor parties that never got 2 of the vote or didn t run consistently are omitted 2021 edit vte2021 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes ExpendituresLiberal Lena Metlege Diab 24 744 48 49 0 97 83 716 15New Democratic Jonathan Keith Roberts 12 331 24 16 4 97 15 101 47Conservative Eleanor Humphries 11 243 22 03 2 74 51 584 17People s Julie Scott 1 447 2 84 4 571 34Green Richard Zurawski 1 181 2 31 9 75 1 237 40Christian Heritage Kevin Schulthies 85 0 17 164 00Total valid votes expense limit 51 031 100 00 110 211 79Total rejected ballots 191Turnout 51 222 64 97 5 74Registered voters 78 839Liberal hold Swing 2 99Source Elections Canada 3 2021 federal election redistributed results 4 Party Vote Liberal 21 758 47 55 New Democratic 11 895 26 00 Conservative 9 858 21 55 Green 1 121 2 45 People s 1 054 2 30 Others 68 0 152019 edit vte2019 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes ExpendituresLiberal Geoff Regan 26 885 49 46 19 19 47 993 19Conservative Fred Shuman 10 488 19 29 3 64 56 155 00New Democratic Jacob Wilson 10 429 19 19 7 42 3 588 81Green Richard Zurawski 6 555 12 06 8 12 1 525 90Total valid votes expense limit 54 357 99 15 103 859 40Total rejected ballots 465 0 85 0 49Turnout 54 822 70 71 1 00Eligible voters 77 531Liberal hold Swing 11 42Source Elections Canada 5 2015 edit vte2015 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes ExpendituresLiberal Geoff Regan 34 377 68 65 31 38 51 596 91Conservative Michael McGinnis 7 837 15 65 14 53 34 660 89New Democratic Joanne Hussey 5 894 11 77 16 68 38 094 46Green Richard Henryk Zurawski 1 971 3 94 0 17 258 75Total valid votes expense limit 50 079 100 00 203 472 37Total rejected ballots 181 0 36Turnout 50 260 71 71Eligible voters 70 089Liberal hold Swing 22 95Source Elections Canada 6 7 2011 federal election redistributed results 8 Party Vote Liberal 14 824 37 27 Conservative 12 005 30 18 New Democratic 11 318 28 45 Green 1 632 4 102011 edit vte2011 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes ExpendituresLiberal Geoff Regan 16 230 35 92 5 64 61 795 88Conservative Bruce Pretty 13 782 30 50 9 37 51 236 29New Democratic Gregor Ash 13 239 29 30 0 30 42 761 72Green Thomas Trappenberg 1 931 4 27 2 81 860 31Total valid votes expense limit 45 182 100 0 84 619 08Total rejected unmarked and declined ballots 239 0 53 0 16Turnout 45 421 62 34 3 21Eligible voters 72 862Liberal hold Swing 7 47Sources 9 10 2008 edit vte2008 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes ExpendituresLiberal Geoff Regan 17 129 41 56 7 80 50 515 55New Democratic Tamara Lorincz 12 201 29 60 5 17 25 480 72Conservative Rakesh Khosla 8 708 21 13 1 91 29 390 36Green Michael Munday 2 920 7 08 3 90 2 823 08Christian Heritage Trevor Ennis 257 0 62 123 50Total valid votes expense limit 41 215 100 0 81 056Total rejected unmarked and declined ballots 154 0 37 0 04Turnout 41 369 59 13 3 92Eligible voters 69 960Liberal hold Swing 6 482006 edit vte2006 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes ExpendituresLiberal Geoff Regan 21 818 49 36 1 86 54 533 58New Democratic Alan Hill 10 798 24 43 3 52 15 656 30Conservative Rakesh Khosla 10 184 23 04 2 10 46 536 45Green Thomas Trappenberg 1 406 3 18 0 43 642 68Total valid votes expense limit 44 206 100 0 75 552Total rejected unmarked and declined ballots 147 0 33 0 02Turnout 44 353 63 05 0 46Eligible voters 70 349Liberal hold Swing 2 692004 edit vte2004 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes ExpendituresLiberal Geoff Regan 19 083 47 50 6 55 60 896 27New Democratic Bill Carr 11 228 27 95 0 12 33 350 95Conservative Ken MacPhee 8 413 20 94 9 26 32 442 47Green Martin Willison 1 452 3 61 1 152 00Total valid votes expense limit 40 176 100 0 71 525Total rejected unmarked and declined ballots 141 0 35Turnout 40 317 63 51 3 64Eligible voters 63 479Liberal notional hold Swing 3 34Changes from 2000 are based on redistributed results Conservative Party change is based on the combination of Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party totals 2000 federal election redistributed resultsParty Vote Liberal 14 289 40 95 New Democratic 9 797 28 07 Progressive Conservative 7 412 21 24 Alliance 3 126 8 96 Others 273 0 782000 edit vte2000 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes Liberal Geoff Regan 18 327 39 21 8 32New Democratic Gordon Earle 14 016 29 99 4 64Progressive Conservative Charles Cirtwill 9 701 20 76 2 70Alliance Hilda Stevens 4 531 9 70 0 77Marxist Leninist Tony Seed 160 0 34 0 19Total valid votes 46 735 100 00Liberal gain from New Democratic Swing 6 48Changes for the Canadian Alliance from 1997 are based on the results of its predecessor the Reform Party 1997 edit vte1997 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes New Democratic Gordon Earle 16 013 34 63 26 23Liberal Geoff Regan 14 284 30 89 14 73Progressive Conservative Heather Foley 10 848 23 46 0 29Reform Stephen Oickle 4 843 10 47 8 93Natural Law John Runkle 179 0 39 0 42Marxist Leninist Gary Zatzman 70 0 15Total valid votes 46 237 100 00New Democratic gain from Liberal Swing 20 481993 edit vte1993 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes Liberal Geoff Regan 26 904 45 62 7 01Progressive Conservative Joel Matheson 14 005 23 75 21 00Reform Jim Donohue 11 439 19 40New Democratic Sheila Richardson 4 952 8 40 7 85National Kirby Judge 1 201 2 04Natural Law Bernard Gormley 475 0 81Total valid votes 58 976 100 00Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative Swing 14 011988 edit vte1988 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative Howard Crosby 24 815 44 75 9 53Liberal Michael Kelly 21 409 38 61 14 36New Democratic Lois Wiseman 9 011 16 25 4 59Commonwealth of Canada Bob Fulcher 217 0 39Total valid votes 55 452 100 001984 edit vte1984 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative Howard Crosby 30 287 54 28 14 31Liberal Ben Prossin 13 529 24 25 14 32New Democratic Dennis Theman 11 626 20 84 0 07Independent Arthur Canning 355 0 64 0 09Total valid votes 55 797 100 001980 edit This template does not cite any sources Please help improve this template by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Halifax West news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message vte1980 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative Howard Crosby 19 195 39 97 7 24Liberal Dick Boyce 18 522 38 57 3 85New Democratic Dennis Theman 10 043 20 91 3 73Independent Arthur Canning 266 0 55 0 02Total valid votes 48 026 100 001979 edit vte1979 Canadian federal electionParty Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative Howard Crosby 22 714 47 21Liberal Dick Boyce 16 702 34 72New Democratic Dennis Theman 8 265 17 18Independent Arthur Canning 275 0 57Independent David Morgan 152 0 32Total valid votes 48 108 100 00See also editList of Canadian federal electoral districts Historical federal electoral districts of CanadaReferences edit Halifax West Code 12005 Census Profile 2011 census Government of Canada Statistics Canada Retrieved 3 March 2011 Notes edit Census Profile 2021 Census of Population Data table Statistics Canada Retrieved 21 February 2022 Census Profile 2021 Census of Population Data table Statistics Canada Retrieved 21 February 2022 September 20 2021 General Election Election Results Elections Canada Retrieved 22 September 2021 Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders Elections Canada Retrieved 9 April 2024 Official Voting Results Elections Canada Retrieved 22 September 2021 October 19 2015 Election Results Halifax West Validated results Elections Canada 21 October 2015 Retrieved 24 October 2015 Elections Canada Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates Archived from the original on 15 August 2015 Retrieved 10 November 2018 Pundits Guide to Canadian Elections Elections Canada Official voting results Forty first general election 2011 Elections Canada Candidate s electoral campaign return 41st general electionExternal links editRiding history for Halifax West 1976 from the Library of Parliament Official Site of Geoff Regan MP Halifax West Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Halifax West amp oldid 1218260386, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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