Derventio was a Roman settlement at Papcastle on the river Derwent near Cockermouth, Cumbria, England. It was the site of a Roman fort, which was originally built in timber and rebuilt in stone.[1] There was also a civilian settlement (vicus). It is sometimes called Derventio Carvetiorum by modern writers (after the people known as the Carvetii) to distinguish it from other places named Derventio, but there is no evidence of that extended name being used in the Roman period.
A major Roman road linked Derventio to Old Carlisle near Wigton and Carlisle itself (Luguvalium) to the northeast, whilst a separate road led northwest to the coastal fort of Alauna just north of Maryport.
In the 12th century the Normans removed Roman stonework from the site and used it to build Cockermouth Castle.[2]
The fort was known to antiquarians from William Camden onwards;[3] the first modern excavation was by R. G. Collingwood in 1912.[4] A further dig in 1961-1962[5] led to the immediate designation of the site of the forts and part of the vicus as an ancient monument.[6] These excavations suggested Papcastle was occupied from the late first century to ca. 120AD, and then from ca. 160AD to the late fourth century. The first fort had timber barracks and was smaller than the second fort which extended slightly west and south of it (and had stone barracks). The barracks were rebuilt around the end of the 3rd century; a commander's house dated to the fourth century was also uncovered in the 1961-2 excavations.[7]
Recent excavationsedit
An excavation of sites in the vicus, between the fort and the river Derwent, was featured in an episode of the television programme Time Team (Series 6, episode 2) broadcast in 1999.[8]
During floods in 2009, floodwater cut across various loops of the Derwent; south of the Derwent, opposite Papcastle, this led to the erosion of up to a metre of topsoil, and the exposure of pottery and other Roman material. Roman activity at Papcastle had not previously been thought to extend south of the Derwent. Further archaeological digs were undertaken in 2010 - 2015 which indicate that the Roman settlement was far greater than previously thought. Excavations south of the river in 2010 discovered a large Roman water mill with monumental masonry (one of the most complete yet excavated in Britain) and its associated mill race. Further digs were then carried out north of the river, a substantial mansio and bathhouse being revealed during the 2012 campaign. The indications were that Derventio had been at its peak (and possibly of similar importance to Carlisle or Corbridge) in the late 1st and early 2nd century AD.[9]
However, further excavation south of the river in 2014 found the foundations of a bridge abutment, and of a bridge pier (the Derwent in Roman times had evidently flowed slightly to the south of its present course). The surviving foundations contained significant amounts of worked stone (funerary monuments and statue fragments), which would suggest the bridge to post-date much of the other construction activity.[9]
^The name is known from the Ravenna Cosmography. See Esmonde Cleary, A., DARMC, R. Talbert, S. Gillies, S. Vanderbilt, R. Warner, J. Becker, T. Elliott. "Places: 89165 (Derventio)". Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). Retrieved 2 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^. Heritage Open Days. September 2015. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
^Birley, Eric (1963). "Roman Papcastle" (PDF). Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. 63 (Second Series): 96–125. - reviews all antiquarian descriptions and Collingwood's investigation of 1912
^Collingwood, R G (1913). "Report of Excavations at Papcastle, 1912" (PDF). Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. 13 (Second Series): 131–141.
^Charlesworth, Dorothy (1965). "Excavations at Papcastle, 1961-2" (PDF). Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. 65 (Second Series): 102–114.
^ ab"Digs". Discovering Derventio. Grampus Heritage. Retrieved 3 December 2017. has draft reports for pre-2014 excavations - an overall report on the project in the Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society was envisaged, but (as of December 2017) has yet to appear
January 01, 1970
derventio, papcastle, other, sites, called, derventio, derventio, derventio, roman, settlement, papcastle, river, derwent, near, cockermouth, cumbria, england, site, roman, fort, which, originally, built, timber, rebuilt, stone, there, also, civilian, settleme. For other sites called Derventio see Derventio Derventio was a Roman settlement at Papcastle on the river Derwent near Cockermouth Cumbria England It was the site of a Roman fort which was originally built in timber and rebuilt in stone 1 There was also a civilian settlement vicus It is sometimes called Derventio Carvetiorum by modern writers after the people known as the Carvetii to distinguish it from other places named Derventio but there is no evidence of that extended name being used in the Roman period A major Roman road linked Derventio to Old Carlisle near Wigton and Carlisle itself Luguvalium to the northeast whilst a separate road led northwest to the coastal fort of Alauna just north of Maryport In the 12th century the Normans removed Roman stonework from the site and used it to build Cockermouth Castle 2 Contents 1 Conservation and excavation 1 1 Recent excavations 2 See also 3 ReferencesConservation and excavation editThe fort was known to antiquarians from William Camden onwards 3 the first modern excavation was by R G Collingwood in 1912 4 A further dig in 1961 1962 5 led to the immediate designation of the site of the forts and part of the vicus as an ancient monument 6 These excavations suggested Papcastle was occupied from the late first century to ca 120AD and then from ca 160AD to the late fourth century The first fort had timber barracks and was smaller than the second fort which extended slightly west and south of it and had stone barracks The barracks were rebuilt around the end of the 3rd century a commander s house dated to the fourth century was also uncovered in the 1961 2 excavations 7 Recent excavations edit An excavation of sites in the vicus between the fort and the river Derwent was featured in an episode of the television programme Time Team Series 6 episode 2 broadcast in 1999 8 During floods in 2009 floodwater cut across various loops of the Derwent south of the Derwent opposite Papcastle this led to the erosion of up to a metre of topsoil and the exposure of pottery and other Roman material Roman activity at Papcastle had not previously been thought to extend south of the Derwent Further archaeological digs were undertaken in 2010 2015 which indicate that the Roman settlement was far greater than previously thought Excavations south of the river in 2010 discovered a large Roman water mill with monumental masonry one of the most complete yet excavated in Britain and its associated mill race Further digs were then carried out north of the river a substantial mansio and bathhouse being revealed during the 2012 campaign The indications were that Derventio had been at its peak and possibly of similar importance to Carlisle or Corbridge in the late 1st and early 2nd century AD 9 However further excavation south of the river in 2014 found the foundations of a bridge abutment and of a bridge pier the Derwent in Roman times had evidently flowed slightly to the south of its present course The surviving foundations contained significant amounts of worked stone funerary monuments and statue fragments which would suggest the bridge to post date much of the other construction activity 9 See also editAlauna CarvetiorumReferences edit The name is known from the Ravenna Cosmography See Esmonde Cleary A DARMC R Talbert S Gillies S Vanderbilt R Warner J Becker T Elliott Places 89165 Derventio Pleiades pleiades stoa org Retrieved 2 January 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Cockermouth Castle Heritage Open Days September 2015 Archived from the original on 18 February 2016 Retrieved 6 January 2016 Birley Eric 1963 Roman Papcastle PDF Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society 63 Second Series 96 125 reviews all antiquarian descriptions and Collingwood s investigation of 1912 Collingwood R G 1913 Report of Excavations at Papcastle 1912 PDF Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society 13 Second Series 131 141 Charlesworth Dorothy 1965 Excavations at Papcastle 1961 2 PDF Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society 65 Second Series 102 114 Historic England Roman forts at Papcastle and part of the vicus 1007760 National Heritage List for England Retrieved 2 December 2017 Historic England Derventio Roman Fort 9491 Research records formerly PastScape Retrieved 3 December 2017 TV com Time Team Papcastle Cumbria TV com a b Digs Discovering Derventio Grampus Heritage Retrieved 3 December 2017 has draft reports for pre 2014 excavations an overall report on the project in the Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society was envisaged but as of December 2017 has yet to appear Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Derventio Papcastle amp oldid 1199964335, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
