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Depressive realism

April 10, 2024

Depressive realism is the hypothesis developed by Lauren Alloy and Lyn Yvonne Abramson[1] that depressed individuals make more realistic inferences than non-depressed individuals. Although depressed individuals are thought to have a negative cognitive bias that results in recurrent, negative automatic thoughts, maladaptive behaviors, and dysfunctional world beliefs,[2][3][4] depressive realism argues not only that this negativity may reflect a more accurate appraisal of the world but also that non-depressed individuals' appraisals are positively biased.[1]

Evidence for edit

When participants were asked to press a button and rate the control they perceived they had over whether or not a light turned on, depressed individuals made more accurate ratings of control than non-depressed individuals.[5] Among participants asked to complete a task and rate their performance without any feedback, depressed individuals made more accurate self-ratings than non-depressed individuals.[6][7][8][9] For participants asked to complete a series of tasks, given feedback on their performance after each task, and who self-rated their overall performance after completing all the tasks, depressed individuals were again more likely to give an accurate self-rating than non-depressed individuals.[10][11][12][13][14][15] When asked to evaluate their performance both immediately and some time after completing a task, depressed individuals made accurate appraisals both immediately before and after time had passed.[16]

In a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain, depressed patients were shown to be more accurate in their causal attributions of positive and negative social events than non-depressed participants, who demonstrated a positive bias.[17] This difference was also reflected in the differential activation of the fronto-temporal network, higher activation for non self-serving attributions in non-depressed participants and for self-serving attributions in depressed patients, and reduced coupling of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex seed region and the limbic areas when depressed patients made self-serving attributions.

Evidence against edit

When asked to rate both their performance and the performance of others, non-depressed individuals demonstrated positive bias when rating themselves but no bias when rating others. Depressed individuals conversely showed no bias when rating themselves but a positive bias when rating others.[18][19][20]

When assessing participant thoughts in public versus private settings, the thoughts of non-depressed individuals were more optimistic in public than private, while depressed individuals were less optimistic in public.[21][22][23][24][clarification needed]

When asked to rate their performance immediately after a task and after some time had passed, depressed individuals were more accurate when they rated themselves immediately after the task but were more negative after time had passed whereas non-depressed individuals were positive immediately after and some time after.[10][14]

Although depressed individuals make accurate judgments about having no control in situations where they in fact have no control, this appraisal also carries over to situations where they do have control, suggesting that the depressed perspective is not more accurate overall.[25]

One study suggested that in real-world settings, depressed individuals are actually less accurate and more overconfident in their predictions than their non-depressed peers.[26] Participants' attributional accuracy may also be more related to their overall attributional style rather than the presence and severity of their depressive symptoms.[27]

Criticism of the evidence edit

Some have argued that the evidence is not more conclusive because no standard for reality exists, the diagnoses are dubious, and the results may not apply to the real world.[28] Because many studies rely on self-report of depressive symptoms and self-reports are known to be biased, the diagnosis of depression in these studies may not be valid, necessitating the use of other objective measures. Due to most of these studies using designs that do not necessarily approximate real-world phenomena, the external validity of the depressive realism hypothesis is unclear.[28] There is also concern that the depressive realism effect is merely a byproduct of the depressed person being in a situation that agrees with their negative bias.[5][29][30]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Alloy, L.B.; Abramson, L.Y. (1988). Depressive realism: four theoretical perspectives.
  2. ^ Beck, A.T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Vol. 32. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  3. ^ Beck, Aaron T., ed. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 9780898629194.
  4. ^ Beck, A.T.; Brown, G.; Steer, R.A.; Eidelson, J.I.; Riskind, J.H. (1987). "Differentiating anxiety and depression: a test of the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 96 (3): 179–183. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.96.3.179. PMID 3680754.
  5. ^ a b Alloy, L.B.; Abramson, L.Y. (1979). "Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser?". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 108 (4): 441–485. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.108.4.441. PMID 528910. S2CID 18002755.
  6. ^ Alloy, L.B.; Abramson, L.Y.; Kossman, D.A. (1985), "The judgment of predictability in depressed and nondepressed college students", in Brush, F.R.; Overmeir, J.B. (eds.), Affect, conditioning, and cognition: Essays on the determinants of behavior, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 229–246
  7. ^ Alloy, L.B.; Abramson, L.Y.; Viscusi, D. (1981). "Induced mood and the illusion of control". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 41 (6): 1129–1140. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.6.1129. S2CID 54890341.
  8. ^ Musson, R.F.; Alloy, L.B. (1989). "Depression, self-consciousness, and judgments of control: A test of the self-focused attention hypothesis". Unpublished.
  9. ^ Vasquez, C.V. (1987). "Judgment of contingency: Cognitive biases in depressed and nondepressed subjects". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52 (2): 419–431. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.2.419. PMID 3559899.
  10. ^ a b DeMonbreun, B.G.; Craighead, W.E. (1977). "Distortion of perception and recall of positive and neutral feedback in depression". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 1 (4): 311–329. doi:10.1007/bf01663996. S2CID 12735350.
  11. ^ Dennard, D.O.; Hokanson, J.E. (1986). "Performance on two cognitive tasks by dysphoric and nondysphoric students". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 10 (3): 377–386. doi:10.1007/bf01173473. S2CID 40508547.
  12. ^ Gotlib, I.H. (1983). "Perception and recall of interpersonal feedback: Negative bias in depression". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 7 (5): 399–412. doi:10.1007/bf01187168. S2CID 24017766.
  13. ^ Lobitz, W.C.; Post, R.D. (1979). "Parameters of self-reinforcement and depression". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 88 (1): 33–41. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.88.1.33. PMID 422802.
  14. ^ a b Nelson, R.E.; Craighead, W.E. (1977). "Selective recall of positive and negative feedback, self-control behaviors and depression". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 86 (4): 379–388. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.86.4.379. PMID 903490.
  15. ^ Rozensky, R.H.; Rehm, L.P.; Pry, G.; Roth, D. (1977). "Depression and self-reinforcement behavior in hospitalized patients". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 8: 35–38. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(77)90102-1.
  16. ^ Wenzlaff, R.M.; Berman, J. S. (August 1985), Judgmental accuracy in depression, The Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ Seidel, Eva-Maria; Satterthwaite, Theodore D.; Eickhoff, Simon B.; Schneider, Frank; Gur, Ruben C.; Wolf, Daniel H.; Habel, Ute; Derntl, Birgit (2012). "Neural correlates of depressive realism — An fMRI study on causal attribution in depression". Journal of Affective Disorders. 138 (3): 268–276. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.041. PMC 3565123. PMID 22377511.
  18. ^ Gotlib, I.H.; Meltzer, S.J. (1987). "Depression and the perception of social skill in dyadic interaction". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 11: 41–54. doi:10.1007/bf01183131. S2CID 25349029.
  19. ^ Javna, C.D. (1981), "Depressed and nondepressed college students' interpretations of and memory for feedback about self and others", Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
  20. ^ Pyszczynski, T.; Holt, K.; Greenberg, J. (1987). "Depression, self-focused attention, and expectancies for positive and negative future life events for self and others". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52 (5): 994–1001. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.5.994. PMID 3585706.
  21. ^ Benassi, V.A. & Mahler, H.I.M. (1985). "Contingency judgments by depressed college students: Sadder but not always wiser". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 49 (5): 1323–1329. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.5.1323. PMID 4078679.
  22. ^ Sacco, W.P.; Hokanson, J.E. (1978). "Expectations of success and anagram performance of depressives in a public and private setting". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 87 (1): 122–130. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.87.1.122. PMID 649845.
  23. ^ Sacco, W. P. & Hokanson, J. E. (1982). "Depression and self-reinforcement in a public and private setting". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 42 (2): 377–385. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.2.377. PMID 7057358.
  24. ^ Strack, S.; Coyne, J.C. (1983). "Social confirmation of dysphoria: Shared and private reactions". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 44 (4): 798–806. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.4.798. PMID 6842366.
  25. ^ Dykman, B.M.; Abramson, L.Y.; Alloy, L.B.; Hartlage, S. (1989). "Processing of ambiguous and unambiguous feedback by depressed and nondepressed college students: Schematic biases and their implications for depressive realism". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 56 (3): 431–445. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.3.431. PMID 2926638.
  26. ^ Dunning D, Story AL (1991). (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61 (4): 521–532. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.521. PMID 1960645. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-19. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
  27. ^ Michael Thomas Moore; David Fresco (2007). "Depressive realism and attributional style: implications for individuals at risk for depression" (PDF). Behavior Therapy. 38 (2): 144–154. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.06.003. PMID 17499081. S2CID 15551427.
  28. ^ a b Michael Thomas Moore; David Fresco (2012). "Depressive Realism: A Meta-Analytic Review". Clinical Psychology Review. 32 (1): 496–509. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.004. PMID 22717337.
  29. ^ Langer, E.J. (1975). "The illusion of control". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 32 (2): 311–328. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311. S2CID 30043741.
  30. ^ Msetfi RM, Murphy RA, Simpson J, Kornbrot DE (2005). (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology. General. 134 (1): 10–22. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.1.10. hdl:10344/2360. PMID 15702960. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-29.

Further reading edit

  • Adelson, Rachel (April 2005). "Probing the puzzling workings of 'depressive realism'". APA Monitor. 36 (4): 30.
  • Cummins, R.A.; Nistico, H. (2002). "Maintaining life satisfaction: The role of positive cognitive bias". Journal of Happiness Studies. 3: 37–69. doi:10.1023/A:1015678915305. S2CID 58940818.
  • Taylor, Shelley E.; Armor, David A. (December 1996). "Positive Illusions and Coping with Adversity". Journal of Personality. 64 (4): 873–898. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00947.x. PMID 8956516.
  • Hayden, Ben (2011). "Depressive Realism May Not Be Real". Psychology Today.

April 10, 2024
depressive, realism, hypothesis, developed, lauren, alloy, yvonne, abramson, that, depressed, individuals, make, more, realistic, inferences, than, depressed, individuals, although, depressed, individuals, thought, have, negative, cognitive, bias, that, result. Depressive realism is the hypothesis developed by Lauren Alloy and Lyn Yvonne Abramson 1 that depressed individuals make more realistic inferences than non depressed individuals Although depressed individuals are thought to have a negative cognitive bias that results in recurrent negative automatic thoughts maladaptive behaviors and dysfunctional world beliefs 2 3 4 depressive realism argues not only that this negativity may reflect a more accurate appraisal of the world but also that non depressed individuals appraisals are positively biased 1 Contents 1 Evidence for 2 Evidence against 3 Criticism of the evidence 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingEvidence for editWhen participants were asked to press a button and rate the control they perceived they had over whether or not a light turned on depressed individuals made more accurate ratings of control than non depressed individuals 5 Among participants asked to complete a task and rate their performance without any feedback depressed individuals made more accurate self ratings than non depressed individuals 6 7 8 9 For participants asked to complete a series of tasks given feedback on their performance after each task and who self rated their overall performance after completing all the tasks depressed individuals were again more likely to give an accurate self rating than non depressed individuals 10 11 12 13 14 15 When asked to evaluate their performance both immediately and some time after completing a task depressed individuals made accurate appraisals both immediately before and after time had passed 16 In a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain depressed patients were shown to be more accurate in their causal attributions of positive and negative social events than non depressed participants who demonstrated a positive bias 17 This difference was also reflected in the differential activation of the fronto temporal network higher activation for non self serving attributions in non depressed participants and for self serving attributions in depressed patients and reduced coupling of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex seed region and the limbic areas when depressed patients made self serving attributions Evidence against editWhen asked to rate both their performance and the performance of others non depressed individuals demonstrated positive bias when rating themselves but no bias when rating others Depressed individuals conversely showed no bias when rating themselves but a positive bias when rating others 18 19 20 When assessing participant thoughts in public versus private settings the thoughts of non depressed individuals were more optimistic in public than private while depressed individuals were less optimistic in public 21 22 23 24 clarification needed When asked to rate their performance immediately after a task and after some time had passed depressed individuals were more accurate when they rated themselves immediately after the task but were more negative after time had passed whereas non depressed individuals were positive immediately after and some time after 10 14 Although depressed individuals make accurate judgments about having no control in situations where they in fact have no control this appraisal also carries over to situations where they do have control suggesting that the depressed perspective is not more accurate overall 25 One study suggested that in real world settings depressed individuals are actually less accurate and more overconfident in their predictions than their non depressed peers 26 Participants attributional accuracy may also be more related to their overall attributional style rather than the presence and severity of their depressive symptoms 27 Criticism of the evidence editSome have argued that the evidence is not more conclusive because no standard for reality exists the diagnoses are dubious and the results may not apply to the real world 28 Because many studies rely on self report of depressive symptoms and self reports are known to be biased the diagnosis of depression in these studies may not be valid necessitating the use of other objective measures Due to most of these studies using designs that do not necessarily approximate real world phenomena the external validity of the depressive realism hypothesis is unclear 28 There is also concern that the depressive realism effect is merely a byproduct of the depressed person being in a situation that agrees with their negative bias 5 29 30 See also editDefensive pessimism Cognitive strategy for preparation Depression State of low mood and aversion to activity Dunning Kruger effect Cognitive bias about one s own skill Dysthymia Mental disorder characterized by chronic depression List of cognitive biases Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment Major depressive disorder Mental disorder involving persistent low mood low self esteem and loss of interest Perspective Concept of personal perspective in philosophyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Philosophical pessimism Family of philosophical views Positivity offset Phenomenon where people tend to interpret a situation more positively than it is Self serving bias Distortion to enhance self esteem or to see oneself overly favorablyReferences edit a b Alloy L B Abramson L Y 1988 Depressive realism four theoretical perspectives Beck A T 1967 Depression Clinical experimental and theoretical aspects Vol 32 Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press Beck Aaron T ed 1979 Cognitive Therapy of Depression New York Guilford Press ISBN 9780898629194 Beck A T Brown G Steer R A Eidelson J I Riskind J H 1987 Differentiating anxiety and depression a test of the cognitive content specificity hypothesis Journal of Abnormal Psychology 96 3 179 183 doi 10 1037 0021 843x 96 3 179 PMID 3680754 a b Alloy L B Abramson L Y 1979 Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students Sadder but wiser Journal of Experimental Psychology General 108 4 441 485 doi 10 1037 0096 3445 108 4 441 PMID 528910 S2CID 18002755 Alloy L B Abramson L Y Kossman D A 1985 The judgment of predictability in depressed and nondepressed college students in Brush F R Overmeir J B eds Affect conditioning and cognition Essays on the determinants of behavior Hillsdale NJ Erlbaum pp 229 246 Alloy L B Abramson L Y Viscusi D 1981 Induced mood and the illusion of control Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41 6 1129 1140 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 41 6 1129 S2CID 54890341 Musson R F Alloy L B 1989 Depression self consciousness and judgments of control A test of the self focused attention hypothesis Unpublished Vasquez C V 1987 Judgment of contingency Cognitive biases in depressed and nondepressed subjects Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 2 419 431 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 52 2 419 PMID 3559899 a b DeMonbreun B G Craighead W E 1977 Distortion of perception and recall of positive and neutral feedback in depression Cognitive Therapy and Research 1 4 311 329 doi 10 1007 bf01663996 S2CID 12735350 Dennard D O Hokanson J E 1986 Performance on two cognitive tasks by dysphoric and nondysphoric students Cognitive Therapy and Research 10 3 377 386 doi 10 1007 bf01173473 S2CID 40508547 Gotlib I H 1983 Perception and recall of interpersonal feedback Negative bias in depression Cognitive Therapy and Research 7 5 399 412 doi 10 1007 bf01187168 S2CID 24017766 Lobitz W C Post R D 1979 Parameters of self reinforcement and depression Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88 1 33 41 doi 10 1037 0021 843x 88 1 33 PMID 422802 a b Nelson R E Craighead W E 1977 Selective recall of positive and negative feedback self control behaviors and depression Journal of Abnormal Psychology 86 4 379 388 doi 10 1037 0021 843x 86 4 379 PMID 903490 Rozensky R H Rehm L P Pry G Roth D 1977 Depression and self reinforcement behavior in hospitalized patients Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 8 35 38 doi 10 1016 0005 7916 77 90102 1 Wenzlaff R M Berman J S August 1985 Judgmental accuracy in depression The Meeting of the American Psychological Association Los Angeles a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Seidel Eva Maria Satterthwaite Theodore D Eickhoff Simon B Schneider Frank Gur Ruben C Wolf Daniel H Habel Ute Derntl Birgit 2012 Neural correlates of depressive realism An fMRI study on causal attribution in depression Journal of Affective Disorders 138 3 268 276 doi 10 1016 j jad 2012 01 041 PMC 3565123 PMID 22377511 Gotlib I H Meltzer S J 1987 Depression and the perception of social skill in dyadic interaction Cognitive Therapy and Research 11 41 54 doi 10 1007 bf01183131 S2CID 25349029 Javna C D 1981 Depressed and nondepressed college students interpretations of and memory for feedback about self and others Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation The Ohio State University Columbus OH Pyszczynski T Holt K Greenberg J 1987 Depression self focused attention and expectancies for positive and negative future life events for self and others Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 5 994 1001 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 52 5 994 PMID 3585706 Benassi V A amp Mahler H I M 1985 Contingency judgments by depressed college students Sadder but not always wiser Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49 5 1323 1329 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 49 5 1323 PMID 4078679 Sacco W P Hokanson J E 1978 Expectations of success and anagram performance of depressives in a public and private setting Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87 1 122 130 doi 10 1037 0021 843x 87 1 122 PMID 649845 Sacco W P amp Hokanson J E 1982 Depression and self reinforcement in a public and private setting Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42 2 377 385 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 42 2 377 PMID 7057358 Strack S Coyne J C 1983 Social confirmation of dysphoria Shared and private reactions Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 4 798 806 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 44 4 798 PMID 6842366 Dykman B M Abramson L Y Alloy L B Hartlage S 1989 Processing of ambiguous and unambiguous feedback by depressed and nondepressed college students Schematic biases and their implications for depressive realism Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 3 431 445 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 56 3 431 PMID 2926638 Dunning D Story AL 1991 Depression realism and the overconfidence effect are the sadder wiser when predicting future actions and events PDF Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 4 521 532 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 61 4 521 PMID 1960645 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 11 19 Retrieved 2011 01 02 Michael Thomas Moore David Fresco 2007 Depressive realism and attributional style implications for individuals at risk for depression PDF Behavior Therapy 38 2 144 154 doi 10 1016 j beth 2006 06 003 PMID 17499081 S2CID 15551427 a b Michael Thomas Moore David Fresco 2012 Depressive Realism A Meta Analytic Review Clinical Psychology Review 32 1 496 509 doi 10 1016 j cpr 2012 05 004 PMID 22717337 Langer E J 1975 The illusion of control Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32 2 311 328 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 32 2 311 S2CID 30043741 Msetfi RM Murphy RA Simpson J Kornbrot DE 2005 Depressive realism and outcome density bias in contingency judgments the effect of the context and intertrial interval PDF Journal of Experimental Psychology General 134 1 10 22 doi 10 1037 0096 3445 134 1 10 hdl 10344 2360 PMID 15702960 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 06 29 Further reading editAdelson Rachel April 2005 Probing the puzzling workings of depressive realism APA Monitor 36 4 30 Cummins R A Nistico H 2002 Maintaining life satisfaction The role of positive cognitive bias Journal of Happiness Studies 3 37 69 doi 10 1023 A 1015678915305 S2CID 58940818 Taylor Shelley E Armor David A December 1996 Positive Illusions and Coping with Adversity Journal of Personality 64 4 873 898 doi 10 1111 j 1467 6494 1996 tb00947 x PMID 8956516 Hayden Ben 2011 Depressive Realism May Not Be Real Psychology Today Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Depressive realism amp oldid 1132734693, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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