The World Health Organization refers to female infibulation as Type III female genital mutilation.[2] Often called "pharaonic circumcision" (or farooni)[3] in countries where it is practiced. It refers to the removal of the inner and outer labia and the suturing of the vulva. It is usually accompanied by the removal of the clitoral glans.[4][5] The practice is concentrated in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan.[1] During a 2014 survey in Sudan, over 80 percent of those who had experienced any form of FGM had been sewn closed.[6]
The procedure leaves a wall of skin and flesh across the vagina and the rest of the pubic area. By inserting a twig or similar object before the wound heals, a small hole is created for the passage of urine and menstrual blood. The legs are bound together for two to four weeks to allow healing.[7][8]
The vagina is usually penetrated at the time of a woman's marriage by her husband's penis, or by cutting the tissue with a knife. The vagina is opened further for childbirth and usually closed again afterwards, a process known as defibulation (or deinfibulation) and reinfibulation. Infibulation can cause chronic pain and infection, organ damage, prolonged micturition, urinary incontinence, inability to get pregnant, difficulty giving birth, obstetric fistula, and fatal bleeding.[7]
A marble statue of the Greek poet Anacreon (582–485 BCE), showing kynodesmē
Infibulation also referred to placing a clasp through the male foreskin.[9] In ancient Greece, male athletes, singers and other public performers used a clasp or string to close the foreskin and draw the penis over to one side, a practice known as kynodesmē (literally "dog tie").[10] Many kynodesmē are depicted on vases, almost exclusively confined to symposiasts and komasts, who are as a general rule older (or at least mature) men.[11] In Rome, a fibula was often a type of ring used similarly to a kynodesme.
Kynodesmē was seen as a sign of restraint and abstinence, but was also related to concerns of modesty; in artistic representations, it was regarded as obscene and offensive to show a long penis and the glans penis in particular.[10] Tying up the penis with a string was a way of avoiding what was seen as the shameful and dishonorable spectacle of an exposed glans penis, something associated with those without repute, such as slaves and barbarians. It therefore conveyed the moral worth and modesty of the subject.[11]
ReferencesEdit
^ abYoder, P. Stanley; Khan, Shane (March 2008). "Numbers of women circumcised in Africa: The Production of a Total" (PDF) (39). USAID, DHS Working Papers: 13–14. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^For "pharaonic circumcision", also see Gruenbaum, Ellen (2001). The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 43–45.
^ abAbdulcadira, Jasmine, et al. (January 2011). "Care of women with female genital mutilation/cutting" 2016-07-18 at the Wayback Machine. Swiss Medical Weekly, 6(14). PMID 21213149
^Momoh, Comfort (2005). "Female genital mutilation" in Comfort Momoh (ed.). Female Genital Mutilation. Radcliffe Publishing. p. 7.
^Favazza, Armando R. (1996).Bodies Under Siege: Self-mutilation and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 190–191.
^ abSchmidt, Michael (2004). The First Poets. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 263.
^ abZanker, Paul and Shapiro, Alan (1996). The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity. University of California Press. pp. 28–29.
Further readingEdit
Look up infibulation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Pieters, Guy and Lowenfels, Albert B. "Infibulation in the Horn of Africa", New York State Journal of Medicine, 77(6), April 1977, pp. 729–731.
Whitehorn, James, Oyedeji Ayonrinde, and Samantha Maingay. "Female Genital Mutilation: Cultural and Psychological Implications," Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 17.2 (2002), pp. 161–170.
October 19, 2023
infibulation, ritual, removal, external, female, genitalia, suturing, vulva, practice, found, mainly, northeastern, africa, particularly, djibouti, eritrea, ethiopia, somalia, sudan, world, health, organization, refers, procedure, type, female, genital, mutila. Infibulation is the ritual removal of the external female genitalia and the suturing of the vulva a practice found mainly in northeastern Africa particularly in Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Somalia and Sudan 1 The World Health Organization refers to the procedure as Type III female genital mutilation Infibulation can also refer to placing a clasp through the foreskin in men Contents 1 Female 2 Male 3 References 4 Further readingFemale EditFurther information Female genital mutilation Type III nbsp The World Health Organization refers to female infibulation as Type III female genital mutilation 2 Often called pharaonic circumcision or farooni 3 in countries where it is practiced It refers to the removal of the inner and outer labia and the suturing of the vulva It is usually accompanied by the removal of the clitoral glans 4 5 The practice is concentrated in Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Somalia and Sudan 1 During a 2014 survey in Sudan over 80 percent of those who had experienced any form of FGM had been sewn closed 6 The procedure leaves a wall of skin and flesh across the vagina and the rest of the pubic area By inserting a twig or similar object before the wound heals a small hole is created for the passage of urine and menstrual blood The legs are bound together for two to four weeks to allow healing 7 8 The vagina is usually penetrated at the time of a woman s marriage by her husband s penis or by cutting the tissue with a knife The vagina is opened further for childbirth and usually closed again afterwards a process known as defibulation or deinfibulation and reinfibulation Infibulation can cause chronic pain and infection organ damage prolonged micturition urinary incontinence inability to get pregnant difficulty giving birth obstetric fistula and fatal bleeding 7 Male EditIt has been suggested that parts of this page be moved into Fibula penile Relevant discussion may be found on Talk Infibulation October 2023 nbsp A marble statue of the Greek poet Anacreon 582 485 BCE showing kynodesmeInfibulation also referred to placing a clasp through the male foreskin 9 In ancient Greece male athletes singers and other public performers used a clasp or string to close the foreskin and draw the penis over to one side a practice known as kynodesme literally dog tie 10 Many kynodesme are depicted on vases almost exclusively confined to symposiasts and komasts who are as a general rule older or at least mature men 11 In Rome a fibula was often a type of ring used similarly to a kynodesme Kynodesme was seen as a sign of restraint and abstinence but was also related to concerns of modesty in artistic representations it was regarded as obscene and offensive to show a long penis and the glans penis in particular 10 Tying up the penis with a string was a way of avoiding what was seen as the shameful and dishonorable spectacle of an exposed glans penis something associated with those without repute such as slaves and barbarians It therefore conveyed the moral worth and modesty of the subject 11 References Edit a b Yoder P Stanley Khan Shane March 2008 Numbers of women circumcised in Africa The Production of a Total PDF 39 USAID DHS Working Papers 13 14 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Female genital mutilation World Health Organization Retrieved 2022 11 16 Genitalverstummelung Dieter Wunderlich Buchtipps und mehr in German Retrieved 2023 02 09 El Dareer Asma 1982 Woman Why Do You Weep Circumcision and its Consequences London Zed Books pp 1 2 ISBN 978 0862320997 For pharaonic circumcision also see Gruenbaum Ellen 2001 The Female Circumcision Controversy An Anthropological Perspective University of Pennsylvania Press pp 43 45 Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 UNICEF 2014 p 214 Table CP 10 a b Abdulcadira Jasmine et al January 2011 Care of women with female genital mutilation cutting Archived 2016 07 18 at the Wayback Machine Swiss Medical Weekly 6 14 PMID 21213149 Momoh Comfort 2005 Female genital mutilation in Comfort Momoh ed Female Genital Mutilation Radcliffe Publishing p 7 Favazza Armando R 1996 Bodies Under Siege Self mutilation and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry Johns Hopkins University Press pp 190 191 a b Schmidt Michael 2004 The First Poets Weidenfeld amp Nicolson p 263 a b Zanker Paul and Shapiro Alan 1996 The Mask of Socrates The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity University of California Press pp 28 29 Further reading Edit nbsp Look up infibulation in Wiktionary the free dictionary Ali Ayaan Hirsi Infidel My Life Free Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 7432 8968 9 Pieters Guy and Lowenfels Albert B Infibulation in the Horn of Africa New York State Journal of Medicine 77 6 April 1977 pp 729 731 Whitehorn James Oyedeji Ayonrinde and Samantha Maingay Female Genital Mutilation Cultural and Psychological Implications Sexual and Relationship Therapy 17 2 2002 pp 161 170 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Infibulation amp oldid 1179833413, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
