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Mulock Glacier

April 14, 2024

The Mulock Glacier (79°00′S 160°00′E / 79.000°S 160.000°E / -79.000; 160.000) is a large, heavily crevassed glacier which flows into the Ross Ice Shelf 40 kilometers (25 miles) south of the Skelton Glacier in the Ross Dependency, Antarctica.

LocationRoss Dependency
Coordinates79°00′S 160°00′E / 79.000°S 160.000°E / -79.000; 160.000}
TerminusRoss Ice Shelf

Name edit

The Mulock Glacier was named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (e NZAPC) in association with Mulock Inlet for Lieutenant George Mulock, Royal Navy, surveyor with the expedition.[1]

Glaciology edit

The main trunk of the Mulock Glacier is about 60 kilometres (37 mi) long and drops about 800 metres (2,600 ft) from the edge of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to its grounding line at its mouth. It has the largest catchment area between David Glacier and Byrd Glacier, and drains about 5.23±0.59 gigatonnes of ice per year into the Ross Ice Shelf. It's discharge rate is roughly in balance with the accumulation rate in its catchment area. Velocities vary along its course, probably due to changes in the ground slope below the glacier. In 1960–61 ice velocities along the grounded center line were about 387 metres (1,270 ft) per year. In 2001–02 these had risen to about 457 metres (1,499 ft) per year, and in 2006–07 to about 493 metres (1,617 ft) per year. This increase in velocities, if real, should be resulting in thinning along the glacier´s length.[2]

Mulock Glacier is the second-largest contributor of ice from East Antarctica to the Ross Ice Shelf. The largest is Byrd Glacier, not far to the south past Darwin Glacier. Mulock Glacier enters the Ross Ice Shelf from the west, so its flow opposes West Antarctic ice streams flowing from the east into the Ross Ice Shelf. Its flow interacts with the much smaller Darwin Glacier and the larger Byrd Glacier, which also resists West Antarctic ice streams.[3] Hughes et al. (2017) consider that the East Antarctic outlet glaciers act as "nails" holding the Ross Ice Shelf in place. If climate warming melts the sea ice along the Ross Ice Shelf calving front, the front will retreat and the glaciers will punch through it, starting with Mulock Glacier and Byrd Glacier. As the ice shelf weakens, ice streams from the West Antarctic will surge and eventually the marine part of the West Antarctic ice sheet Shelf will disintegrate.[3]

Course edit

The Mulock Glacier forms on the Antarctic ice sheet to the south of the Warren Range and Boomerang Range. Deception Glacier flow south from between these ranges into upper Mulock Glacier. It flows southeast past Mount Marvel to the north and the Henry Mesa to the south. Heap Glacier flows northeastward to Mulock Glacier to the east of Henry Mesa. The Kehle Glacier joins it from Mount Speyer to the northeast in the Worcester Range.[4] It flows past Anthony Bluff, Buntley Bluff and Cape Lankester to the southwest, and Cape Teall to the northeast to enter the Mulock Inlet and the Ross Ice Shelf. The Evteev Glacier enters the Ross Ice Shelf just north of Cape Teall.[5]

Tributaries edit

 
Upper Mulock Glacier (foot of map)
 
Mouth of Mulock Glacier (top of map)

Deception Glacier edit

78°33′S 158°33′E / 78.550°S 158.550°E / -78.550; 158.550. Glacier between the Warren and Boomerang Ranges, flowing south into upper Mulock Glacier. So named by the New Zealand party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (CTAE) (1956–58) because it appears to lead directly into Skelton Névé but instead drains south ward.[6]

Heap Glacier edit

78°03′S 159°20′E / 78.050°S 159.333°E / -78.050; 159.333. Glacier 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long flowing northeastward to Mulock Glacier, to the east of Henry Mesa. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN f)or John A. Heap, a member of the University of Michigan-Ross Ice Shelf Studies party, 1962-63.[7]

Kehle Glacier edit

78°56′S 160°18′E / 78.933°S 160.300°E / -78.933; 160.300. Glacier draining the west slopes of Worcester Range in the vicinity of Mount Speyer and Mount Dawson-Lambton, and flowing southwest into Mulock Glacier. Named by US-ACAN in 1964 for Ralph Kehle, glaciologist at Little America V, 1959-60.[8]

Evteev Glacier edit

78°57′S 161°12′E / 78.950°S 161.200°E / -78.950; 161.200. Glacier flowing from the southeast slopes of the Worcester Range to the Ross Ice Shelf, west of Cape Timberlake. Named by US-ACAN in 1964 for Sveneld A. Evteev, glaciologist and Soviet exchange observer at McMurdo Station in 1960.[9]33|S|158|33|E}}.

Other features edit

Anthony Bluff edit

Main article: Anthony Bluff

78°06′S 160°07′E / 78.100°S 160.117°E / -78.100; 160.117. A conspicuous rock bluff along the south wall of Mulock Glacier, about 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) NW of Cape Lankester. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by US-ACAN for Capt. Alexander Anthony, USAF, in charge of science and publications on the staff of the U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer, 1963-65.[10]

Buntley Bluff edit

78°12′S 160°24′E / 78.200°S 160.400°E / -78.200; 160.400. Prominent rock cliff 2|nmi}} long, just northward of Cape Lankester at the mouth of Mulock Glacier. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by US-ACAN for Ensign Ronald E. Buntley, CEC, USN, in charge of personnel at the air strip, Williams Field, McMurdo Sound in USN OpDFrz, 1964.[11]

Cape Teall edit

78°03′S 161°04′E / 78.050°S 161.067°E / -78.050; 161.067. A high, rocky cape forming the north side of the entrance to Mulock Inlet, along the west side of the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered by the BrNAE (1901–04). Probably named for Sir Jethro Teall, Director of the Geological Survey and Museum of Practical Geology, of London, 1901-13. Not: Cape Teale.[12]

Cape Lankester edit

Main article: Cape Lankester

78°16′S 160°29′E / 78.267°S 160.483°E / -78.267; 160.483. A high, rounded, snow-covered cape at the south side of the entrance to Mulock Inlet, along the west edge of the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered and named by the BrNAE (1901–04). Probably named for Sir Edwin Ray Lankester, Director of the Natural History Department of the British Museum (1898-1907) and founder of the Marine Biological Association in 1884.[13]

Mulock Inlet edit

78°08′S 160°40′E / 78.133°S 160.667°E / -78.133; 160.667. A re-entrant about 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) wide between Cape Teall and Cape Lankester. The feature is occupied by lower Mulock Glacier which drains through it to the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered by the BrNAE (1901–04). Named for Lt. George F.A. Mulock, RN, surveyor with the expedition.[1]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Alberts 1995, p. 511.
  2. ^ Stearns 2011, p. 120.
  3. ^ a b Hughes et al. 2017.
  4. ^ Mount Harmsworth USGS.
  5. ^ Carlyon Glacier USGS.
  6. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 179.
  7. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 322.
  8. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 385.
  9. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 229.
  10. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 23.
  11. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 104.
  12. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 735.
  13. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 417.

Sources edit

  • Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03   This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.
  • Carlyon Glacier, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2023-12-29
  • Hughes, Terence; Zhao, Zihong; Hintz, Raymond; Fastook, James (2017), "Instability of the Antarctic Ross Sea Embayment as climate warms", Reviews of Geophysics, 55 (2): 277–585, doi:10.1002/2016RG000545
  • Mount Harmsworth, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2023-12-29
  • Stearns, Leigh A. (2011), "Dynamics and mass balance of four large East Antarctic outlet glaciers", Annals of Glaciology, 52 (59), Cambridge University Press: 116–126, doi:10.3189/172756411799096187, hdl:1808/17210

Further reading edit

  • Swithinbank, C. (1964), To the Valley Glaciers That Feed the Ross Ice Shelf, The Geographical Journal, 130(1), 32–48. doi:10.2307/1794263
  • S. BANNISTER, B.L.N. KENNETT, Seismic Activity in the Transantarctic Mountains - Results from a Broadband Array Deployment, Terra Antarctica 2002, 9(1),41-46
  • IMMEDIATE REPORT OF VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION 1989-90: VUWAE 34
  • MARK W. SEEFELDT AND JOHN J. CASSANO, THOMAS R. PARISH, Dominant Regimes of the Ross Ice Shelf Surface Wind Field during Austral Autumn 2005 2019-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, NOVEMBER 2007, PP 1933 – 1955
  • Richard Levy, David Harwood, Fabio Florindo, Francesca Sangiorgi, Robert Tripati, Hilmar von Eynatten, Edward Gasson, Gerhard Kuhn, Aradhna Tripati, Robert DeConto, Christopher Fielding, Brad Field, Nicholas Golledge, Robert McKay, Timothy Naish, Matthew Olney, David Pollard, Stefan Schouten, Franco Talarico, Sophie Warny, Veronica Willmott, Gary Acton, Kurt Panter, Timothy Paulsen, Marco Taviani, and SMS Science Team, Antarctic ice sheet sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 variations in the early to mid-Miocene, PNAS first published February 22, 2016 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516030113

April 14, 2024
mulock, glacier, large, heavily, crevassed, glacier, which, flows, into, ross, shelf, kilometers, miles, south, skelton, glacier, ross, dependency, antarctica, locationross, dependencycoordinates79, terminusross, shelf, contents, name, glaciology, course, trib. The Mulock Glacier 79 00 S 160 00 E 79 000 S 160 000 E 79 000 160 000 is a large heavily crevassed glacier which flows into the Ross Ice Shelf 40 kilometers 25 miles south of the Skelton Glacier in the Ross Dependency Antarctica LocationRoss DependencyCoordinates79 00 S 160 00 E 79 000 S 160 000 E 79 000 160 000 TerminusRoss Ice Shelf Contents 1 Name 2 Glaciology 3 Course 4 Tributaries 4 1 Deception Glacier 4 2 Heap Glacier 4 3 Kehle Glacier 4 4 Evteev Glacier 5 Other features 5 1 Anthony Bluff 5 2 Buntley Bluff 5 3 Cape Teall 5 4 Cape Lankester 5 5 Mulock Inlet 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further readingName editThe Mulock Glacier was named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place Names Committee e NZAPC in association with Mulock Inlet for Lieutenant George Mulock Royal Navy surveyor with the expedition 1 Glaciology editThe main trunk of the Mulock Glacier is about 60 kilometres 37 mi long and drops about 800 metres 2 600 ft from the edge of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to its grounding line at its mouth It has the largest catchment area between David Glacier and Byrd Glacier and drains about 5 23 0 59 gigatonnes of ice per year into the Ross Ice Shelf It s discharge rate is roughly in balance with the accumulation rate in its catchment area Velocities vary along its course probably due to changes in the ground slope below the glacier In 1960 61 ice velocities along the grounded center line were about 387 metres 1 270 ft per year In 2001 02 these had risen to about 457 metres 1 499 ft per year and in 2006 07 to about 493 metres 1 617 ft per year This increase in velocities if real should be resulting in thinning along the glacier s length 2 Mulock Glacier is the second largest contributor of ice from East Antarctica to the Ross Ice Shelf The largest is Byrd Glacier not far to the south past Darwin Glacier Mulock Glacier enters the Ross Ice Shelf from the west so its flow opposes West Antarctic ice streams flowing from the east into the Ross Ice Shelf Its flow interacts with the much smaller Darwin Glacier and the larger Byrd Glacier which also resists West Antarctic ice streams 3 Hughes et al 2017 consider that the East Antarctic outlet glaciers act as nails holding the Ross Ice Shelf in place If climate warming melts the sea ice along the Ross Ice Shelf calving front the front will retreat and the glaciers will punch through it starting with Mulock Glacier and Byrd Glacier As the ice shelf weakens ice streams from the West Antarctic will surge and eventually the marine part of the West Antarctic ice sheet Shelf will disintegrate 3 Course editThe Mulock Glacier forms on the Antarctic ice sheet to the south of the Warren Range and Boomerang Range Deception Glacier flow south from between these ranges into upper Mulock Glacier It flows southeast past Mount Marvel to the north and the Henry Mesa to the south Heap Glacier flows northeastward to Mulock Glacier to the east of Henry Mesa The Kehle Glacier joins it from Mount Speyer to the northeast in the Worcester Range 4 It flows past Anthony Bluff Buntley Bluff and Cape Lankester to the southwest and Cape Teall to the northeast to enter the Mulock Inlet and the Ross Ice Shelf The Evteev Glacier enters the Ross Ice Shelf just north of Cape Teall 5 Tributaries edit nbsp Upper Mulock Glacier foot of map nbsp Mouth of Mulock Glacier top of map Deception Glacier edit 78 33 S 158 33 E 78 550 S 158 550 E 78 550 158 550 Glacier between the Warren and Boomerang Ranges flowing south into upper Mulock Glacier So named by the New Zealand party of the Commonwealth Trans Antarctic Expedition CTAE 1956 58 because it appears to lead directly into Skelton Neve but instead drains south ward 6 Heap Glacier edit 78 03 S 159 20 E 78 050 S 159 333 E 78 050 159 333 Glacier 10 nautical miles 19 km 12 mi long flowing northeastward to Mulock Glacier to the east of Henry Mesa Mapped by the United States Geological Survey USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos 1959 63 Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names US ACAN f or John A Heap a member of the University of Michigan Ross Ice Shelf Studies party 1962 63 7 Kehle Glacier edit 78 56 S 160 18 E 78 933 S 160 300 E 78 933 160 300 Glacier draining the west slopes of Worcester Range in the vicinity of Mount Speyer and Mount Dawson Lambton and flowing southwest into Mulock Glacier Named by US ACAN in 1964 for Ralph Kehle glaciologist at Little America V 1959 60 8 Evteev Glacier edit 78 57 S 161 12 E 78 950 S 161 200 E 78 950 161 200 Glacier flowing from the southeast slopes of the Worcester Range to the Ross Ice Shelf west of Cape Timberlake Named by US ACAN in 1964 for Sveneld A Evteev glaciologist and Soviet exchange observer at McMurdo Station in 1960 9 33 S 158 33 E Other features editAnthony Bluff edit Main article Anthony Bluff 78 06 S 160 07 E 78 100 S 160 117 E 78 100 160 117 A conspicuous rock bluff along the south wall of Mulock Glacier about 9 nautical miles 17 km 10 mi NW of Cape Lankester Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos 1959 63 Named by US ACAN for Capt Alexander Anthony USAF in charge of science and publications on the staff of the U S Antarctic Projects Officer 1963 65 10 Buntley Bluff edit 78 12 S 160 24 E 78 200 S 160 400 E 78 200 160 400 Prominent rock cliff 2 nmi long just northward of Cape Lankester at the mouth of Mulock Glacier Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos 1959 63 Named by US ACAN for Ensign Ronald E Buntley CEC USN in charge of personnel at the air strip Williams Field McMurdo Sound in USN OpDFrz 1964 11 Cape Teall edit 78 03 S 161 04 E 78 050 S 161 067 E 78 050 161 067 A high rocky cape forming the north side of the entrance to Mulock Inlet along the west side of the Ross Ice Shelf Discovered by the BrNAE 1901 04 Probably named for Sir Jethro Teall Director of the Geological Survey and Museum of Practical Geology of London 1901 13 Not Cape Teale 12 Cape Lankester edit Main article Cape Lankester 78 16 S 160 29 E 78 267 S 160 483 E 78 267 160 483 A high rounded snow covered cape at the south side of the entrance to Mulock Inlet along the west edge of the Ross Ice Shelf Discovered and named by the BrNAE 1901 04 Probably named for Sir Edwin Ray Lankester Director of the Natural History Department of the British Museum 1898 1907 and founder of the Marine Biological Association in 1884 13 Mulock Inlet edit 78 08 S 160 40 E 78 133 S 160 667 E 78 133 160 667 A re entrant about 10 nautical miles 19 km 12 mi wide between Cape Teall and Cape Lankester The feature is occupied by lower Mulock Glacier which drains through it to the Ross Ice Shelf Discovered by the BrNAE 1901 04 Named for Lt George F A Mulock RN surveyor with the expedition 1 References edit a b Alberts 1995 p 511 Stearns 2011 p 120 a b Hughes et al 2017 Mount Harmsworth USGS Carlyon Glacier USGS Alberts 1995 p 179 Alberts 1995 p 322 Alberts 1995 p 385 Alberts 1995 p 229 Alberts 1995 p 23 Alberts 1995 p 104 Alberts 1995 p 735 Alberts 1995 p 417 Sources editAlberts Fred G ed 1995 Geographic Names of the Antarctic PDF 2 ed United States Board on Geographic Names retrieved 2023 12 03 nbsp This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names Carlyon Glacier USGS United States Geological Survey retrieved 2023 12 29 Hughes Terence Zhao Zihong Hintz Raymond Fastook James 2017 Instability of the Antarctic Ross Sea Embayment as climate warms Reviews of Geophysics 55 2 277 585 doi 10 1002 2016RG000545 Mount Harmsworth USGS United States Geological Survey retrieved 2023 12 29 Stearns Leigh A 2011 Dynamics and mass balance of four large East Antarctic outlet glaciers Annals of Glaciology 52 59 Cambridge University Press 116 126 doi 10 3189 172756411799096187 hdl 1808 17210 nbsp This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey Further reading editSwithinbank C 1964 To the Valley Glaciers That Feed the Ross Ice Shelf The Geographical Journal 130 1 32 48 doi 10 2307 1794263 S BANNISTER B L N KENNETT Seismic Activity in the Transantarctic Mountains Results from a Broadband Array Deployment Terra Antarctica 2002 9 1 41 46 IMMEDIATE REPORT OF VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION 1989 90 VUWAE 34 MARK W SEEFELDT AND JOHN J CASSANO THOMAS R PARISH Dominant Regimes of the Ross Ice Shelf Surface Wind Field during Austral Autumn 2005 Archived 2019 12 15 at the Wayback Machine NOVEMBER 2007 PP 1933 1955 Richard Levy David Harwood Fabio Florindo Francesca Sangiorgi Robert Tripati Hilmar von Eynatten Edward Gasson Gerhard Kuhn Aradhna Tripati Robert DeConto Christopher Fielding Brad Field Nicholas Golledge Robert McKay Timothy Naish Matthew Olney David Pollard Stefan Schouten Franco Talarico Sophie Warny Veronica Willmott Gary Acton Kurt Panter Timothy Paulsen Marco Taviani and SMS Science Team Antarctic ice sheet sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 variations in the early to mid Miocene PNAS first published February 22 2016 https doi org 10 1073 pnas 1516030113 Portal nbsp Geography Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mulock Glacier amp oldid 1205895366 Deception Glacier, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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