The decans (/ˈdɛkənz/; Egyptian bꜣktw or baktiu, "[those] connected with work"[1]) are 36 groups of stars (small constellations) used in the ancient Egyptian astronomy to conveniently divide the 360 degree ecliptic into 36 parts of 10 degrees each, both for theurgical and heliacalhorological purposes. The decans each appeared, geocentrically, to rise consecutively on the horizon throughout each daily Earth rotation. The rising of each decan marked the beginning of a new decanal "hour" (Greek hōra) of the night for the ancient Egyptians, and they were used as a sidereal star clock beginning by at least the 9th or 10th Dynasty (c. 2100 BCE).
Because a new decan also appears heliacally every ten days (that is, every ten days, a new decanic star group reappears in the eastern sky at dawn right before the Sun rises, after a period of being obscured by the Sun's light), the ancient Greeks called them dekanoi (δεκανοί; pl. of δεκανός dekanos) or "tenths".
Decans gave way to a lunar division of 27 or 28 lunar stations, also known as manzil, lunar mansions or nakshatras and thence to a zodiac of 12 signs, based on an anthropomorphic pattern of constellations,[2] and their use can be seen in the Dendera zodiac dated to circa 50 BCE.[3]
Decans first appeared in the 10th Dynasty (2100 BCE) on coffin lids.[4] The sequence of these star patterns began with Sothis (Sirius), and each decan contained a set of stars and corresponding divinities. As measures of time, the rising and setting of decans marked 'hours' and groups of 10 days which comprised an Egyptian year. The ancient Book of Nut covers the subject of the decans.
There were 36[5] decans (36 × 10 = 360 days), plus five added days to compose the 365 days of a solar based year. Decans measure sidereal time and the solar year is six hours longer; the Sothic and solar years in the Egyptian calendar realign every 1460 years. Decans represented on coffins from later dynasties (such as King Seti I) compared with earlier decan images demonstrate the Sothic-solar shift.
According to Sarah Symons:
Although we know the names of the decans, and in some cases can translate the names (ḥry-ỉb wỉꜣ means 'in the centre of the boat') the locations of the decanal stars and their relationships to modern star names and constellations are not known. This is due to many factors, but key problems are the uncertainty surrounding the observation methods used to develop and populate the diagonal star tables, and the criteria used to select decans (brightness, position, relationship with other stars, and so on).[6]
Later developmentsedit
These predictable heliacal re-appearances by the decans were eventually used by the Egyptians to mark the divisions of their annual solar calendar. Thus the heliacal rising of Sirius marked the annual flooding of the Nile.
This method led to a system of 12 daytime hours and 12 nighttime hours, varying in length according to the season. Later,[when?] a system of 24 "equinoctial" hours was used.[7]
After Hellenistic astrology arose in Alexandria, recorded principally in the work of Claudius Ptolemy and Vettius Valens, various systems attributing symbolic significance to decans arose and linked these to the "wandering stars" (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) and the "Lights": (Sun and Moon).[8] Decans were connected, for example, with the winds, the four directions, the sect (day or night,) male and female, as well as the four humours (elements;) also these were hermetically considered linked with various diseases and with the timing for the engraving of talismans for curing them;[9] with decanic "faces" (or "phases"), a system where three decans are assigned to each zodiacal sign, each covering 10° of the zodiac, and each ruled by a planetary ruler (see Decan (astrology)); and correlated with astrological signs.[10]
Images of the decans are described in Hermetic writings, by the Indian astrologer Varāhamihira, in the Picatrix, and in Japanese writings.[13] Varāhamihira's images of the decans was influenced by Greco-Egyptian, if not Hermetic, depictions of the decans by way of the Yavanajataka.[14] Their role in Japanese astrology may have derived from an earlier Chinese[15] or Indian form[16] possibly from adding the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac to a list of twenty-four hour stars.[15] They were most common between the Kamakura and Edo periods.[16]
The first original decan position due to the precession in ancient times started at 0° of Cancer when the heliacal rising of Sirius (Egyptian Sepdet; Greco-Egyptian: Sothis) on sunset like Jewish and Islamic calendars marking the Egyptian New Year and now the 1st decan falls on 0° of Leo at July 20 in the Julian calendar, that is July 22/23 on the Gregorian calendar.[citation needed]
Names of the Decans
Western Zodiac
Decan
Original Decan Position due to the Precession in Ancient Times
In India, the division of the zodiac into 36 ten degree portions is called either the drekkana (drekkāṇa), the dreshkana (dreṣkāṇa), or the drikana (dṛkāṇa).[25]
The iconography and use of the drekkanas is mention earliest by Sphujidhvaja in Yavanajataka (269–270 CE), and given detailed treatment by Varahamihira in his Brihat-Samhita (550 CE). Modern scholars believe the decans were imported into India through the Greeks, who learned about them from the Egyptians.[14]
^Keyser, Paul; Scarborough, With John (26 June 2018). The Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World. ISBN9780190878832.
^Ptolemy (1940). Tetrabiblos. Vol. Book I Part 18. Translated by Frank Egleston Robbins. Cambridge, MA: Loeb. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
^Priskin, Gyula (2016). "The Astral Myth of Osiris: the Decans of Taurus and Libra" (PDF). ENiM (9): 79–111. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^Symons, S. L., Cockcroft, R., Bettencourt, J. and Koykka, C. (2013). Ancient Egyptian Astronomy [Online database] Diagonal Star Tables
^von Bomhard, Dr. A. S., The Egyptian Calendar: A Work for Eternity, London, 1999, page 51
^Symons, S. L. "A Star's Year: The Annual Cycle in the Ancient Egyptian Sky". 2013-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. In: Steele, J. M. (ed.), Calendars and Years: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient World. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 1–33.
^see for example, RUELLE, C. E., on the pseudepigraphical Hermès Trismégiste, Le livre sacré sur les décans. Texte, variantes et traduction française, Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes, n.s.:32:4 (1908:oct.) p .247
^The Testament of Solomon, translated by Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, Jewish Quarterly Review, October, 1898. Ed. Joseph Peterson, 1997, Esoteric Archives
^"Hermès Trismégiste: Le Livré Sacre sur les Décans: Texte, variantes et traduction française" by C.E. Ruelle, Revue de Philologie October 1908, pp.247-277
Budge, E. A. Wallis (1904). The gods of the Egyptians; or, Studies in Egyptian mythology. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co.
Gundel, Wilhelm (1936). Dekane und Dekansterbilder (in German). Glückstadt and Hamburg: J. J. Augustin.
Pingree, David (1963). "The Indian Iconography of the decans and Horas". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 26 (3/4): 223–254. doi:10.2307/750493. JSTOR 750493. S2CID 194974629.
van der Waerden, B. L. (January 1949). "Babylonian Astronomy. II. The Thirty-Six Stars". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 8 (1): 6–26. doi:10.1086/370901. JSTOR 542436. S2CID 222443741. The property of the Chaldean Decans that one of them rose every ten days made them fit to be assimilated to the Egyptian decans. This assimilation was performed in the decan lists of Hellenistic astrology.
Further readingedit
Christian, Paul. "The Thirty-Six Decans". The History and Practice of Magic. pp. 476–478.
Symons, Sarah (2014). "Egyptian 'Star Clocks'". In Ruggles, Clive L.N. (ed.). Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. New York: Springer. pp. 1495–1500. ISBN978-1-4614-6140-1.
External linksedit
Ancient Egyptian Astronomy Database (Symons, Cockcroft, Bettencourt & Koykka, 2013)
Egypt Astronomy/Astrology: The decans
December 15, 2023
decan, this, article, about, decans, ancient, astronomy, their, astrology, astrology, other, uses, disambiguation, decans, egyptian, bꜣktw, baktiu, those, connected, with, work, groups, stars, small, constellations, used, ancient, egyptian, astronomy, convenie. This article is about decans in ancient astronomy For their use in astrology see Decan astrology For other uses see Decan disambiguation The decans ˈ d ɛ k en z Egyptian bꜣktw or baktiu those connected with work 1 are 36 groups of stars small constellations used in the ancient Egyptian astronomy to conveniently divide the 360 degree ecliptic into 36 parts of 10 degrees each both for theurgical and heliacal horological purposes The decans each appeared geocentrically to rise consecutively on the horizon throughout each daily Earth rotation The rising of each decan marked the beginning of a new decanal hour Greek hōra of the night for the ancient Egyptians and they were used as a sidereal star clock beginning by at least the 9th or 10th Dynasty c 2100 BCE Diagonal star table from the late 11th Dynasty coffin lid found at Asyut Egypt Roemer und Pelizaeus Museum HildesheimBecause a new decan also appears heliacally every ten days that is every ten days a new decanic star group reappears in the eastern sky at dawn right before the Sun rises after a period of being obscured by the Sun s light the ancient Greeks called them dekanoi dekanoi pl of dekanos dekanos or tenths Decans gave way to a lunar division of 27 or 28 lunar stations also known as manzil lunar mansions or nakshatras and thence to a zodiac of 12 signs based on an anthropomorphic pattern of constellations 2 and their use can be seen in the Dendera zodiac dated to circa 50 BCE 3 Contents 1 Ancient Egyptian origins 2 Later developments 3 Descriptions of the decans 4 Ancient India 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Works cited 7 Further reading 8 External linksAncient Egyptian origins edit nbsp Astronomical ceiling of Senemut Tomb showing various decans as well as the personified representations of stars and constellationsDecans first appeared in the 10th Dynasty 2100 BCE on coffin lids 4 The sequence of these star patterns began with Sothis Sirius and each decan contained a set of stars and corresponding divinities As measures of time the rising and setting of decans marked hours and groups of 10 days which comprised an Egyptian year The ancient Book of Nut covers the subject of the decans There were 36 5 decans 36 10 360 days plus five added days to compose the 365 days of a solar based year Decans measure sidereal time and the solar year is six hours longer the Sothic and solar years in the Egyptian calendar realign every 1460 years Decans represented on coffins from later dynasties such as King Seti I compared with earlier decan images demonstrate the Sothic solar shift According to Sarah Symons Although we know the names of the decans and in some cases can translate the names ḥry ỉb wỉꜣ means in the centre of the boat the locations of the decanal stars and their relationships to modern star names and constellations are not known This is due to many factors but key problems are the uncertainty surrounding the observation methods used to develop and populate the diagonal star tables and the criteria used to select decans brightness position relationship with other stars and so on 6 Later developments editThese predictable heliacal re appearances by the decans were eventually used by the Egyptians to mark the divisions of their annual solar calendar Thus the heliacal rising of Sirius marked the annual flooding of the Nile This method led to a system of 12 daytime hours and 12 nighttime hours varying in length according to the season Later when a system of 24 equinoctial hours was used 7 After Hellenistic astrology arose in Alexandria recorded principally in the work of Claudius Ptolemy and Vettius Valens various systems attributing symbolic significance to decans arose and linked these to the wandering stars Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter and Saturn and the Lights Sun and Moon 8 Decans were connected for example with the winds the four directions the sect day or night male and female as well as the four humours elements also these were hermetically considered linked with various diseases and with the timing for the engraving of talismans for curing them 9 with decanic faces or phases a system where three decans are assigned to each zodiacal sign each covering 10 of the zodiac and each ruled by a planetary ruler see Decan astrology and correlated with astrological signs 10 Descriptions of the decans editDecans are named in various Greco Egyptian sources many Hermetic writings the Testament of Solomon 11 and the writings of Aristobulus of Paneas 12 Julius Firmicus Maternus Cosmas of Maiuma Joseph Justus Scaliger and Athanasius Kircher 11 Images of the decans are described in Hermetic writings by the Indian astrologer Varahamihira in the Picatrix and in Japanese writings 13 Varahamihira s images of the decans was influenced by Greco Egyptian if not Hermetic depictions of the decans by way of the Yavanajataka 14 Their role in Japanese astrology may have derived from an earlier Chinese 15 or Indian form 16 possibly from adding the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac to a list of twenty four hour stars 15 They were most common between the Kamakura and Edo periods 16 The first original decan position due to the precession in ancient times started at 0 of Cancer when the heliacal rising of Sirius Egyptian Sepdet Greco Egyptian Sothis on sunset like Jewish and Islamic calendars marking the Egyptian New Year and now the 1st decan falls on 0 of Leo at July 20 in the Julian calendar that is July 22 23 on the Gregorian calendar citation needed Names of the Decans Western Zodiac Decan Original Decan Position due to the Precession in Ancient Times Ancient Egyptian Budge 17 Greco Egyptian 17 11 Testament of Solomon 11 18 19 Aristobulus s names 12 Greek Hermeticism 11 20 21 Latin Hermeticism 11 21 22 Firmicus 11 Cosmas 11 23 Scalinger 11 Kircher 11 24 Aries 1 28 Khent kheru ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉXont har Rhyax or Ruax Bendonc Chenlachori Aulathamas Senator or Asiccan Aidoneus Asiccan Arueris ⲁⲣⲟⲩⲉⲣⲓⲥ 2 29 Qeṭ ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲭⲣⲉXont xre Barsafael Mensour Chontaret Sabaoth Senacher or Asenter Persephone Senacher Anubis ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲃ 3 30 Sasaqeṭ ⲥⲓⲕⲉⲧSi ket Artosael or Arotosael Carexon Siket Disornafais Sentacher or Asentacer Eros Acentacer Horus ⲱⲣⲟⲥ Taurus 4 31 Art ⲭⲱⲟⲩXau Horopel Gisan Soou Jaus Suo or Asicat Charis Asicath Serapis ⲥⲉⲣⲁⲡⲓⲥ 5 32 Khau ⲉⲣⲱ ⲁⲣⲟⲩArat Kairoxanondalon or Iudal Tourtour Aron Sarnotois Aryo or Ason die Horen Viroaso Helitomenos ⲉⲗⲓⲧⲟⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ 6 33 Remen ḥeru an Saḥ ⲣⲉⲙⲉⲛⲁⲁⲣⲉRemen hare Sphendonael Ballat Rhomenos Erchmubris Romanae or Arfa Litai Aharph Apopis ⲁⲡⲱⲡⲓⲥ Gemini 7 34 Mestcher Saḥ ⲑⲟⲥⲟⲗⲕ8osalk Sphandor Farsan Xocha Manuchos Thesogar or Tensogar Thetys Thesogar Tautus ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲑ 8 35 Remen kher Saḥ ⲟⲩⲁⲣⲉUaret Belbel Vaspan Ouari Samurois Ver or Asuae Kybele Verasua Cyclops ⲕⲟⲩⲕⲗⲟⲯ 9 36 A Saḥ Phu hor Kourtael or Kurtael Parquia Pepisoth Azuel Tepis or Atosoae Praxidike Tepisatosoa Titan ⲧⲓⲧⲁⲛ 37 SaḥCancer 10 1 0 Cancer Sepṭet ⲥⲱⲑⲓⲥSopdet Metathiax Panem Sotheir Seneptois Sothis or Socius Nike Sothis Apollun ⲁⲡⲟⲗⲗⲟⲩⲛ 11 2 Ṭepa Kenmut ⲥⲓⲧSeta Katanikotael Catarno Ouphisit Somachalmais Sith Herakles Syth Hecate ⲉⲕⲁⲧⲏ 12 3 Kenmut F45A ⲭⲛⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥKnum Saphthorael or Saphathorael Hellors Chnouphos Charmine Thiumis or Thumus Hekate Thuimis Mercophta ⲙⲉⲣⲕⲟⲫϯ Leo 13 4 K Kher khept Kenmut ⲭⲁⲣⲭⲛⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥXar Knum Phobothel or Bobel Jarea Chnoumos Zaloias Craumonis or Afruicois Hephaistos Aphruimis Typhon ⲧⲟⲩⲫⲱⲉⲟⲩⲥ 14 5 Ḥa tchat ⲏⲧⲏⲧHa tet Leroel or Kumeatel Effraa Ipi Zachor Sic Isis Sithacer Peroeus ⲡⲉⲣⲟⲉⲟⲩⲥ 15 6 Peḥui tchat ⲫⲟⲩⲧⲏⲧPhu Tet Soubetti Hayas Phatiti Frich Futile or Eisie Sarapis Phuonisie Nephthe ⲛⲉⲫⲑⲏ Virgo 16 7 Themat ḥert ⲧⲱⲙTom Katrax or Atrax Angaf Athoum Zamendres Thumis or Thinnis Themis Thumi Isis ⲓⲥⲓⲥ 17 8 Themat khert ⲟⲩⲉⲥⲧⲉ ⲃⲓⲕⲱⲧⲓUste bikot Jeropa or Ieropael Bethapen Brysous Magois Tophicus or Tropicus Moirai Thopitus Piosiris ⲡⲓⲟⲥⲓⲣⲓⲥ 18 9 G Usthȧ ⲁⲫⲟⲥⲟAposot Modobel or Buldumech Baroche Amphatham Michulais Afut or Asuth Hestia Aphut Cronus ⲕⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ Libra 19 10 Bekathȧ ⲥⲟⲩⲭⲱⲥSob xos Madero or Naoth Zercuris Sphoukou Psineus Seuichut or Senichut Erinys Serucuth Zeuda ⲍⲉⲟⲩⲇⲁ 20 11 Ṭepa khentet ⲧⲡⲏⲭⲟⲛⲧⲓTpa xont Nathotho or Mardero Baham Nephthimes Chusthisis Sepisent or Atebenus Kairos Aterechinis Omphta ⲟⲙⲫϯ 21 12 Khentet ḥert ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉXont har Alath Pieret Phou Psamiatois Senta or Atepiten Loimos Arpien Ophionius ⲟⲫⲓⲟⲛⲓⲟⲥ Scorpio 22 13 Khentet khert ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲭⲣⲉSpt xne Audameoth Haziza Name Necbeuos Sentacer or Asente Nymphs Sentacer Arimanius ⲁⲣⲓⲙⲁⲛⲓⲟⲥ 23 14 Themes en khentet Sesme Nefthada Nacy Oustichos Turmantis Tepsisen or Asentatir Leto Tepiseuth Merota ⲙⲉⲣⲱϯ 24 15 Sapt khennu ⲥⲡⲧⲭⲛⲉSi sesme Akton Alleinac Aphebis Psermes Sentineu or Aterceni cem Kairos repeated Senicer Panotragus ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲧⲣⲁⲅⲟⲥ Sagittarius 25 16 Ḥer ab uȧa ʿⲣⲏⲟⲩⲱHre ua Anatreth Ortusa Sebos Clinothois Eregbuo or Ergbuo Loimos repeated Eregbuo Tolmophta ⲧⲟⲗⲙⲟⲫϯ 26 17 Shesmu ⲥⲉⲥⲙⲉ ⲥⲓⲥⲉⲥⲙⲉSesme Enautha or Enenuth Daha Teuchmos Thursois Sagon Kore Sagen Tomras ⲧⲟⲙⲣⲁⲥ 27 18 Kenmu ⲕⲟⲛⲓⲙⲉKonime Axesbyth or Pheth Satan Chthisar Renethis Chenene or Chenem Ananke Chenen Teraph ⲧⲉⲣⲁⲫ Capricorn 28 19 Semṭet ⲥⲙⲁⲧSmat Hapax or Harpax Eracto Tair Renpsois Themeso Asklepios Themeso Soda ⲥⲱⲇⲁ 29 20 Ṭepa semṭ Srat Anoster Salac Epitek Manethois Epiemu or Epimen Hygieia Epima Riruphta ⲣⲓⲣⲟⲩⲫϯ 30 21 Sert ⲥⲣⲱSi srat Physikoreth or Alleborith Seros Epichnaus Marcois Omot Tolma Homoth Monuphta ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲩⲫϯ Aquarius 31 22 Sasa sert ⲥⲓⲥⲣⲱTpa xu Aleureth or Hephesimireth Tonghel Isi Ularis Oro or Asoer Dike Oroasoer Brondeus ⲃⲣⲟⲛⲇⲉⲟⲩⲥ 32 23 K Kher khept sert Xu Ichthion Anafa Sosomo Luxois Cratero or Astiro Phobos Astiro Vucula ⲃⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲗⲁ 33 24 Khukhu ⲧⲡⲏⲭⲩTpa Biu Achoneoth or Agchonion Simos Chonoumous Crauxes Tepis or Amasiero Osiris Tepisatras Proteus ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲉⲟⲩⲥ Pisces 34 25 Baba ⲭⲩBiu Autoth or Autothith Achaf Tetimo Fambais Acha or Atapiac Okeanos Archatapias Rephan ⲣⲉⲫⲁⲛ 35 26 Khent ḥeru ⲧⲡⲏⲃⲓⲟⲩXont Har Phtheneoth or Phthenoth Larvata Sopphi Flugmois Tepibui or Tepabiu Dolos Thopibui Sourut ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲣⲟⲩⲧ 36 27 Ḥer ȧb khentu ⲃⲓⲟⲩ ⲧⲡⲓⲃⲓⲟⲩTpi biu Bianakith Ajaras Syro Piatris Uiu or Aatexbui Elpis Atembui Phallophorus ⲫⲁⲗⲗⲟⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ Ancient India editMain article Drekkana In India the division of the zodiac into 36 ten degree portions is called either the drekkana drekkaṇa the dreshkana dreṣkaṇa or the drikana dṛkaṇa 25 The iconography and use of the drekkanas is mention earliest by Sphujidhvaja in Yavanajataka 269 270 CE and given detailed treatment by Varahamihira in his Brihat Samhita 550 CE Modern scholars believe the decans were imported into India through the Greeks who learned about them from the Egyptians 14 See also editAsterism astronomy Astronomical ceiling of Senemut Tomb Astrotheology Chinese zodiac Line of advantage Palazzo Schifanoia FerraraReferences editThis article has an unclear citation style The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting October 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Keyser Paul Scarborough With John 26 June 2018 The Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World ISBN 9780190878832 Ptolemy 1940 Tetrabiblos Vol Book I Part 18 Translated by Frank Egleston Robbins Cambridge MA Loeb Retrieved 2021 07 05 Priskin Gyula 2016 The Astral Myth of Osiris the Decans of Taurus and Libra PDF ENiM 9 79 111 Retrieved 2021 07 08 Symons S L Cockcroft R Bettencourt J and Koykka C 2013 Ancient Egyptian Astronomy Online database Diagonal Star Tables von Bomhard Dr A S The Egyptian Calendar A Work for Eternity London 1999 page 51 Symons S L A Star s Year The Annual Cycle in the Ancient Egyptian Sky Archived 2013 06 15 at the Wayback Machine In Steele J M ed Calendars and Years Astronomy and Time in the Ancient World Oxbow Books Oxford pp 1 33 Neugebauer Otto 1983 1955 The Egyptian Decans Astronomy and History Selected Essays New York Springer pp 205 209 doi 10 1007 978 1 4612 5559 8 ISBN 978 0 387 90844 1 Neugebauer Otto 1969 1957 The Exact Sciences in Antiquity 2 ed Dover Publications pp 81 88 ISBN 978 0 486 22332 2 van der Waerden 1949 see for example RUELLE C E on the pseudepigraphical Hermes Trismegiste Le livre sacre sur les decans Texte variantes et traduction francaise Revue de philologie de litterature et d histoire anciennes n s 32 4 1908 oct p 247 Julius Firmicus Maternus Matheseos IV 22 a b c d e f g h i j Gundel 1936 pp 77 81 a b Gundel 1936 pp 406 408 Gundel 1936 pp 223 225 a b Pingree 1963 a b Gundel 1936 pp 217 221 a b Bukkyō tenbugaku senseijutsu no zuzō gakuteki junmen sanju rokkin to Dekan by Yano Michio Dōshisha daigaku rikō kenkyu hōkoku 48 no 4 2008 1 6 a b Budge 1904 p page needed Gundel 1936 pp 49 62 The Testament of Solomon translated by Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare Jewish Quarterly Review October 1898 Ed Joseph Peterson 1997 Esoteric Archives Hermes Trismegiste Le Livre Sacre sur les Decans Texte variantes et traduction francaise by C E Ruelle Revue de Philologie October 1908 pp 247 277 a b Gundel 1936 pp 374 383 Hermes Trismegistus Liber Hermetis Book I trans Robert Zoller ed Robert Hand pp iii 12 Gundel 1936 pp 353 354 Kircher Oedipi Aegyptiaci tome 2 pp 182 186 Monier Williams Sanskrit Dictionary Works cited edit Budge E A Wallis 1904 The gods of the Egyptians or Studies in Egyptian mythology Chicago Open Court Publishing Co Gundel Wilhelm 1936 Dekane und Dekansterbilder in German Gluckstadt and Hamburg J J Augustin Pingree David 1963 The Indian Iconography of the decans and Horas Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 26 3 4 223 254 doi 10 2307 750493 JSTOR 750493 S2CID 194974629 van der Waerden B L January 1949 Babylonian Astronomy II The Thirty Six Stars Journal of Near Eastern Studies 8 1 6 26 doi 10 1086 370901 JSTOR 542436 S2CID 222443741 The property of the Chaldean Decans that one of them rose every ten days made them fit to be assimilated to the Egyptian decans This assimilation was performed in the decan lists of Hellenistic astrology Further reading editChristian Paul The Thirty Six Decans The History and Practice of Magic pp 476 478 Symons Sarah 2014 Egyptian Star Clocks In Ruggles Clive L N ed Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy New York Springer pp 1495 1500 ISBN 978 1 4614 6140 1 External links editAncient Egyptian Astronomy Database Symons Cockcroft Bettencourt amp Koykka 2013 Egypt Astronomy Astrology The decans Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Decan amp oldid 1178798848, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
