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DPT vaccine

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see DPT (disambiguation).
"TDAP" redirects here. For other uses, see TDAP (disambiguation).

The DPT vaccine or DTP vaccine is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus (lockjaw).[7] The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and either killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis or pertussis antigens. The term toxoid refers to vaccines which use an inactivated toxin produced by the pathogen which they are targeted against to generate an immune response. In this way, the toxoid vaccine generates an immune response which is targeted against the toxin which is produced by the pathogen and causes disease, rather than a vaccine which is targeted against the pathogen itself.[8] The whole cells or antigens will be depicted as either "DTwP"[9] or "DTaP", where the lower-case "w" indicates whole-cell inactivated pertussis and the lower-case "a" stands for "acellular".[10] In comparison to alternative vaccine types, such as live attenuated vaccines, the DTP vaccine does not contain any live pathogen, but rather uses inactivated toxoid (and for pertussis, either a dead pathogen or pure antigens) to generate an immune response; therefore, there is not a risk of use in populations that are immune compromised since there is not any known risk of causing the disease itself. As a result, the DTP vaccine is considered a safe vaccine to use in anyone and it generates a much more targeted immune response specific for the pathogen of interest.[11]

DPT vaccine
Global vaccination coverage- diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) immunization[1]
Combination of
Diphtheria vaccineVaccine
Pertussis vaccineVaccine
Tetanus vaccineVaccine
Clinical data
Trade namesAdacel, Boostrix, Revaxis, others
AHFS/Drugs.comUK Drug Information
Routes of
administration		Intramuscular injection
ATC code
  • None
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
  • 863488-19-1 Y
ChemSpider
  • none
KEGG
  • D05356
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

In the United States, the DPT (whole-cell) vaccine was administered as part of the childhood vaccines recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) until 1996, when the acellular DTaP vaccine was licensed for use.[12]

Unless otherwise noted, this article uses "DPT" and "DTP" to refer to any combination vaccine that targets diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. The whole-cell vaccine is mentioned either as DTwP or as its historical name (DPT/DTP) with parenthetical remarks.

History edit

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell[10] pertussis (DTP; now also "DTwP" to differentiate from the broader class of triple-combination vaccines)[9] vaccination was licensed in 1949.[13] Since the introduction of the combination vaccine, there has been an extensive decline in the incidence of pertussis, or whooping cough, the disease which the vaccine protects against. Additionally, the rates of disease have continued to decline as more extensive immunization strategies have been implemented, including booster doses and increased emphasis on increasing health literacy.[14]

In the 20th century, the advancements in vaccinations helped to reduce the incidence of childhood pertussis and had a dramatically positive effect on the health of populations in the United States.[15] However, in the early 21st century, reported instances of the disease increased 20-fold due to a downturn in the number of immunizations received and resulted in numerous fatalities.[16] During the 21st century, many parents declined to vaccinate their children against pertussis for fear of perceived side effects despite scientific evidence showing vaccines to be highly effective and safe.[16] In 2009, the journal Pediatrics concluded the largest risk among unvaccinated children was not the contraction of side effects, but rather the disease that the vaccination aims to protect against.[16]

DTP vaccines with acelluar pertussis (DTaP; see below) were introduced in the 1990s. The reduced range of antigens causes fewer side effects, but results in a more expensive, shorter-lasting,[17] and possibly less protective vaccine compared to DTwP.[18] High-income countries have mostly switched to DTaP. As of 2023, global production of aP remains limited.[19]

Vaccination rates edit

In 2016, the CDC reported that 80.4% of children in the US have received four or more DTaP vaccinations by 2 years of life.[20] Vaccination rates for children aged 13–17 with one or more TDaP shots was 90.2% in 2019.[20] Only 43.6% of adults (older than 18) have received a TDaP shot in the last 10 years.[20] The CDC aims to increase vaccination rate among 2-year-olds from 80.4% to 90.0%[21]

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 89% of people globally have received at least one dose of DTP vaccine and 84% have received three doses of the vaccine, completing the WHO-recommended primary series (DTP3).[22] The WHO also tracks the DTP3 completion rate among one-year-olds on a yearly basis. Yearly DTP3 completion rate is considered a good proxy for the completeness of childhood vaccination in general.[23]

Combination vaccines with acellular pertussis edit

DTaP and Tdap are both combination vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. The "a" indicates that the pertussis toxoids are acellular, while the lower-case "d" and "p" in "Tdap" indicate smaller concentrations of diphtheria toxoids and pertussis antigens.[24]

DTaP edit

DTaP (also DTPa and TDaP) is a combination vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, in which the pertussis component is acellular.[25] This is in contrast to whole-cell, inactivated DTP (or DTwP).[9] The acellular vaccine uses selected antigens of the pertussis pathogen to induce immunity.[17] Because it uses fewer antigens than the whole-cell vaccines, it is considered to cause fewer side effects, but it is also more expensive.[17] Research suggests that the DTwP vaccine is more effective than DTaP in conferring immunity, because DTaP's narrower antigen base is less effective against current pathogen strains.[18]

Tdap edit

Tdap (also dTpa) is a tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine. It was licensed in the United States for use in adults and adolescents on 10 June 2005.[26] Two Tdap vaccines are available in the US. In January 2011, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended the use of Tdap in adults of all ages, including those age 65 and above.[27] In October 2011, in an effort to reduce the burden of pertussis in infants, the ACIP recommended that unvaccinated pregnant women receive a dose of Tdap. On 24 October 2012, the ACIP voted to recommend the use of Tdap during every pregnancy.[28][29]

The ACIP and Canada's National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommended that both adolescents and adults receive Tdap in place of their next Td booster (recommended to be given every ten years).[30][31][32][26] Tdap and Td can be used as prophylaxis for tetanus in wound management. People who will be in contact with young infants are encouraged to get Tdap even if it has been less than five years since Td or TT to reduce the risk of infants being exposed to pertussis. NACI suggests intervals shorter than five years can be used for catch-up programs and other instances where programmatic concerns make five-year intervals difficult.[33]

The WHO recommends a pentavalent vaccine, combining the DTP vaccine with vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type B and hepatitis B. Evidence on how effective this pentavalent vaccine is compared to the individual vaccines has not yet been determined.[34]

A 2019 study found that state requirements mandating the use of the Tdap vaccine "increased Tdap vaccine take-up and reduced pertussis (whooping cough) incidence by about 32%."[35]

Related combination vaccines edit

Excluding pertussis edit

DT and Td vaccines lack the pertussis component.[36][37][38] The Td vaccine is administered to children over the age of seven as well as to adults. It is most commonly administered as a booster shot every 10 years.[36] The Td booster shot may also be administered as protection from a severe burn or dirty wound.[36] The DT vaccine is given to children under the age of seven who are unable to receive the pertussis antigen in the DTaP vaccine due to a contraindication.[39]

Additional targets edit

Main articles: DTaP-IPV vaccine, DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine, Pentavalent vaccine, and Hexavalent vaccine

In the United States, a combined inactivated polio (IPV), DTaP, and hepatitis B DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine is available for children.[40][41] In the UK, all babies born on or after 1 August 2017 are offered a hexavalent vaccine: DTaP, IPV, Haemophilus influenzae, and hepatitis B (DTaP-Hib-HepB-IPV in short).[42]

As of 2023, most of the DTP vaccine procured by UNICEF is of the DTwP-HepB-Hib (pentavalent whole-cell) type. The UNICEF plans to procure the DTwP-HepB-Hib-IPV (hexavalent whole-cell) vaccine starting in 2024.[19]

Contraindications edit

The DPT vaccine should be avoided in persons who experienced a severe allergic reaction, such as anaphylaxis, to a past vaccine containing tetanus, diphtheria, or pertussis. It should also be avoided in persons with a known severe allergy to an ingredient in the vaccine. If the reaction was caused by tetanus toxoids, the CDC recommends considering a passive immunization with tetanus immune globulin (TIG) if a person has a large or unclean wound.[43] The DPT vaccine should also be avoided if a person developed encephalopathy (seizures, coma, declined consciousness) within seven days of receiving any pertussis-containing vaccine and the encephalopathy cannot be traced to another cause.[44] A DT vaccine is available for children under the ages of seven who have contraindications or precautions to pertussis-containing vaccines.[45]

Side effects edit

DTaP edit

Common side effects include soreness where the shot was given, fever, irritability, tenderness, loss of appetite, and vomiting.[25] Most side effects are mild to moderate and may last from one to three days.[25] More serious but rare reactions after a DTaP vaccination may include seizures, lowered consciousness, or a high fever over 105 °F (41 °C).[7] Allergic reactions are uncommon, but are medical emergencies. Signs of an allergic reaction include hives, dyspnea, wheezing, swelling of face and throat, syncope, and tachycardia and the child should be rushed to the nearest hospital.[46]

Tdap edit

Common side effects include pain or swelling where the shot was given, mild fever, headache, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach ache.[25] Allergic reactions are possible and have the same presentation and indications as described above for allergic reactions in DTaP. Any individual who has experienced a life-threatening allergic reaction after receiving a previous dose of diphtheria, tetanus, or pertussis containing vaccine should not receive the Tdap vaccination.[25]

In pregnant women, research suggests that Tdap administration may be associated with an increased risk of chorioamnionitis, a placental infection.[47] Increased incidence of fever is also noted in pregnant women.[47] Despite the observed increase in incidence of chorioamnionitis in pregnant women following Tdap administration, there has been no observed increase in the incidence of preterm birth, for which chorioamnionitis is a risk factor.[47][48] Research has not discerned an association between Tdap administration during pregnancy and other serious pregnancy complications such as neonatal death and stillbirth.[47][48] An association between Tdap administration during pregnancy and pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders (such as pre-eclampsia) has not been identified.[48]

Immunization schedules and requirements edit

France edit

In France, children are given DTaP-Hib-HepB-IPV vaccines at 2 months (first dose) and 4 months (second dose) with a booster at 11 months.

Netherlands edit

In the Netherlands, pertussis is known as kinkhoest and DKTP refers to the DTaP-IPV combination vaccine against diphtheria, kinkhoest, tetanus, and polio. DTaP is given as part of the National Immunisation Programme.[49]

United Kingdom edit

In the United Kingdom, Td/IPV[50] is called the "3-in-1 teenage booster" and protects against tetanus, diphtheria and polio. It is given by the NHS to all teenagers aged 14 (the hexavalent vaccine is given to infants and provides the first stage of protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and polio, as well as pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type B and hepatitis B). Subsequent boosters are recommended for foreign travellers where more than 10 years has passed since their last booster.[51] This is provided on the NHS free of charge due to the significant risk that an imported case of polio could pose to public health in Britain.[52]

United States edit

The standard immunization regimen for children within the United States is five doses of DTaP between the ages of two months and fifteen years. To be considered fully vaccinated, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) typically requires five doses of Tdap.[53] The CDC recommends that children receive their first dose at two months, the second dose at four months, the third dose at six months, the fourth dose between 15 and 18 months, and the fifth dose between 4–6 years. If the fourth dose of the DTaP immunization regimen falls on or subsequent to the recipient's fourth birthday, the CDC states that only four doses are required to be fully vaccinated.[53] In the instance that an individual under 18 has not received the DTaP vaccine, individuals should be vaccinated on the schedule in accordance with the vaccination "catch up schedule" provided by the CDC.[53]

Infants younger than twelve months of age, specifically less than three months of age, are at highest risk of acquiring pertussis.[54] In U.S., there is no current tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccination (whooping cough) recommended or licensed for new born infants.[54] As a result, in their first few months of life, unprotected infants are at highest risk of life-threatening complications and infections from pertussis. Infants should not receive pertussis vaccination younger than six weeks of age.[55] Ideally, Infants should receive DTaP (name of whooping cough vaccine for children from age 2 months through 6 years) at 2, 4, 6 months of age and they are not protected until the full series is completed.[54] To protect infants younger than twelve months of age not vaccinated with Tdap against pertussis, ACIP also recommends adults (e.g., parents, siblings, grandparents, childcare providers, and healthcare personnel) and children to receive Tdap at least two weeks before being in contact with the infant.[44]

The CDC recommends that adults who have received their childhood DTP series receive a Td or Tdap booster every ten years.[56][57] For adults that have not received the DTP series, the CDC recommends a three-part vaccine series followed by a Td or Tdap booster every ten years.[56]

In pregnancy edit

According to the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines, one dose of Tdap is recommended during each pregnancy to ensure protection against pertussis in newborn infants.[58] Optimal timing to administer a dose of Tdap during each pregnancy is between 27 through 36 weeks gestation.[58] If Tdap is administered early in pregnancy, it is not recommended to administer again during the 27 through 36 weeks gestation period as only one dose is recommended during pregnancy.[59] In October 2022, Boostrix (Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine, Adsorbed [Tdap]) was approved for immunization during the third trimester of pregnancy to prevent pertussis, commonly known as whooping cough, in infants younger than two months of age.[60]

Pregnant women who have not previously vaccinated with Tdap (i.e., have never received DTP, DTaP, or DT as child or Td or TT as an adult) are recommended to receive a series of three Td vaccinations starting during pregnancy to ensure protection against maternal and neonatal tetanus.[61] In such cases, administration of Tdap is recommended after 20 weeks' gestation,[62][29] and in earlier pregnancy a single dose of Tdap can be substituted for one dose of Td, and then the series completed with Td.[61][29] For pregnant women not previously vaccinated with Tdap, if Tdap is not administered during pregnancy, it should be administered immediately postpartum.[44] Postpartum administration of TDaP is not equivalent to administration of the vaccination during pregnancy.[63] Because the vaccine is administered postpartum, the mother is unable to develop antibodies that can be transferred to the infant in utero, consequently, leaving the infant vulnerable to the diseases preventable by the Tdap Vaccine.[63] Postpartum administration of the TdaP vaccine to the mother seeks to reduce the likelihood that the mother will contract disease that can be subsequently passed on the infant, albeit there will still be a two-week period prior to the protective effects of the vaccine setting in.[63] Postpartum administration is an extension of the concept of "cocooning", a term that refers to the full vaccination of all individuals that may come into direct contact with the infant.[63] Cocooning, like postpartum Tdap administration, is not recommended by the CDC.[63] Cocooning depends on ensuring full vaccination of all individuals that the infant may come into contact with, and there may be financial, administrative or personal barriers that preclude full and timely vaccination of all individuals within the "cocoon".[63]

Brand names edit

Australia edit

TDaP Vaccines in Australia
Trade name Approval date Comments
Adacel[64] 2005[65] Adacel is indicated for active immunisation against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis in persons aged ten years and over as a booster following primary immunisation[65] and is informally known as 'triple antigen' in Australia.[66]
Adacel Polio[67] 2006[68] Adacel Polio is indicated for active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis in adults, adolescents and children aged four years and older as a booster following primary immunization.[68]

United Kingdom edit

Brand names in the United Kingdom include Revaxis (Sanofi Pasteur).[69]

United States edit

As of January 2020, there are six DTaP vaccines and two Tdap vaccines licensed and available for use in the United States.[70][71] All of them are indicated as childhood vaccinations with the schedules as follows:

DTaP Vaccines in the US
Trade name Approval date Comments Contraindications
Daptacel[72] 2002[73] For use in ages six weeks through six years as a five-dose series at 2, 4, and 6 months (6–8 weeks apart) and at 15–20 months of age and at 4–6 years.[72]
  • Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of Daptacel or tetanus, diphtheria, or pertussis containing vaccine.
  • Encephalopathy (coma, prolonged seizures, and decreased level of consciousness) within seven days of a previous dose of a pertussis containing vaccine.
  • Progressive neurologic disorder (spasms, epilepsy, progressive encephalopathy)[72]
Infanrix[74] 1997[75] For use in ages six weeks through six years (before the seventh birthday) as a five-dose series as: a three-dose course at 2, 5, and 6 months (4–8 weeks apart), followed by a two booster doses at 15–20 months of age and 4–6 years of age.[74]
  • Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of Infanrix or tetanus, diphtheria, or pertussis-containing vaccine.
  • Encephalopathy (coma, prolonged seizures, and decreased level of consciousness) within seven days of a previous dose of a pertussis containing vaccine.
  • Progressive neurologic disorder (spasms, epilepsy, progressive encephalopathy)[74]
Kinrix[76] 2008[77] DTaP-IPV vaccine; also immunizes against poliomyelitis. Kinrix can be used for the fifth (last) dose in the DTaP immunization series and the fourth dose in the IPV immunization series in children 4–6 years old (before the seventh birthday) whose previous DTaP vaccine doses have been with Infanrix and/or Pediarix for the first three doses and Infanrix for the fourth dose.[76]
  • Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of any vaccine containing diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis or poliovirus
  • Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to any ingredient in any of Kinrix's vaccines
  • Encephalopathy (declining level of consciousness, coma, seizure) within seven days of receiving any pertussis-containing vaccine
  • Progressive neurologic disorders (spasms, epilepsy)[76]
Pediarix[78] 2002[79] DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine; also immunizes against hepatitis B and poliomyelitis as a three-dose series in infants two, four, and six months (4–8 weeks apart).[78]
  • Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of Pediarix, any type of ingredient of Pediarix, or any other diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, pertussis-containing vaccine, inactivated poliovirus vaccine or H. influenzae type b vaccine.
  • Encephalopathy within seven days of pertussis-containing vaccine.
  • Progressive neurologic disorder of spasms, epilepsy until the condition has stabilized.[78]
Pentacel[80] 2008[81] DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine; also immunizes against invasive Haemophilus influenza type b and poliomyelitis. It is a four-dose series given at: 2, 4, and 6 months, and at 15–18 months of age.[80]
  • Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of Pentacel, any type of ingredient of Pentacel, or any other diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, pertussis-containing vaccine, inactivated poliovirus vaccine or H. influenzae type b vaccine.
  • Encephalopathy within seven days of pertussis-containing vaccine.
  • Progressive neurologic disorder of spasms, epilepsy until the condition has stabilized.[80]
Quadracel[82] 2015[83] DTaP-IPV vaccine; also immunizes against poliomyelitis. It is approved for use as a fifth dose for children aged 4–6 years old in the DTaP vaccination series and as a fourth or fifth dose in the inactivated polio (IPV) series.[82]
  • Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of Quadracel, any type of ingredient of Quadracel, or any other diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, pertussis-containing vaccine, inactivated poliovirus vaccine or H. influenzae type b vaccine.
  • Encephalopathy within seven days of pertussis-containing vaccine.
  • Progressive neurologic disorder of spasms, epilepsy until the condition has stabilized.[82]
TDaP Vaccines in the US
Trade name Approval date Comments Contraindications
Adacel[84] 2005[85] For use in ages 10 through 64 as an active booster immunization against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. It may also be administered as prophylaxis for wound management.[84] It has not been shown to be safe or effective as a primary immunization or to complete the series.
  • Hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of Adacel, any type of ingredient of Adacel, or any other diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, pertussis-containing vaccine, inactivated poliovirus vaccine or H. influenzae type b vaccine.
  • Encephalopathy (coma, seizure, loss of consciousness) within seven days of pertussis-containing vaccine.
  • Progressive neurologic disorder of spasms, epilepsy until the condition has stabilized.[84]
Boostrix[86] 2005[87] For use in ages ten and older as a single intramuscular injection into the deltoid as a booster immunization against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. It may also be administered as prophylaxis for wound management.[86]
  • Hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylaxis) after previously receiving a vaccine containing any form of tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, or pertussis-containing antigen.
  • Hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylaxis) to any ingredient within a previously administered Boostrix vaccine.
  • Encephalopathy (coma, seizure, loss of consciousness) progression within seven days of receiving a vaccine with antigens from pertussis.[86]

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Further reading edit

Diphtheria edit

  • World Health Organization (2009). The immunological basis for immunization : module 2: diphtheria — update 2009. World Health Organization (WHO). hdl:10665/44094. ISBN 9789241597869.
  • Ramsay M, ed. (2013). "Chapter 15: Diphtheria". Immunisation against infectious disease. Public Health England.
  • Roush SW, Baldy LM, Hall MA, eds. (March 2019). Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Pertussis edit

  • World Health Organization (2017). The immunological basis for immunization series: module 4: pertussis, update 2017. World Health Organization (WHO). hdl:10665/259388. ISBN 9789241513173.
  • Ramsay M, ed. (2013). "Chapter 24: Pertussis". Immunisation against infectious disease. Public Health England.
  • Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. (2015). "Chapter 16: Pertussis". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (13th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ISBN 978-0990449119.
  • Roush SW, Baldy LM, Hall MA, eds. (March 2019). "Chapter 10: Pertussis". Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Tetanus edit

External links edit

January 01, 1970
vaccine, other, uses, disambiguation, tdap, redirects, here, other, uses, tdap, disambiguation, vaccine, class, combination, vaccines, against, three, infectious, diseases, humans, diphtheria, pertussis, whooping, cough, tetanus, lockjaw, vaccine, components, . For other uses see DPT disambiguation TDAP redirects here For other uses see TDAP disambiguation The DPT vaccine or DTP vaccine is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans diphtheria pertussis whooping cough and tetanus lockjaw 7 The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and either killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis or pertussis antigens The term toxoid refers to vaccines which use an inactivated toxin produced by the pathogen which they are targeted against to generate an immune response In this way the toxoid vaccine generates an immune response which is targeted against the toxin which is produced by the pathogen and causes disease rather than a vaccine which is targeted against the pathogen itself 8 The whole cells or antigens will be depicted as either DTwP 9 or DTaP where the lower case w indicates whole cell inactivated pertussis and the lower case a stands for acellular 10 In comparison to alternative vaccine types such as live attenuated vaccines the DTP vaccine does not contain any live pathogen but rather uses inactivated toxoid and for pertussis either a dead pathogen or pure antigens to generate an immune response therefore there is not a risk of use in populations that are immune compromised since there is not any known risk of causing the disease itself As a result the DTP vaccine is considered a safe vaccine to use in anyone and it generates a much more targeted immune response specific for the pathogen of interest 11 DPT vaccineGlobal vaccination coverage diphtheria tetanus pertussis DTP3 immunization 1 Combination ofDiphtheria vaccineVaccinePertussis vaccineVaccineTetanus vaccineVaccineClinical dataTrade namesAdacel Boostrix Revaxis othersAHFS Drugs comUK Drug InformationRoutes ofadministrationIntramuscular injectionATC codeNoneLegal statusLegal statusAU S4 Prescription only US only with standing order 2 3 4 5 EU Rx only 6 In general Prescription only IdentifiersCAS Number863488 19 1 YChemSpidernoneKEGGD05356 N Y what is this verify In the United States the DPT whole cell vaccine was administered as part of the childhood vaccines recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC until 1996 when the acellular DTaP vaccine was licensed for use 12 Unless otherwise noted this article uses DPT and DTP to refer to any combination vaccine that targets diphtheria tetanus and pertussis The whole cell vaccine is mentioned either as DTwP or as its historical name DPT DTP with parenthetical remarks Contents 1 History 1 1 Vaccination rates 2 Combination vaccines with acellular pertussis 2 1 DTaP 2 2 Tdap 3 Related combination vaccines 3 1 Excluding pertussis 3 2 Additional targets 4 Contraindications 5 Side effects 5 1 DTaP 5 2 Tdap 6 Immunization schedules and requirements 6 1 France 6 2 Netherlands 6 3 United Kingdom 6 4 United States 6 4 1 In pregnancy 7 Brand names 7 1 Australia 7 2 United Kingdom 7 3 United States 8 References 9 Further reading 9 1 Diphtheria 9 2 Pertussis 9 3 Tetanus 10 External linksHistory editDiphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole cell 10 pertussis DTP now also DTwP to differentiate from the broader class of triple combination vaccines 9 vaccination was licensed in 1949 13 Since the introduction of the combination vaccine there has been an extensive decline in the incidence of pertussis or whooping cough the disease which the vaccine protects against Additionally the rates of disease have continued to decline as more extensive immunization strategies have been implemented including booster doses and increased emphasis on increasing health literacy 14 In the 20th century the advancements in vaccinations helped to reduce the incidence of childhood pertussis and had a dramatically positive effect on the health of populations in the United States 15 However in the early 21st century reported instances of the disease increased 20 fold due to a downturn in the number of immunizations received and resulted in numerous fatalities 16 During the 21st century many parents declined to vaccinate their children against pertussis for fear of perceived side effects despite scientific evidence showing vaccines to be highly effective and safe 16 In 2009 the journal Pediatrics concluded the largest risk among unvaccinated children was not the contraction of side effects but rather the disease that the vaccination aims to protect against 16 DTP vaccines with acelluar pertussis DTaP see below were introduced in the 1990s The reduced range of antigens causes fewer side effects but results in a more expensive shorter lasting 17 and possibly less protective vaccine compared to DTwP 18 High income countries have mostly switched to DTaP As of 2023 global production of aP remains limited 19 Vaccination rates edit In 2016 the CDC reported that 80 4 of children in the US have received four or more DTaP vaccinations by 2 years of life 20 Vaccination rates for children aged 13 17 with one or more TDaP shots was 90 2 in 2019 20 Only 43 6 of adults older than 18 have received a TDaP shot in the last 10 years 20 The CDC aims to increase vaccination rate among 2 year olds from 80 4 to 90 0 21 The World Health Organization WHO estimates that 89 of people globally have received at least one dose of DTP vaccine and 84 have received three doses of the vaccine completing the WHO recommended primary series DTP3 22 The WHO also tracks the DTP3 completion rate among one year olds on a yearly basis Yearly DTP3 completion rate is considered a good proxy for the completeness of childhood vaccination in general 23 Combination vaccines with acellular pertussis editDTaP and Tdap are both combination vaccines against diphtheria tetanus and pertussis The a indicates that the pertussis toxoids are acellular while the lower case d and p in Tdap indicate smaller concentrations of diphtheria toxoids and pertussis antigens 24 DTaP edit DTaP also DTPa and TDaP is a combination vaccine against diphtheria tetanus and pertussis in which the pertussis component is acellular 25 This is in contrast to whole cell inactivated DTP or DTwP 9 The acellular vaccine uses selected antigens of the pertussis pathogen to induce immunity 17 Because it uses fewer antigens than the whole cell vaccines it is considered to cause fewer side effects but it is also more expensive 17 Research suggests that the DTwP vaccine is more effective than DTaP in conferring immunity because DTaP s narrower antigen base is less effective against current pathogen strains 18 Tdap edit Tdap also dTpa is a tetanus toxoid reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine It was licensed in the United States for use in adults and adolescents on 10 June 2005 26 Two Tdap vaccines are available in the US In January 2011 the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP recommended the use of Tdap in adults of all ages including those age 65 and above 27 In October 2011 in an effort to reduce the burden of pertussis in infants the ACIP recommended that unvaccinated pregnant women receive a dose of Tdap On 24 October 2012 the ACIP voted to recommend the use of Tdap during every pregnancy 28 29 The ACIP and Canada s National Advisory Committee on Immunization NACI recommended that both adolescents and adults receive Tdap in place of their next Td booster recommended to be given every ten years 30 31 32 26 Tdap and Td can be used as prophylaxis for tetanus in wound management People who will be in contact with young infants are encouraged to get Tdap even if it has been less than five years since Td or TT to reduce the risk of infants being exposed to pertussis NACI suggests intervals shorter than five years can be used for catch up programs and other instances where programmatic concerns make five year intervals difficult 33 The WHO recommends a pentavalent vaccine combining the DTP vaccine with vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type B and hepatitis B Evidence on how effective this pentavalent vaccine is compared to the individual vaccines has not yet been determined 34 A 2019 study found that state requirements mandating the use of the Tdap vaccine increased Tdap vaccine take up and reduced pertussis whooping cough incidence by about 32 35 Related combination vaccines editExcluding pertussis edit DT and Td vaccines lack the pertussis component 36 37 38 The Td vaccine is administered to children over the age of seven as well as to adults It is most commonly administered as a booster shot every 10 years 36 The Td booster shot may also be administered as protection from a severe burn or dirty wound 36 The DT vaccine is given to children under the age of seven who are unable to receive the pertussis antigen in the DTaP vaccine due to a contraindication 39 Additional targets edit Main articles DTaP IPV vaccine DTaP IPV HepB vaccine Pentavalent vaccine and Hexavalent vaccine In the United States a combined inactivated polio IPV DTaP and hepatitis B DTaP IPV HepB vaccine is available for children 40 41 In the UK all babies born on or after 1 August 2017 are offered a hexavalent vaccine DTaP IPV Haemophilus influenzae and hepatitis B DTaP Hib HepB IPV in short 42 As of 2023 most of the DTP vaccine procured by UNICEF is of the DTwP HepB Hib pentavalent whole cell type The UNICEF plans to procure the DTwP HepB Hib IPV hexavalent whole cell vaccine starting in 2024 19 Contraindications editThe DPT vaccine should be avoided in persons who experienced a severe allergic reaction such as anaphylaxis to a past vaccine containing tetanus diphtheria or pertussis It should also be avoided in persons with a known severe allergy to an ingredient in the vaccine If the reaction was caused by tetanus toxoids the CDC recommends considering a passive immunization with tetanus immune globulin TIG if a person has a large or unclean wound 43 The DPT vaccine should also be avoided if a person developed encephalopathy seizures coma declined consciousness within seven days of receiving any pertussis containing vaccine and the encephalopathy cannot be traced to another cause 44 A DT vaccine is available for children under the ages of seven who have contraindications or precautions to pertussis containing vaccines 45 Side effects editDTaP edit Common side effects include soreness where the shot was given fever irritability tenderness loss of appetite and vomiting 25 Most side effects are mild to moderate and may last from one to three days 25 More serious but rare reactions after a DTaP vaccination may include seizures lowered consciousness or a high fever over 105 F 41 C 7 Allergic reactions are uncommon but are medical emergencies Signs of an allergic reaction include hives dyspnea wheezing swelling of face and throat syncope and tachycardia and the child should be rushed to the nearest hospital 46 Tdap edit Common side effects include pain or swelling where the shot was given mild fever headache tiredness nausea vomiting diarrhea and stomach ache 25 Allergic reactions are possible and have the same presentation and indications as described above for allergic reactions in DTaP Any individual who has experienced a life threatening allergic reaction after receiving a previous dose of diphtheria tetanus or pertussis containing vaccine should not receive the Tdap vaccination 25 In pregnant women research suggests that Tdap administration may be associated with an increased risk of chorioamnionitis a placental infection 47 Increased incidence of fever is also noted in pregnant women 47 Despite the observed increase in incidence of chorioamnionitis in pregnant women following Tdap administration there has been no observed increase in the incidence of preterm birth for which chorioamnionitis is a risk factor 47 48 Research has not discerned an association between Tdap administration during pregnancy and other serious pregnancy complications such as neonatal death and stillbirth 47 48 An association between Tdap administration during pregnancy and pregnancy related hypertensive disorders such as pre eclampsia has not been identified 48 Immunization schedules and requirements editFrance edit In France children are given DTaP Hib HepB IPV vaccines at 2 months first dose and 4 months second dose with a booster at 11 months Netherlands edit In the Netherlands pertussis is known as kinkhoest and DKTP refers to the DTaP IPV combination vaccine against diphtheria kinkhoest tetanus and polio DTaP is given as part of the National Immunisation Programme 49 United Kingdom edit This section is missing information about initial shot Please expand the section to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page October 2023 In the United Kingdom Td IPV 50 is called the 3 in 1 teenage booster and protects against tetanus diphtheria and polio It is given by the NHS to all teenagers aged 14 the hexavalent vaccine is given to infants and provides the first stage of protection against diphtheria tetanus and polio as well as pertussis Haemophilus influenzae type B and hepatitis B Subsequent boosters are recommended for foreign travellers where more than 10 years has passed since their last booster 51 This is provided on the NHS free of charge due to the significant risk that an imported case of polio could pose to public health in Britain 52 United States edit The standard immunization regimen for children within the United States is five doses of DTaP between the ages of two months and fifteen years To be considered fully vaccinated the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC typically requires five doses of Tdap 53 The CDC recommends that children receive their first dose at two months the second dose at four months the third dose at six months the fourth dose between 15 and 18 months and the fifth dose between 4 6 years If the fourth dose of the DTaP immunization regimen falls on or subsequent to the recipient s fourth birthday the CDC states that only four doses are required to be fully vaccinated 53 In the instance that an individual under 18 has not received the DTaP vaccine individuals should be vaccinated on the schedule in accordance with the vaccination catch up schedule provided by the CDC 53 Infants younger than twelve months of age specifically less than three months of age are at highest risk of acquiring pertussis 54 In U S there is no current tetanus diphtheria pertussis vaccination whooping cough recommended or licensed for new born infants 54 As a result in their first few months of life unprotected infants are at highest risk of life threatening complications and infections from pertussis Infants should not receive pertussis vaccination younger than six weeks of age 55 Ideally Infants should receive DTaP name of whooping cough vaccine for children from age 2 months through 6 years at 2 4 6 months of age and they are not protected until the full series is completed 54 To protect infants younger than twelve months of age not vaccinated with Tdap against pertussis ACIP also recommends adults e g parents siblings grandparents childcare providers and healthcare personnel and children to receive Tdap at least two weeks before being in contact with the infant 44 The CDC recommends that adults who have received their childhood DTP series receive a Td or Tdap booster every ten years 56 57 For adults that have not received the DTP series the CDC recommends a three part vaccine series followed by a Td or Tdap booster every ten years 56 In pregnancy edit According to the CDC s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP guidelines one dose of Tdap is recommended during each pregnancy to ensure protection against pertussis in newborn infants 58 Optimal timing to administer a dose of Tdap during each pregnancy is between 27 through 36 weeks gestation 58 If Tdap is administered early in pregnancy it is not recommended to administer again during the 27 through 36 weeks gestation period as only one dose is recommended during pregnancy 59 In October 2022 Boostrix Tetanus Toxoid Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed Tdap was approved for immunization during the third trimester of pregnancy to prevent pertussis commonly known as whooping cough in infants younger than two months of age 60 Pregnant women who have not previously vaccinated with Tdap i e have never received DTP DTaP or DT as child or Td or TT as an adult are recommended to receive a series of three Td vaccinations starting during pregnancy to ensure protection against maternal and neonatal tetanus 61 In such cases administration of Tdap is recommended after 20 weeks gestation 62 29 and in earlier pregnancy a single dose of Tdap can be substituted for one dose of Td and then the series completed with Td 61 29 For pregnant women not previously vaccinated with Tdap if Tdap is not administered during pregnancy it should be administered immediately postpartum 44 Postpartum administration of TDaP is not equivalent to administration of the vaccination during pregnancy 63 Because the vaccine is administered postpartum the mother is unable to develop antibodies that can be transferred to the infant in utero consequently leaving the infant vulnerable to the diseases preventable by the Tdap Vaccine 63 Postpartum administration of the TdaP vaccine to the mother seeks to reduce the likelihood that the mother will contract disease that can be subsequently passed on the infant albeit there will still be a two week period prior to the protective effects of the vaccine setting in 63 Postpartum administration is an extension of the concept of cocooning a term that refers to the full vaccination of all individuals that may come into direct contact with the infant 63 Cocooning like postpartum Tdap administration is not recommended by the CDC 63 Cocooning depends on ensuring full vaccination of all individuals that the infant may come into contact with and there may be financial administrative or personal barriers that preclude full and timely vaccination of all individuals within the cocoon 63 Brand names editAustralia edit TDaP Vaccines in Australia Trade name Approval date Comments Adacel 64 2005 65 Adacel is indicated for active immunisation against tetanus diphtheria and pertussis in persons aged ten years and over as a booster following primary immunisation 65 and is informally known as triple antigen in Australia 66 Adacel Polio 67 2006 68 Adacel Polio is indicated for active immunization against diphtheria tetanus pertussis and poliomyelitis in adults adolescents and children aged four years and older as a booster following primary immunization 68 United Kingdom edit Brand names in the United Kingdom include Revaxis Sanofi Pasteur 69 United States edit As of January 2020 update there are six DTaP vaccines and two Tdap vaccines licensed and available for use in the United States 70 71 All of them are indicated as childhood vaccinations with the schedules as follows DTaP Vaccines in the US Trade name Approval date Comments Contraindications Daptacel 72 2002 73 For use in ages six weeks through six years as a five dose series at 2 4 and 6 months 6 8 weeks apart and at 15 20 months of age and at 4 6 years 72 Severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis after a previous dose of Daptacel or tetanus diphtheria or pertussis containing vaccine Encephalopathy coma prolonged seizures and decreased level of consciousness within seven days of a previous dose of a pertussis containing vaccine Progressive neurologic disorder spasms epilepsy progressive encephalopathy 72 Infanrix 74 1997 75 For use in ages six weeks through six years before the seventh birthday as a five dose series as a three dose course at 2 5 and 6 months 4 8 weeks apart followed by a two booster doses at 15 20 months of age and 4 6 years of age 74 Severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis after a previous dose of Infanrix or tetanus diphtheria or pertussis containing vaccine Encephalopathy coma prolonged seizures and decreased level of consciousness within seven days of a previous dose of a pertussis containing vaccine Progressive neurologic disorder spasms epilepsy progressive encephalopathy 74 Kinrix 76 2008 77 DTaP IPV vaccine also immunizes against poliomyelitis Kinrix can be used for the fifth last dose in the DTaP immunization series and the fourth dose in the IPV immunization series in children 4 6 years old before the seventh birthday whose previous DTaP vaccine doses have been with Infanrix and or Pediarix for the first three doses and Infanrix for the fourth dose 76 Severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis after a previous dose of any vaccine containing diphtheria tetanus pertussis or poliovirus Severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis to any ingredient in any of Kinrix s vaccines Encephalopathy declining level of consciousness coma seizure within seven days of receiving any pertussis containing vaccine Progressive neurologic disorders spasms epilepsy 76 Pediarix 78 2002 79 DTaP IPV HepB vaccine also immunizes against hepatitis B and poliomyelitis as a three dose series in infants two four and six months 4 8 weeks apart 78 Severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis after a previous dose of Pediarix any type of ingredient of Pediarix or any other diphtheria toxoid tetanus toxoid pertussis containing vaccine inactivated poliovirus vaccine or H influenzae type b vaccine Encephalopathy within seven days of pertussis containing vaccine Progressive neurologic disorder of spasms epilepsy until the condition has stabilized 78 Pentacel 80 2008 81 DTaP IPV Hib vaccine also immunizes against invasive Haemophilus influenza type b and poliomyelitis It is a four dose series given at 2 4 and 6 months and at 15 18 months of age 80 Severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis after a previous dose of Pentacel any type of ingredient of Pentacel or any other diphtheria toxoid tetanus toxoid pertussis containing vaccine inactivated poliovirus vaccine or H influenzae type b vaccine Encephalopathy within seven days of pertussis containing vaccine Progressive neurologic disorder of spasms epilepsy until the condition has stabilized 80 Quadracel 82 2015 83 DTaP IPV vaccine also immunizes against poliomyelitis It is approved for use as a fifth dose for children aged 4 6 years old in the DTaP vaccination series and as a fourth or fifth dose in the inactivated polio IPV series 82 Severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis after a previous dose of Quadracel any type of ingredient of Quadracel or any other diphtheria toxoid tetanus toxoid pertussis containing vaccine inactivated poliovirus vaccine or H influenzae type b vaccine Encephalopathy within seven days of pertussis containing vaccine Progressive neurologic disorder of spasms epilepsy until the condition has stabilized 82 TDaP Vaccines in the US Trade name Approval date Comments Contraindications Adacel 84 2005 85 For use in ages 10 through 64 as an active booster immunization against tetanus diphtheria and pertussis It may also be administered as prophylaxis for wound management 84 It has not been shown to be safe or effective as a primary immunization or to complete the series Hypersensitivity reaction anaphylaxis after a previous dose of Adacel any type of ingredient of Adacel or any other diphtheria toxoid tetanus toxoid pertussis containing vaccine inactivated poliovirus vaccine or H influenzae type b vaccine Encephalopathy coma seizure loss of consciousness within seven days of pertussis containing vaccine Progressive neurologic disorder of spasms epilepsy until the condition has stabilized 84 Boostrix 86 2005 87 For use in ages ten and older as a single intramuscular injection into the deltoid as a booster immunization against tetanus diphtheria and pertussis It may also be administered as prophylaxis for wound management 86 Hypersensitivity reaction anaphylaxis after previously receiving a vaccine containing any form of tetanus toxoid diphtheria toxoid or pertussis containing antigen Hypersensitivity reaction anaphylaxis to any ingredient within a previously administered Boostrix vaccine Encephalopathy coma seizure loss of consciousness progression within seven days of receiving a vaccine with antigens from pertussis 86 References edit Global vaccination coverage Diphtheria tetanus pertussis DTP3 immunization Our World in Data Archived from the original on 21 April 2020 Retrieved 5 March 2020 http www immunize org catg d p3073 pdf bare URL PDF http www immunize org catg d p3078a pdf bare URL PDF http www immunize org catg d p3078 pdf bare URL PDF http www immunize org catg d p3078b pdf bare URL PDF https www ema europa eu documents psusa diphtheria tetanus pertussis acellular component vaccine adsorbed diphtheria tetanus pertussis acellular component vaccine adsorbed reduced antigens contents list nationally authorised en pdf a b DTaP Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Vaccine Information Statement U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 1 April 2020 Retrieved 27 July 2020 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Vaccine Types HHS 26 April 2021 Retrieved 19 September 2022 a b c Syed MA February 2017 Choosing from Whole Cell and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Dilemma for the Developing Countries Iranian Journal of Public Health 46 2 272 273 PMC 5402791 PMID 28451568 a b Liang JL Tiwari T Moro P Messonnier NE Reingold A Sawyer M et al April 2018 Prevention of Pertussis Tetanus and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP MMWR Recommendations and Reports 67 2 1 44 doi 10 15585 mmwr rr6702a1 PMC 5919600 PMID 29702631 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Understanding Six Types of Vaccine Technologies Pfizer Retrieved 19 September 2022 Birth 18 Years Immunization Schedule U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 2020 Retrieved 30 July 2020 Vaccine Timeline Historic Dates and Events Related to Vaccines and Immunization Immunization Action Coalition 17 May 2013 Retrieved 25 June 2014 Kuchar E Karlikowska Skwarnik M Han S Nitsch Osuch A 2016 Pertussis History of the Disease and Current Prevention Failure Pulmonary Dysfunction and Disease Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Vol 934 pp 77 82 doi 10 1007 5584 2016 21 ISBN 978 3 319 42009 7 PMID 27256351 Hebert CJ Hall CM Odoms LN May 2012 Lessons learned and applied what the 20th century vaccine experience can teach us about vaccines in the 21st century Human Vaccines amp Immunotherapeutics 8 5 560 568 doi 10 4161 hv 19204 PMC 3495718 PMID 22617834 a b c Is Vaccine Refusal Worth The Risk NPR 26 May 2009 Retrieved 19 June 2009 a b c Esposito S Stefanelli P Fry NK Fedele G He Q Paterson P et al 2019 Pertussis Prevention Reasons for Resurgence and Differences in the Current Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Frontiers in Immunology 10 1344 doi 10 3389 fimmu 2019 01344 PMC 6616129 PMID 31333640 a b Diphtheria Tetanus and Whooping Cough Vaccination U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 2020 Retrieved 4 August 2020 a b UNICEF Supply Division June 2023 Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis Containing Vaccines Market and Supply Update PDF a b c FastStats U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 6 September 2022 Retrieved 12 September 2022 Increase the coverage level of 4 doses of the DTaP vaccine in children by age 2 years IID 06 Healthy People 2030 health gov health gov Retrieved 12 September 2022 Diphtheria tetanus toxoid and pertussis DTP vaccination coverage World Health Organization WHO de Araujo Veras AA Arruda Vidal S Costa de Macedo V de Carvalho Lima M Cabral de Lira PI da Fonseca Lima EJ et al 2021 Prevalence Trends and Conditions for the DTP3 Vaccine A 25 Year Historical Perspective Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 14 4301 4310 doi 10 2147 RMHP S312263 PMC 8524252 PMID 34703341 DeDea L January 2011 The difference between Tdap and DTaP dabigatran versus warfarin JAAPA 24 1 14 doi 10 1097 01720610 201101000 00002 PMID 21261140 a b c d e Safety Information for Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccines U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 15 June 2020 Retrieved 28 July 2020 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain a b Kretsinger K Broder KR Cortese MM Joyce MP Ortega Sanchez I Lee GM et al December 2006 Preventing tetanus diphtheria and pertussis among adults use of tetanus toxoid reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP and recommendation of ACIP supported by the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee HICPAC for use of Tdap among health care personnel PDF MMWR Recommendations and Reports 55 RR 17 1 37 PMID 17167397 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Centers for Disease Control Prevention CDC January 2011 Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis Tdap vaccine from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices 2010 PDF MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 60 1 13 15 PMID 21228763 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Centers for Disease Control Prevention CDC February 2013 Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine Tdap in pregnant women Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP 2012 PDF MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 62 7 131 135 PMC 4604886 PMID 23425962 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain a b c Havers FP Moro PL Hunter P Hariri S Bernstein H January 2020 Use of Tetanus Toxoid Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices United States 2019 MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69 3 77 83 doi 10 15585 mmwr mm6903a5 PMC 7367039 PMID 31971933 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Broder KR Cortese MM Iskander JK Kretsinger K Slade BA Brown KH et al March 2006 Preventing tetanus diphtheria and pertussis among adolescents use of tetanus toxoid reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccines recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP PDF MMWR Recommendations and Reports 55 RR 3 1 34 PMID 16557217 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain ACIP Votes to Recommend Use of Combined Tetanus Diphtheria and Pertussis Tdap Vaccine for Adults PDF U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Archived from the original PDF on 19 October 2006 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Interval Between Administration of Vaccines Against Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis PHAC ASPC GC ca 14 October 2005 General Recommendations on Immunization U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 2020 Retrieved 4 August 2020 Bar On ES Goldberg E Hellmann S Leibovici L April 2012 Combined DTP HBV HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria tetanus pertussis hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae B HIB The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 4 CD005530 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD005530 pub3 PMID 22513932 S2CID 205179339 Carpenter CS Lawler EC 2019 Direct and Spillover Effects of Middle School Vaccination Requirements American Economic Journal Economic Policy 11 1 95 125 doi 10 1257 pol 20170067 ISSN 1945 7731 a b c Td Tetanus Diphtheria Vaccine Information Statement U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 1 March 2020 Retrieved 27 July 2020 Tetanus and Diphtheria Td Vaccine HealthLink BC 13 June 2016 Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 Retrieved 18 April 2020 Diphtheria Vaccination U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Retrieved 18 April 2020 UpToDate uptodate com Retrieved 15 September 2022 Atkinson W Hamborsky J McIntyre L Wolfe S eds 2008 Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases The Pink Book PDF 10th ed 2nd printing ed Washington D C Public Health Foundation Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2008 Retrieved 29 November 2008 Pediarix U S Food and Drug Administration FDA 6 November 2019 Hexavalent 6 in 1 vaccine to be made available to newborn babies GOV UK Retrieved 30 April 2022 Hamborsky J Kroger A Wolfe S eds 2015 Chapter 21 Tetanus Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases 13th ed Washington D C U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC ISBN 978 0990449119 a b c Hamborsky J Kroger A Wolfe S eds 2015 Chapter 16 Pertussis Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases 13th ed Washington D C U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC ISBN 978 0990449119 UpToDate uptodate com Retrieved 3 August 2020 Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Vaccine Information Statement CDC U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 27 June 2022 Retrieved 12 September 2022 a b c d Vygen Bonnet S Hellenbrand W Garbe E von Kries R Bogdan C Heininger U et al February 2020 Safety and effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccination during pregnancy a systematic review BMC Infectious Diseases 20 1 136 doi 10 1186 s12879 020 4824 3 PMC 7020352 PMID 32054444 a b c Furuta M Sin J Ng ES Wang K November 2017 Efficacy and safety of pertussis vaccination for pregnant women a systematic review of randomised controlled trials and observational studies BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 17 1 390 doi 10 1186 s12884 017 1559 2 PMC 5700667 PMID 29166874 Dutch National Immunization Program National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Retrieved 18 April 2020 3 in 1 teenage booster overview nhs uk 31 July 2019 Tetanus 18 October 2017 Travel vaccinations 23 October 2017 a b c Summary of Pertussis Vaccination Recommendations CDC U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 6 May 2022 Retrieved 12 September 2022 a b c Pertussis Pregnancy and Whooping Cough Your Baby Needs Vaccines on Time CDC U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 14 February 2019 Retrieved 30 July 2020 Gilley M Goldman RD February 2014 Protecting infants from pertussis Canadian Family Physician 60 2 138 140 PMC 3922557 PMID 24522676 a b Tetanus diphtheria and pertussis vaccination U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 3 February 2020 Retrieved 29 July 2020 Pool V Tomovici A Johnson DR Greenberg DP Decker MD April 2018 Humoral immunity 10 years after booster immunization with an adolescent and adult formulation combined tetanus diphtheria and 5 component acellular pertussis vaccine in the USA Vaccine 36 17 2282 2287 doi 10 1016 j vaccine 2018 03 029 PMID 29573876 a b Havers FP Moro PL Hunter P Hariri S Bernstein H January 2020 Use of Tetanus Toxoid Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices United States 2019 MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69 3 77 83 doi 10 15585 mmwr mm6903a5 PMC 7367039 PMID 31971933 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Tdap Pertussis Vaccine and Pregnancy U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 10 April 2019 Retrieved 28 July 2020 FDA Approves Vaccine for Use During Third Trimester of Pregnancy to Prevent Whooping Cough in Infants Younger Than Two Months of Age U S Food and Drug Administration FDA Press release 7 October 2022 Retrieved 7 October 2022 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain a b Health Care Guideline Routine Prenatal Care Fourteenth Edition Archived 24 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine By the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement July 2010 Centers for Disease Control Prevention CDC October 2011 Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine Tdap in pregnant women and persons who have or anticipate having close contact with an infant aged lt 12 months Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP 2011 PDF MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 60 41 1424 1426 PMID 22012116 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain a b c d e f Tdap Pertussis Vaccine and Pregnancy CDC U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 15 January 2021 Retrieved 12 September 2022 Adacel The Australian Immunisation Handbook 4 June 2018 Archived from the original on 18 June 2020 Retrieved 18 July 2020 a b Adacel Pertussis Vaccine Acellular Combined with Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed Therapeutic Goods Administration TGA 18 July 2020 Retrieved 18 July 2020 Triple Antigen IPV St Agnes Surgery Retrieved 2 May 2021 Adacel Polio The Australian Immunisation Handbook 5 June 2018 Archived from the original on 18 June 2020 Retrieved 18 July 2020 a b Adacel Polio Pertussis Vaccine Acellular and Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed Combined with Inactivated Poliovirus Type 1 2 and 3 Vero cell Therapeutic Goods Administration TGA 18 July 2020 Retrieved 18 July 2020 NHS https www nhs uk conditions vaccinations 3 in 1 teenage booster About Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccination Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 22 January 2020 Retrieved 16 July 2020 Licensed Biological Products with Supporting Documents U S Food and Drug Administration FDA 7 July 2020 Retrieved 17 July 2020 a b c Daptacel corynebacterium diphtheriae toxoid antigen formaldehyde inactivated clostridium tetani toxoid antigen formaldehyde inactivated bordetella pertussis toxoid antigen glutaraldehyde inactivated bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin antigen formaldehyde inactivated bordetella pertussis pertactin antigen and bordetella pertussis fimbriae 2 3 antigen injection suspension DailyMed Sanofi Pasteur Inc 14 May 2020 Retrieved 17 July 2020 Daptacel U S Food and Drug Administration FDA 22 July 2017 Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 Retrieved 17 July 2020 a b c Infanrix diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed suspension DailyMed GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA 6 November 2019 Retrieved 17 July 2020 Infanrix U S Food and Drug Administration FDA 22 July 2017 Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 Retrieved 17 July 2020 a b c Kinrix diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed and inactivated poliovirus vaccine injection suspension DailyMed GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA 6 November 2019 Retrieved 17 July 2020 Kinrix U S Food and Drug Administration FDA 22 July 2017 Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 Retrieved 17 July 2020 a b c Pediarix diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed hepatitis b recombinant and inactivated poliovirus vaccine combined injection suspension DailyMed GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA 6 November 2019 Retrieved 17 July 2020 Pediarix U S Food and Drug Administration FDA 23 July 2017 Archived from the original on 23 July 2017 Retrieved 17 July 2020 a b c Pentacel diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed inactivated poliovirus and haemophilus b conjugate tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine kit DailyMed Sanofi Pasteur Inc 5 June 2020 Retrieved 17 July 2020 Pentacel U S Food and Drug Administration FDA 22 July 2017 Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 Retrieved 17 July 2020 a b c Quadracel diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed and inactivated poliovirus vaccine injection suspension DailyMed Sanofi Pasteur Inc 20 April 2020 Retrieved 17 July 2020 Quadracel U S Food and Drug Administration FDA 22 July 2017 Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 Retrieved 17 July 2020 a b c Adacel Tdap clostridium tetani toxoid antigen formaldehyde inactivated corynebacterium diphtheriae toxoid antigen formaldehyde inactivated bordetella pertussis toxoid antigen glutaraldehyde inactivated bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin antigen formaldehyde inactivated bordetella pertussis pertactin antigen and bordetella pertussis fimbriae 2 3 antigen injection suspension DailyMed 26 March 2020 Retrieved 29 July 2020 Adacel U S Food and Drug Administration FDA Archived from the original on 23 July 2017 a b c Boostrix tetanus toxoid reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed suspension DailyMed 25 April 2019 Retrieved 29 July 2020 Boostrix U S Food and Drug Administration FDA Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 Further reading editDiphtheria edit World Health Organization 2009 The immunological basis for immunization module 2 diphtheria update 2009 World Health Organization WHO hdl 10665 44094 ISBN 9789241597869 Ramsay M ed 2013 Chapter 15 Diphtheria Immunisation against infectious disease Public Health England Roush SW Baldy LM Hall MA eds March 2019 Manual for the surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases Atlanta GA U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Pertussis edit World Health Organization 2017 The immunological basis for immunization series module 4 pertussis update 2017 World Health Organization WHO hdl 10665 259388 ISBN 9789241513173 Ramsay M ed 2013 Chapter 24 Pertussis Immunisation against infectious disease Public Health England Hamborsky J Kroger A Wolfe S eds 2015 Chapter 16 Pertussis Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases 13th ed Washington D C U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC ISBN 978 0990449119 Roush SW Baldy LM Hall MA eds March 2019 Chapter 10 Pertussis Manual for the surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases Atlanta GA U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Tetanus edit World Health Organization 2018 The immunological basis for immunization series module 3 tetanus update 2018 World Health Organization WHO hdl 10665 275340 ISBN 9789241513616 Ramsay M ed 2013 Chapter 30 Tetanus Immunisation against infectious disease Public Health England Hamborsky J Kroger A Wolfe S eds 2015 Chapter 21 Tetanus Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases 13th ed Washington D C U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC ISBN 978 0990449119 Roush SW Baldy LM Hall MA eds March 2019 Chapter 16 Tetanus Manual for the surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases Atlanta GA U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC External links edit Tdap Tetanus Diphtheria Pertussis Vaccine Information Statement U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC August 2021 DTaP Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Vaccine Information Statement U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC August 2021 DTaP Tdap Td ACIP Vaccine Recommendations U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 28 January 2020 Tetanus Toxoid at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Diphtheria Tetanus Vaccine at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Vaccine at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Diphtheria Tetanus acellular Pertussis Vaccines at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Portals nbsp Medicine nbsp Viruses Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title DPT vaccine amp oldid 1213915137, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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