An oblique wing (also called a slewed wing) is a variable geometry wing concept. On an aircraft so equipped, the wing is designed to rotate on center pivot, so that one tip is swept forward while the opposite tip is swept aft. By changing its sweep angle in this way, drag can be reduced at high speed (with the wing swept) without sacrificing low speed performance (with the wing perpendicular). This is a variation on the classic swing-wing design, intended to simplify construction and retain the center of gravity as the sweep angle is changed.
The oldest examples of this technology are the unrealized German aircraft projects Blohm & Voss P.202 and Messerschmitt Me P.1009-01 from the year 1944, based on a Messerschmitt patent.[1][2] After the war, constructor Dr. Richard Vogt was brought to the US during Operation Paperclip.[3] The oblique wing concept was resurrected by Robert T. Jones, an aeronautical engineer at the NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California. Analytical and wind tunnel studies initiated by Jones at Ames indicated that a transport-size oblique-wing aircraft, flying at speeds up to Mach 1.4 (1.4 times the speed of sound), would have substantially better aerodynamic performance than aircraft with more conventional wings.
In the 1970s, an unmanned propeller-driven aircraft was constructed and tested at Moffett Field.[4] Known as the NASA Oblique Wing, the project pointed out a craft's unpleasant characteristics at large sweep angles.
So far, only one manned aircraft, the NASA AD-1, has been built to explore this concept. It flew a series of flight tests starting in 1979. This aircraft demonstrated a number of serious roll-coupling modes and further experimentation ended.
Theory
The general idea is to design an aircraft that performs with high efficiency as the Mach number increases from takeoff to cruise conditions (M ~ 0.8, for a commercial aircraft). Since two different types of drag dominate in each of these two flight regimes, uniting high performance designs for each regime into a single airframe is problematic.
At low Mach numbers induced drag dominates drag concerns. Airplanes during takeoff and gliders are most concerned with induced drag. One way to reduce induced drag is to increase the effective wingspan of the lifting surface. This is why gliders have such long, narrow wings. An ideal wing has infinite span and induced drag is reduced to a two–dimensional property. At lower speeds, during takeoffs and landings, an oblique wing would be positioned perpendicular to the fuselage like a conventional wing to provide maximum lift and control qualities. As the aircraft gained speed, the wing would be pivoted to increase the oblique angle, thereby reducing the drag due to wetted area, and decreasing fuel consumption.
Alternatively, at Mach numbers increasing towards the speed of sound and beyond, wave drag dominates design concerns. As the aircraft displaces the air, a sonic wave is generated. Sweeping the wings away from the nose of the aircraft can keep the wings aft of the sonic wave, greatly reducing drag. Unfortunately, for a given wing design, increasing sweep decreases the aspect ratio. At high speeds, both subsonic and supersonic, an oblique wing would be pivoted at up to 60 degrees to the aircraft's fuselage for better high-speed performance. The studies showed these angles would decrease aerodynamic drag, permitting increased speed and longer range with the same fuel expenditure.
Fundamentally, it appears that no design can be completely optimized for both flight regimes. However, the oblique wing shows promise of getting close. By actively increasing sweep as Mach number increases, high efficiency is possible for a wide range of speeds.
It is theorized[by whom?] that an oblique flying wing could drastically improve commercial air transportation, reducing fuel costs and noise in the vicinity of airports. Military operations include the possibility of a long–endurance fighter/attack vehicle.
NASA OFW airliner research
There have been investigations into an OFW platform being developed into a transcontinental airliner.[5] NASA Ames performed a preliminary design study of a theoretical 500-seat supersonic airliner using the concept in 1991. Following this study, NASA built a small remote-controlled demonstrator aircraft with a 20-foot (6.1m) wingspan. It flew only once, for four minutes in May 1994, but in doing so, it demonstrated stable flight with oblique wing sweep from 35 degrees to 50 degrees. Despite this success, the NASA High Speed Research program, and further oblique wing studies, were canceled.
DARPA Oblique Flying-Wing (OFW) Project
The United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) awarded Northrop Grumman a $10.3 million (USD) contract for risk reduction and preliminary planning for an X-plane OFW demonstrator,[6] known as the Switchblade. That program was eventually cancelled, citing difficulties with control systems.
The program aimed at producing a technology demonstrator aircraft to explore the various challenges which the radical design entails. The proposed aircraft would be a pure flying wing (an aircraft with no other auxiliary surfaces such as tails, canards or a fuselage) where the wing is swept with one side of the aircraft forward, and one backwards in an asymmetric fashion.[7] This aircraft configuration is believed to give it a combination of high speed, long range and long endurance.[8] The program entailed two phases. Phase I was to explore the theory and result in a conceptual design, while Phase II covered the design, manufacture and flight test of an aircraft. The program hoped to produce a dataset that can then be used when considering future military aircraft designs.
Wind tunnel tests for the aircraft design have been completed. The design was noted to be "workable and robust."[9]
^Flügelpfeilung und Flächenregel, zwei grundlegende deutsche Patente der Flugzeugaerodynamik (Wing Sweep and Area Rule, two German basic patents of aircraft aerodynamics)., Werner Heinzerling, TU Darmstadt p.7 + 8 (in german)
^NASA tested the Oblique Wing Research Aircraft in the late 1970s. Its unpleasant flying characteristics at extreme wing-sweep angles discouraged researchers.
^Oblique Flying Wing, Supersonic Aerodynamics 2006-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
^New Angles: Wind tunnel results point way forward for tailless oblique flying wing study. Aviation Week & Space Technology, October 8, 2007, pp. 34-35
Further reading
Thinking Obliquely, Larrimer, Bruce I., NASA (2013)
External links
Oblique Flying Wings: An Introduction and White Paper - Desktop Aeronautics, Inc., 2005
February 24, 2023
oblique, wing, oblique, wing, also, called, slewed, wing, variable, geometry, wing, concept, aircraft, equipped, wing, designed, rotate, center, pivot, that, swept, forward, while, opposite, swept, changing, sweep, angle, this, drag, reduced, high, speed, with. An oblique wing also called a slewed wing is a variable geometry wing concept On an aircraft so equipped the wing is designed to rotate on center pivot so that one tip is swept forward while the opposite tip is swept aft By changing its sweep angle in this way drag can be reduced at high speed with the wing swept without sacrificing low speed performance with the wing perpendicular This is a variation on the classic swing wing design intended to simplify construction and retain the center of gravity as the sweep angle is changed Oblique wing on a NASA AD 1 Contents 1 History 2 Theory 3 NASA OFW airliner research 4 DARPA Oblique Flying Wing OFW Project 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory EditThe oldest examples of this technology are the unrealized German aircraft projects Blohm amp Voss P 202 and Messerschmitt Me P 1009 01 from the year 1944 based on a Messerschmitt patent 1 2 After the war constructor Dr Richard Vogt was brought to the US during Operation Paperclip 3 The oblique wing concept was resurrected by Robert T Jones an aeronautical engineer at the NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field California Analytical and wind tunnel studies initiated by Jones at Ames indicated that a transport size oblique wing aircraft flying at speeds up to Mach 1 4 1 4 times the speed of sound would have substantially better aerodynamic performance than aircraft with more conventional wings In the 1970s an unmanned propeller driven aircraft was constructed and tested at Moffett Field 4 Known as the NASA Oblique Wing the project pointed out a craft s unpleasant characteristics at large sweep angles So far only one manned aircraft the NASA AD 1 has been built to explore this concept It flew a series of flight tests starting in 1979 This aircraft demonstrated a number of serious roll coupling modes and further experimentation ended Theory EditThe general idea is to design an aircraft that performs with high efficiency as the Mach number increases from takeoff to cruise conditions M 0 8 for a commercial aircraft Since two different types of drag dominate in each of these two flight regimes uniting high performance designs for each regime into a single airframe is problematic At low Mach numbers induced drag dominates drag concerns Airplanes during takeoff and gliders are most concerned with induced drag One way to reduce induced drag is to increase the effective wingspan of the lifting surface This is why gliders have such long narrow wings An ideal wing has infinite span and induced drag is reduced to a two dimensional property At lower speeds during takeoffs and landings an oblique wing would be positioned perpendicular to the fuselage like a conventional wing to provide maximum lift and control qualities As the aircraft gained speed the wing would be pivoted to increase the oblique angle thereby reducing the drag due to wetted area and decreasing fuel consumption Alternatively at Mach numbers increasing towards the speed of sound and beyond wave drag dominates design concerns As the aircraft displaces the air a sonic wave is generated Sweeping the wings away from the nose of the aircraft can keep the wings aft of the sonic wave greatly reducing drag Unfortunately for a given wing design increasing sweep decreases the aspect ratio At high speeds both subsonic and supersonic an oblique wing would be pivoted at up to 60 degrees to the aircraft s fuselage for better high speed performance The studies showed these angles would decrease aerodynamic drag permitting increased speed and longer range with the same fuel expenditure Fundamentally it appears that no design can be completely optimized for both flight regimes However the oblique wing shows promise of getting close By actively increasing sweep as Mach number increases high efficiency is possible for a wide range of speeds It is theorized by whom that an oblique flying wing could drastically improve commercial air transportation reducing fuel costs and noise in the vicinity of airports Military operations include the possibility of a long endurance fighter attack vehicle NASA OFW airliner research EditThere have been investigations into an OFW platform being developed into a transcontinental airliner 5 NASA Ames performed a preliminary design study of a theoretical 500 seat supersonic airliner using the concept in 1991 Following this study NASA built a small remote controlled demonstrator aircraft with a 20 foot 6 1m wingspan It flew only once for four minutes in May 1994 but in doing so it demonstrated stable flight with oblique wing sweep from 35 degrees to 50 degrees Despite this success the NASA High Speed Research program and further oblique wing studies were canceled DARPA Oblique Flying Wing OFW Project EditThe United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA awarded Northrop Grumman a 10 3 million USD contract for risk reduction and preliminary planning for an X plane OFW demonstrator 6 known as the Switchblade That program was eventually cancelled citing difficulties with control systems The program aimed at producing a technology demonstrator aircraft to explore the various challenges which the radical design entails The proposed aircraft would be a pure flying wing an aircraft with no other auxiliary surfaces such as tails canards or a fuselage where the wing is swept with one side of the aircraft forward and one backwards in an asymmetric fashion 7 This aircraft configuration is believed to give it a combination of high speed long range and long endurance 8 The program entailed two phases Phase I was to explore the theory and result in a conceptual design while Phase II covered the design manufacture and flight test of an aircraft The program hoped to produce a dataset that can then be used when considering future military aircraft designs Wind tunnel tests for the aircraft design have been completed The design was noted to be workable and robust 9 See also EditAsymmetrical aircraft Circular wingReferences Edit Flugelpfeilung und Flachenregel zwei grundlegende deutsche Patente der Flugzeugaerodynamik Wing Sweep and Area Rule two German basic patents of aircraft aerodynamics Werner Heinzerling TU Darmstadt p 7 8 in german http www fzt haw hamburg de pers Scholz dglr hh text 2011 03 03 Swept Wing pdf German development of the Swept Wing 1935 1945 H U Meier Scientists amp Friends NASA tested the Oblique Wing Research Aircraft in the late 1970s Its unpleasant flying characteristics at extreme wing sweep angles discouraged researchers Michael Williams blog Archived 2006 10 09 at the Wayback Machine G Warwick Flight International No 5029 Vol 169 p 20 Oblique Flying Wing Archived 2006 04 21 at the Wayback Machine Oblique Flying Wing Supersonic Aerodynamics Archived 2006 05 14 at the Wayback Machine New Angles Wind tunnel results point way forward for tailless oblique flying wing study Aviation Week amp Space Technology October 8 2007 pp 34 35Further reading EditThinking Obliquely Larrimer Bruce I NASA 2013 External links EditOblique Flying Wings An Introduction and White Paper Desktop Aeronautics Inc 2005 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Oblique wing amp oldid 1135979346, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
