Cytochrome P450 reductase

Cytochrome P450 reductase (also known as NADPH:ferrihemoprotein oxidoreductase, NADPH:hemoprotein oxidoreductase, NADPH:P450 oxidoreductase, P450 reductase, POR, CPR, CYPOR) is a membrane-bound enzyme required for electron transfer from NADPH to cytochrome P450^[5] and other heme proteins including heme oxygenase in the endoplasmic reticulum^[6] of the eukaryotic cell.

POR
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1B1C, 3FJO, 3QE2, 3QFC, 3QFR, 3QFS, 3QFT
Identifiers
Aliases	POR, CPR, CYP450R, cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase, P450 oxidoreductase
External IDs	OMIM: 124015 MGI: 97744 HomoloGene: 725 GeneCards: POR
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 7 (human)^[1] Band 7q11.23 Start 75,899,200 bp^[1] End 75,986,855 bp^[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 5 (mouse)^[2] Band 5 G2|5 75.34 cM Start 135,698,887 bp^[2] End 135,764,180 bp^[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right lobe of liver right adrenal gland right lobe of thyroid gland left lobe of thyroid gland anterior pituitary right uterine tube upper lobe of left lung right lung left uterine tube islet of Langerhans Top expressed in olfactory epithelium lacrimal gland right lung right lung lobe superior surface of tongue esophagus brown adipose tissue kidney gallbladder left lobe of liver More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function FMN binding NADPH-hemoprotein reductase activity flavin adenine dinucleotide binding cytochrome-b5 reductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H protein binding NADP binding electron transfer activity enzyme binding oxidoreductase activity iron-cytochrome-c reductase activity hydrolase activity nitric oxide dioxygenase activity Cellular component integral component of membrane membrane intracellular membrane-bounded organelle mitochondrion endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum membrane cytoplasm cytosol Biological process regulation of growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation nitrate catabolic process negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway response to nutrient demethylation nitric oxide catabolic process negative regulation of apoptotic process positive regulation of monooxygenase activity negative regulation of lipase activity internal peptidyl-lysine acetylation regulation of cholesterol metabolic process cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus fatty acid oxidation positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation cellular organofluorine metabolic process flavonoid metabolic process positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process positive regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process cellular response to gonadotropin stimulus carnitine metabolic process xenobiotic metabolic process electron transport chain response to hormone Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 5447 18984 Ensembl ENSG00000127948 ENSMUSG00000005514 UniProt P16435 P37040 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000941 NM_001367562 NM_008898 RefSeq (protein) NP_000932 NP_001354491 NP_001369584 NP_001369586 NP_001369587 NP_001369588 NP_001369591 NP_032924 Location (UCSC) Chr 7: 75.9 – 75.99 Mb Chr 5: 135.7 – 135.76 Mb PubMed search ^[3] ^[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Gene

Human POR gene has 16 exons and the exons 2-16 code for a 677-amino acid ^[7] POR protein (NCBI NP_000932.2). There is a single copy of 50 kb POR gene (NCBI NM_000941.2) in humans on chromosome 7 (7q11.23).

Paralogs of POR include nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.13.39), NADPH:sulfite reductase (EC 1.8.1.2), and methionine synthase reductase (EC 1.16.1.8).^{[citation needed]}

Protein structure

The 3D crystal structure of human POR has been determined.^[8] The molecule is composed of four structural domains: the FMN-binding domain, the connecting domain, the FAD-binding domain, and NADPH-binding domain. The FMN-binding domain is similar to the structure of FMN-containing protein flavodoxin, whereas the FAD-binding domain and NADPH-binding domains are similar to those of flavoprotein ferredoxin-NADP⁺ reductase (FNR). The connecting domain is situated between the flavodoxin-like and FNR-like domains. Conformation flexibility of POR is a key requirement for interaction with different redox partners like Cytochrome P450 proteins, and biasing the conformation of POR with small molecule ligands may be a way to control interaction with partner proteins and influence metabolism.^[9]

Function

In Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis, POR is a C-terminal domain of CYP102, a single-polypeptide self-sufficient soluble P450 system (P450 is an N-terminal domain). The general scheme of electron flow in the POR/P450 system is:

NADPH → FAD → FMN → P450 → O₂

The definitive evidence for the requirement of POR in cytochrome-P450-mediated reactions came from the work of Lu, Junk and Coon,^[10] who dissected the P450-containing mixed function oxidase system into three constituent components: POR, cytochrome P450, and lipids.

Since all microsomal P450 enzymes require POR for catalysis, it is expected that disruption of POR would have devastating consequences. POR knockout mice are embryonic lethal,^[11] probably due to lack of electron transport to extrahepatic P450 enzymes since liver-specific knockout of POR yields phenotypically and reproductively normal mice that accumulate hepatic lipids and have remarkably diminished capacity of hepatic drug metabolism.^[12]

The reduction of cytochrome P450 is not the only physiological function of POR. The final step of heme oxidation by mammalian heme oxygenase requires POR and O₂. In yeast, POR affects the ferrireductase activity, probably transferring electrons to the flavocytochrome ferric reductase.^[13]

Clinical significance

More than 200 variations in POR gene have been identified.^[14][15]

Five missense mutations (A287P, R457H, V492E, C569Y, and V608F) and a splicing mutation in the POR genes have been found in patients who had hormonal evidence for combined deficiencies of two steroidogenic cytochrome P450 enzymes - P450c17 CYP17A1, which catalyzes steroid 17α-hydroxylation and 17,20 lyase reaction, and P450c21 21-hydroxylase, which catalyzes steroid 21-hydroxylation.^[16] Another POR missense mutation Y181D has also been identified.^[17] Fifteen of nineteen patients having abnormal genitalia and disordered steroidogenesis were homozygous or apparent compound heterozygous for POR mutations that destroyed or dramatically inhibited POR activity.^[18]

POR Deficiency – Mixed Oxidase Disease

See also: Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency

POR deficiency is the newest form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia first described in 2004.^[16] The index patient was a newborn 46,XX Japanese girl with craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, mid-face hypoplasia, radiohumeral synostosis, arachnodactyly and disordered steroidogenesis. However, the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with POR deficiency are long known in the literature as so-called mixed oxidase disease, as POR deficiency typically shows a steroid profile that suggests combined deficiencies of steroid 21-hydroxylase and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase activities. The clinical spectrum of POR deficiency ranges from severely affected children with ambiguous genitalia, adrenal insufficiency, and the Antley-Bixler skeletal malformation syndrome (ABS) to mildly affected individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome-like features. Some of the POR patients were born to mothers who became virilized during pregnancy, suggesting deficient placental aromatization of fetal androgens due to a lesion in microsomal aromatase resulting in low estrogen production, which was later confirmed by lower aromatase activities caused by POR mutations.^[19][20] However, it has also been suggested that fetal and maternal virilization in POR deficiency might be caused by increased dihydrotestosterone synthesis by the fetal gonad through an alternative "backdoor pathway" first described in the marsupials and later confirmed in humans.^[21] Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of urinary steroids from pregnant women carrying a POR-deficient fetus described in an earlier report also supports the existence of this pathway,^[22][23] and the relevance of the backdoor pathway along with POR dependent steroidogenesis have become clearer from recent studies.^[21] The role of POR mutations beyond CAH are being investigated; and questions such as how POR mutations cause bony abnormalities and what role POR variants play in drug metabolism by hepatic P450s are being addressed in recent publications.^{[24][25][26][27][28]} However, reports of ABS in some offspring of mothers who were treated with fluconazole, an antifungal agent which interferes with cholesterol biosynthesis at the level of CYP51 activity - indicate that disordered drug metabolism may result from deficient POR activity.^[29]

Williams syndrome

Williams syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by the deletion of genetic material approximately 1.2 Mb from the POR gene (POR). Cells with this genetic deletion show reduced transcription of POR, it seems, due to the loss of a cis-regulatory element that alters expression of this gene.^[30] Some persons with Williams syndrome show characteristics of POR deficiency, including radioulnar synostosis and other skeletal abnormalities.^[31] Cases of mild impairment of cortisol and androgen synthesis have been noted,^[32] however, despite the fact that deficient POR impairs androgen synthesis, patients with Williams syndrome often show increased androgen levels.^[33] A similar increase in testosterone has been observed in a mouse model that has globally decreased POR expression.^[34]

See also

• Androgen backdoor pathway
• P450-containing systems

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000127948 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000005514 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Pandey AV, Flück CE (May 2013). "NADPH P450 oxidoreductase: structure, function, and pathology of diseases". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 138 (2): 229–54. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.010. PMID 23353702.
6. Jensen K, Møller BL (February 2010). "Plant NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases". Phytochemistry. 71 (2–3): 132–41. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.017. PMID 19931102. CPR was shown to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum in the early 1960s (Williams and Kamin, 1962).
7. Haniu M, McManus ME, Birkett DJ, Lee TD, Shively JE (October 1989). "Structural and functional analysis of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase from human liver: complete sequence of human enzyme and NADPH-binding sites". Biochemistry. 28 (21): 8639–45. doi:10.1021/bi00447a054. PMID 2513880.
8. PDB: 3QE2​); Xia C, Panda SP, Marohnic CC, Martásek P, Masters BS, Kim JJ (August 2011). "Structural basis for human NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13486–91. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813486X. doi:10.1073/pnas.1106632108. PMC 3158178. PMID 21808038.
9. Jensen SB, Thodberg S, Parween S, Moses ME, Hansen CC, Thomsen J, et al. (2021-04-15). "Biased cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism via small-molecule ligands binding P450 oxidoreductase". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 2260. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22562-w. PMC 8050233. PMID 33859207.
10. Lu AY, Junk KW, Coon MJ (July 1969). "Resolution of the cytochrome P-450-containing omega-hydroxylation system of liver microsomes into three components". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 244 (13): 3714–21. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83427-5. PMID 4389465.
11. Shen AL, O'Leary KA, Kasper CB (February 2002). "Association of multiple developmental defects and embryonic lethality with loss of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (8): 6536–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111408200. PMID 11742006.
12. Gu J, Weng Y, Zhang QY, Cui H, Behr M, Wu L, Yang W, Zhang L, Ding X (July 2003). "Liver-specific deletion of the NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase gene: impact on plasma cholesterol homeostasis and the function and regulation of microsomal cytochrome P450 and heme oxygenase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (28): 25895–901. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303125200. PMID 12697746.
13. Lesuisse E, Casteras-Simon M, Labbe P (November 1997). "Cytochrome P-450 reductase is responsible for the ferrireductase activity associated with isolated plasma membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 156 (1): 147–52. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(97)00418-7. PMID 9368374.
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16. Flück CE, Tajima T, Pandey AV, Arlt W, Okuhara K, Verge CF, Jabs EW, Mendonça BB, Fujieda K, Miller WL (March 2004). "Mutant P450 oxidoreductase causes disordered steroidogenesis with and without Antley-Bixler syndrome". Nature Genetics. 36 (3): 228–30. doi:10.1038/ng1300. PMID 14758361.
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19. Parween S, Fernández-Cancio M, Benito-Sanz S, Camats N, Rojas Velazquez MN, López-Siguero JP, et al. (April 2020). "Molecular Basis of CYP19A1 Deficiency in a 46,XX Patient With R550W Mutation in POR: Expanding the PORD Phenotype". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 105 (4): e1272–e1290. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa076. PMID 32060549.
20. Pandey AV, Kempná P, Hofer G, Mullis PE, Flück CE (October 2007). "Modulation of human CYP19A1 activity by mutant NADPH P450 oxidoreductase". Molecular Endocrinology. 21 (10): 2579–95. doi:10.1210/me.2007-0245. PMID 17595315.
21. Flück CE, Meyer-Böni M, Pandey AV, Kempná P, Miller WL, Schoenle EJ, Biason-Lauber A (August 2011). "Why boys will be boys: two pathways of fetal testicular androgen biosynthesis are needed for male sexual differentiation". American Journal of Human Genetics. 89 (2): 201–18. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.009. PMC 3155178. PMID 21802064.
22. Reisch N, Taylor AE, Nogueira EF, Asby DJ, Dhir V, Berry A, Krone N, Auchus RJ, Shackleton CH, Hanley NA, Arlt W (October 2019). "Alternative pathway androgen biosynthesis and human fetal female virilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (44): 22294–22299. doi:10.1073/pnas.1906623116. PMC 6825302. PMID 31611378.
23. Shackleton C, Marcos J, Arlt W, Hauffa BP (August 2004). "Prenatal diagnosis of P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (ORD): a disorder causing low pregnancy estriol, maternal and fetal virilization, and the Antley-Bixler syndrome phenotype". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 129A (2): 105–12. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30171. PMID 15316970. S2CID 22583190.
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25. Tomalik-Scharte D, Maiter D, Kirchheiner J, Ivison HE, Fuhr U, Arlt W (December 2010). "Impaired hepatic drug and steroid metabolism in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to P450 oxidoreductase deficiency". European Journal of Endocrinology. 163 (6): 919–24. doi:10.1530/EJE-10-0764. PMC 2977993. PMID 20844025.
26. Nicolo C, Flück CE, Mullis PE, Pandey AV (June 2010). "Restoration of mutant cytochrome P450 reductase activity by external flavin". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 321 (2): 245–52. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.024. PMID 20188793. S2CID 29109570.
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29. Flück CE, Pandey AV (March 2016). "Impact on CYP19A1 activity by mutations in NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 165 (Pt A): 64–70. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.031. PMID 27032764. S2CID 23498012.
30. Merla G, Howald C, Henrichsen CN, Lyle R, Wyss C, Zabot MT, Antonarakis SE, Reymond A (August 2006). "Submicroscopic deletion in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome influences expression levels of the nonhemizygous flanking genes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 79 (2): 332–41. doi:10.1086/506371. PMC 1559497. PMID 16826523.
31. Charvat KA, Hornstein L, Oestreich AE (1991). "Radio-ulnar synostosis in Williams syndrome. A frequently associated anomaly". Pediatric Radiology. 21 (7): 508–10. doi:10.1007/bf02011725. PMID 1771116. S2CID 33765973.
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External links

• Cytochrome+P450+Reductase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Deficiency