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Cup and ring mark

October 17, 2023

"Cup mark" redirects here. For a carved depression alone, see Rock cupule.

Cup and ring marks or cup marks are a form of prehistoric art found in the Atlantic seaboard of Europe (Ireland, Wales, Northern England, Scotland, France (Brittany), Portugal, and Spain (Galicia) – and in Mediterranean Europe – Italy (in Alpine valleys and Sardinia), Azerbaijan and Greece (Thessaly[citation needed] and Irakleia (Cyclades)[1]), as well as in Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland)[citation needed] and in Switzerland (at Caschenna in Grisons).

Typical cup and ring marks at Weetwood Moor, in the English county of Northumberland (Google Maps)

Similar forms are also found throughout the world including Australia,[2] Gabon, Greece, Hawaii,[3] India (Daraki-Chattan), Israel, Mexico, Mozambique[4] and the Americas.[5][6] The oldest known forms are found from the Fertile Crescent to India.

They consist of a concave depression, no more than a few centimetres across, pecked into a rock surface and often surrounded by concentric circles also etched into the stone. Sometimes a linear channel called a gutter leads out from the middle. The decoration occurs as a petroglyph on natural boulders and outcrops and also as an element of megalithic art on purposely worked megaliths such as the slab cists of the Food Vessel culture, some stone circles and passage graves such as the clava tombs and on the capstones at Newgrange.

Canaan Edit

The site of Atlit Yam, abandoned circa 6300 BCE and now under Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast south of Haifa, features cup marks engraved into megalithic stones, some of which are set upright to form a semi-circle which has been referred to as resembling the UK's Stonehenge but smaller,[7][8][9] with ceremonially buried bodies at the site, and potential alignments to the solstice, and/or to other stars, still being hypothesized as the site was only discovered in 2009 and undersea sites are difficult and expensive to explore. Further inland, dating to at least 3000 BCE (exposed) and estimated up to 4000 BCE (unexcavated layer, under the layer which is exposed), is Rujm el-Hiri, a cairn (tumulus) type of megalith, consisting of concentric circles (as cup marks also are concentric circles, but much smaller than Rogem Hiri) estimated to contain 40,000,000 kg of stones moved by humans, with an opening in the outer circle which aligns to the summer solstice (just as sites throughout Eurasia also align to solstices) and which has a burial chamber in the center, with thousands of dolmens nearby, a "dolmen" being a 3rd and younger type of megalith found elsewhere in Eurasia, the oldest of which, thus far, are found in the UK, but date only to the 3rd millennium BCE in Israel.[10][11]

The cup marks are still present in other proto-Canaanite sites as recently as the Chalcolithic Age, for example at several sites in and around modern-day Modiin dated to the fourth millennium BCE[12] and the third millennium BCE,[13] and in the City of David, Old Jerusalem. Tel Gezer has more up-ended megaliths dating to only 1550 BCE which are aligned to Earth's north and south physical poles, but Tel Gezer's cupmarks have only recently been surveyed (2012) and do not appear to have been dated (as to whether they were made before, concurrent to or after the 1550 BCE megaliths) yet;[14] however, excavations at Gezer are ongoing as of 2014.[15]

Italy Edit

 
Novalesa cup-and-rings stone Italy

Numerous cup-marked stones have been found in the alpine valleys, comprising Val Camonica (Italy), associated with rock drawings. Regarding western alps (Piedmont), the best known are distributed along the Chisone,[16] Susa[17] and Viù valleys; also the La Bessa[18] site is to be cited. Strictly referring to cup-and-rings, it is possible to cite in the western Alps only the Novalesa stone,[19][20] in the Cenischia Valley, near the Italian-French border. Found in 1988, it shows 4 concentric circles, with a central cup-mark; all around a network of 20 cup-marks and channels.

 
Sardinia mamoiada perda pinta

Sardinia is rich in cup-and-rings stones. The best known is the Perda Pintà (the 'painted stone', which is carved, not painted) or Stele di Boeli,[21] at Mamoiada: an impressive stele or menhir 2.67 metres (8 ft 9 in) high with various concentric circles patterns crossed by engraved channels and central cup-marks.[22]

Spain Edit

Similar patterns are known in Galicia,[23] which has given them the name of 'Galician style'. These types, the cup-and-ring, cup-and-ring with gutter and the gapped concentric circles motifs are shared between this part of Iberia and the British Isles, manifesting, together with other cultural expressions like megaliths or Bronze Age culture, a cultural link along the coasts of Atlantic Europe.[24]

United Kingdom Edit

 
A replica of an unusual cup-and-ring-marked stone from Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume, Dalgarven, North Ayrshire, Scotland.

Precisely dating megalithic art is difficult: even if the megalithic monument can be dated, the art may be a later addition. The Hunterheugh Crags cup and ring marks near Alnwick in Northumberland have recently been demonstrated to date back into the Early Neolithic era through their stratigraphic relationship with other, datable features. Some cup marks have been found in Iron Age contexts but these may represent re-used stones.

Where they are etched onto natural, flat stone it has been observed that they seem to incorporate the natural surface of the rock. Those at Hunterheugh are mostly connected to one another by gutters that can channel rainwater from one to the next, down the sloping top of the stone. It has been suggested by archaeologist Clive Waddington that the initial Early Neolithic impetus to create the marks was forgotten and that the practice fell into abeyance until a second phase of creation continued the basic tradition but with less precision and more variability in design. The markers of this second phase moved the art from natural stones to megaliths as its symbolism was reinterpreted by Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people.

Their purpose is unknown although some may be connected with natural stone outcrops exploited by Neolithic peoples to make polished stone axes. A religious purpose has been suggested. Alexander Thom suggested in a BBC television documentary, Cracking the Stone Age Code, in 1970, "I have an idea, entirely nebulous at the moment, that the cup and ring markings were a method of recording, of writing, and that they may indicate, once we can read them, what a particular stone was for. We have seen the cup and ring markings on the stone at Temple Wood, and that's on the main stone but we can't interpret them ...yet."[25] He created diagrams and carried out analysis of over 50 of the cup and ring markings from which he determined a length he termed the Megalithic Inch (MI).[26]

This whole idea has been ignored almost completely apart from a critical analysis carried out by Alan Davis in the 1980s, who tested Thom's hypothesis on cup and ring sites in England by examining the separations of neighbouring cupmark centres. He found some weak evidence for the "Megalithic Inch" but it was not statistically significant, and he suggested "strongest indications...towards the use of a quantum close in value to 5 MI at certain sites" and that "the apparent quantum seems strongly associated with ringed cups."[27] Davis made an initial effort to build on Thom's start, and to answer the question he posed: "Why should a man spend hours – or rather days – cutting cups in a random fashion on a rock? It would indeed be a breakthrough if someone could crack the code of the cups."[27]

Subsequently, Davis investigated the idea that the prehistoric carvers used an elementary method of diameter-construction in laying out the carvings. This investigation (incorporating both Scottish and English sites) suggested a possible explanation for many of the characteristic shapes of carved rings, and also produced evidence in the ring diameters for the use of a unit of measurement close to Thom's MI (and 5 MI) that was of high statistical significance. The evidence is consistent with the use of rough measures such as hand- and finger-widths (rather than the formal, accurate system proposed by Thom), but the important conclusion is that a similar design ritual, apparently involving a consistent measurement system of some kind, was in use over a wide geographical area.[28]

Sites Edit

Sites with cup and ring marks include:

Ireland Edit

Work at Drumirril in County Monaghan has uncovered Neolithic and early Bronze Age occupation evidence around the rock carvings there and this dating is generally accepted for most of the art. Another particularly rich source of cup-marked boulders is the Derrynablaha townland on the Iveragh peninsula in County Kerry.

Switzerland (Grisons) Edit

 
Switzerland Carschenna concentric circles and cupmarks

An open air rock art site in the Swiss Alps is situated at Carschenna, Rethic Alps (in Grisons, Switzerland), where Latin derived languages mingle with German. The first engraved rocks were discovered in 1965,[29] during the building of an iron electricity framework. Carschenna engravings[30] are mainly characterized by cup-marks with from 1 to 9 concentric circles. Spirals, sun-like figures, riding scenes, and schematic horses are also present.

Gallery Edit

  •  

    Galicia, where hundreds of stations are known.

  •  

    Deer and cup-and-ring motifs, Tourón, Ponte Caldelas, Galicia.

  •  

    Cup-and-ring mark at Monte Tetón, Tomiño, the largest one in Galicia

  •  

    Cup and ring petroglyph in lava rock, island of Hawaii, US

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ "Irakleia spiral shaped Petroglyph 4 - Rock Art in Greece in Greek Islands". 2014-07-08. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  2. ^ "East McDonnel Ranges". debandrandall.blogspot.co.uk. July 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  3. ^ Alpert, Barbara Olins (1962). "Cupoles, Circles and Mandalas". Anthropologie. 33 (3): 171–178. JSTOR 26295871.
  4. ^ Francis Scott Elliot, George (1915). Prehistoric Man and his story. Seeley, Service. p. 398.
  5. ^ Callahan, Kevin L. (2004). "Pica, Geophagy and Rock Art in the Eastern United States" in The Rock-Art of Eastern North America: Capturing Images and Insight. University of Alabama Press. pp. 65–74. ISBN 9780817350963. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  6. ^ Ferg, Alan (1979). "The Petroglyphs of Tumamoc Hill". Kiva - the Tumamoc Hill Survey: An Intensive Study of a Cerro de Trincheras in Tucson, Arizona. 45 (1/2): 95–118. JSTOR 30247666.
  7. ^ Marchant, Jo (25 November 2009). "Deep Secrets: Atlit-Yam, Israel". New Scientist. Reed Business Information Ltd. (2736): 40, 41. ISSN 0262-4079.
  8. ^ "Israel's Atlantis". The Jerusalem Post. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  9. ^ "The Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site of Atlit-Yam". Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  10. ^ "Shamir". Hadashot Arkheologiyot, Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  11. ^ "Dolmens - prehistoric megalith tombs". www.biblewalks.com. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  12. ^ van den Brink, Edwin (2 Dec 2007). "Modi'in, Horbat Hadat and Be'erit (A)". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 119.
  13. ^ "עיריית מודיעין מכבים רעות, גבעת התיתורה". www.modiin.muni.il. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  14. ^ Mitchell, Eric; Jason M. Zan; Cameron S. Coyle; Adam R. Dodd (31 Dec 2012). "Tel Gezer, Regional Survey". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 124.
  15. ^ "Home - Tel Gezer Project". www.telgezer.com. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  16. ^ "Western Alps rock art records". www.rupestre.net. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  17. ^ "Archivio Online - arte rupestre ed etnografia delle Alpi piemontesi (a cura del Gruppo Ricerche Cultura Montana)". www.rupestre.net. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  18. ^ "Rock art and cup marks of Bessa". bessa.it. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  19. ^ "Archivio Online - arte rupestre ed etnografia delle Alpi piemontesi (a cura del Gruppo Ricerche Cultura Montana)". www.rupestre.net. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  20. ^ A rock record in the western Alps, TRACCE Online Rock Art Bulletin 12, 2000
  21. ^ it:Stele di Boeli
  22. ^ "The strange case of snow-circles and cup-and-rings". rupestre.net. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  23. ^ "R. Bradley et al., Rock art and the prehistoric Landscape of Galicia..." (PDF). csic.es. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  24. ^ "M. Stewart, Strath Tay in the Second Millennium BC. A Field Survey" (PDF). ahds.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  25. ^ The Spectator, p. 608. 1970. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  26. ^ Systematics: The Journal of the Institute for the comparative study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences, Vol. 6, Number 3, Coombe Spring Press., December 1968
  27. ^ a b Alan Davis in Clive Ruggles (13 February 2003). Records in Stone: Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom. Cambridge University Press. pp. 392–422. ISBN 978-0-521-53130-6. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  28. ^ MacKie, E. W.; Davis, A. (1989). "New light on neolithic rock carvings: the petroglyphs at Greenland (Auchentorlie), Dunbartonshire". Glasgow Archaeological Journal. 15 (15): 125–155. doi:10.3366/gas.1988.15.15.125.
  29. ^ ZINDEL C., 1970. Incisioni rupestri a Carschenna, in Valcamonica Symposium, 1968, pp. 135-142, Capo di Ponte.
  30. ^ "Rock Art in the Alps – The engraved rocks of Carschenna". www.rupestre.net. Retrieved 23 March 2018.

Further reading Edit

  • Beckensall, Stan and Laurie, Tim. 1998. Prehistoric Rock Art of County Durham, Swaledale and Wensleydale. County Durham Books. ISBN 1-897585-45-4
  • Beckensall, Stan. 2001. Prehistoric Rock Art in Northumberland. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-1945-5
  • Beckensall, Stan. 2002. Prehistoric Rock Art in Cumbria. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2526-9
  • Butter, Rachel. 1999. Kilmartin. Kilmartin House Trust. ISBN 0-9533674-0-1
  • Hadingham, Evan. 1974. Ancient Carvings in Britain; A Mystery. Garnstone Press. ISBN 0-85511-391-X
  • Morris, Ronald W.B. 1977. The Prehistoric Rock Art of Argyll. Dolphin Press. ISBN 0-85642-043-3
  • Papanikolaou Stelios. 600 Written Rocks. Channels of primeval knowledge Larissa <<ella>> Second Revised Edition 2005 spapinvest@yahoo.gr ISBN 960-8439-21-3
  • Schwegler Urs, Die Felszeichnungen von Carschenna, Gemeinde Sils im Domleschg, Helvetia Archaeologica, Bd. 28, Heft 111/112, 1997, ISSN 0018-0173, S. 76–126.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cup marks.
  • Era – England's Rock Art (Currently only covers Northumberland and County Durham)
  • El Laberinto Atlántico - Galician Rock Art
  • BBC Archive - Chronicle | Cracking the Stone Age Code
  • The strange case of snow-circles and cup-and-rings

October 17, 2023
ring, mark, mark, redirects, here, carved, depression, alone, rock, cupule, marks, form, prehistoric, found, atlantic, seaboard, europe, ireland, wales, northern, england, scotland, france, brittany, portugal, spain, galicia, mediterranean, europe, italy, alpi. Cup mark redirects here For a carved depression alone see Rock cupule Cup and ring marks or cup marks are a form of prehistoric art found in the Atlantic seaboard of Europe Ireland Wales Northern England Scotland France Brittany Portugal and Spain Galicia and in Mediterranean Europe Italy in Alpine valleys and Sardinia Azerbaijan and Greece Thessaly citation needed and Irakleia Cyclades 1 as well as in Scandinavia Denmark Sweden Norway and Finland citation needed and in Switzerland at Caschenna in Grisons Typical cup and ring marks at Weetwood Moor in the English county of Northumberland Google Maps Similar forms are also found throughout the world including Australia 2 Gabon Greece Hawaii 3 India Daraki Chattan Israel Mexico Mozambique 4 and the Americas 5 6 The oldest known forms are found from the Fertile Crescent to India They consist of a concave depression no more than a few centimetres across pecked into a rock surface and often surrounded by concentric circles also etched into the stone Sometimes a linear channel called a gutter leads out from the middle The decoration occurs as a petroglyph on natural boulders and outcrops and also as an element of megalithic art on purposely worked megaliths such as the slab cists of the Food Vessel culture some stone circles and passage graves such as the clava tombs and on the capstones at Newgrange Contents 1 Canaan 2 Italy 3 Spain 4 United Kingdom 4 1 Sites 5 Ireland 6 Switzerland Grisons 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksCanaan EditThe site of Atlit Yam abandoned circa 6300 BCE and now under Israel s Mediterranean Sea coast south of Haifa features cup marks engraved into megalithic stones some of which are set upright to form a semi circle which has been referred to as resembling the UK s Stonehenge but smaller 7 8 9 with ceremonially buried bodies at the site and potential alignments to the solstice and or to other stars still being hypothesized as the site was only discovered in 2009 and undersea sites are difficult and expensive to explore Further inland dating to at least 3000 BCE exposed and estimated up to 4000 BCE unexcavated layer under the layer which is exposed is Rujm el Hiri a cairn tumulus type of megalith consisting of concentric circles as cup marks also are concentric circles but much smaller than Rogem Hiri estimated to contain 40 000 000 kg of stones moved by humans with an opening in the outer circle which aligns to the summer solstice just as sites throughout Eurasia also align to solstices and which has a burial chamber in the center with thousands of dolmens nearby a dolmen being a 3rd and younger type of megalith found elsewhere in Eurasia the oldest of which thus far are found in the UK but date only to the 3rd millennium BCE in Israel 10 11 The cup marks are still present in other proto Canaanite sites as recently as the Chalcolithic Age for example at several sites in and around modern day Modiin dated to the fourth millennium BCE 12 and the third millennium BCE 13 and in the City of David Old Jerusalem Tel Gezer has more up ended megaliths dating to only 1550 BCE which are aligned to Earth s north and south physical poles but Tel Gezer s cupmarks have only recently been surveyed 2012 and do not appear to have been dated as to whether they were made before concurrent to or after the 1550 BCE megaliths yet 14 however excavations at Gezer are ongoing as of 2014 15 Italy Edit nbsp Novalesa cup and rings stone ItalyNumerous cup marked stones have been found in the alpine valleys comprising Val Camonica Italy associated with rock drawings Regarding western alps Piedmont the best known are distributed along the Chisone 16 Susa 17 and Viu valleys also the La Bessa 18 site is to be cited Strictly referring to cup and rings it is possible to cite in the western Alps only the Novalesa stone 19 20 in the Cenischia Valley near the Italian French border Found in 1988 it shows 4 concentric circles with a central cup mark all around a network of 20 cup marks and channels nbsp Sardinia mamoiada perda pintaSardinia is rich in cup and rings stones The best known is the Perda Pinta the painted stone which is carved not painted or Stele di Boeli 21 at Mamoiada an impressive stele or menhir 2 67 metres 8 ft 9 in high with various concentric circles patterns crossed by engraved channels and central cup marks 22 Spain EditSimilar patterns are known in Galicia 23 which has given them the name of Galician style These types the cup and ring cup and ring with gutter and the gapped concentric circles motifs are shared between this part of Iberia and the British Isles manifesting together with other cultural expressions like megaliths or Bronze Age culture a cultural link along the coasts of Atlantic Europe 24 United Kingdom Edit nbsp A replica of an unusual cup and ring marked stone from Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume Dalgarven North Ayrshire Scotland Precisely dating megalithic art is difficult even if the megalithic monument can be dated the art may be a later addition The Hunterheugh Crags cup and ring marks near Alnwick in Northumberland have recently been demonstrated to date back into the Early Neolithic era through their stratigraphic relationship with other datable features Some cup marks have been found in Iron Age contexts but these may represent re used stones Where they are etched onto natural flat stone it has been observed that they seem to incorporate the natural surface of the rock Those at Hunterheugh are mostly connected to one another by gutters that can channel rainwater from one to the next down the sloping top of the stone It has been suggested by archaeologist Clive Waddington that the initial Early Neolithic impetus to create the marks was forgotten and that the practice fell into abeyance until a second phase of creation continued the basic tradition but with less precision and more variability in design The markers of this second phase moved the art from natural stones to megaliths as its symbolism was reinterpreted by Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people Their purpose is unknown although some may be connected with natural stone outcrops exploited by Neolithic peoples to make polished stone axes A religious purpose has been suggested Alexander Thom suggested in a BBC television documentary Cracking the Stone Age Code in 1970 I have an idea entirely nebulous at the moment that the cup and ring markings were a method of recording of writing and that they may indicate once we can read them what a particular stone was for We have seen the cup and ring markings on the stone at Temple Wood and that s on the main stone but we can t interpret them yet 25 He created diagrams and carried out analysis of over 50 of the cup and ring markings from which he determined a length he termed the Megalithic Inch MI 26 This whole idea has been ignored almost completely apart from a critical analysis carried out by Alan Davis in the 1980s who tested Thom s hypothesis on cup and ring sites in England by examining the separations of neighbouring cupmark centres He found some weak evidence for the Megalithic Inch but it was not statistically significant and he suggested strongest indications towards the use of a quantum close in value to 5 MI at certain sites and that the apparent quantum seems strongly associated with ringed cups 27 Davis made an initial effort to build on Thom s start and to answer the question he posed Why should a man spend hours or rather days cutting cups in a random fashion on a rock It would indeed be a breakthrough if someone could crack the code of the cups 27 Subsequently Davis investigated the idea that the prehistoric carvers used an elementary method of diameter construction in laying out the carvings This investigation incorporating both Scottish and English sites suggested a possible explanation for many of the characteristic shapes of carved rings and also produced evidence in the ring diameters for the use of a unit of measurement close to Thom s MI and 5 MI that was of high statistical significance The evidence is consistent with the use of rough measures such as hand and finger widths rather than the formal accurate system proposed by Thom but the important conclusion is that a similar design ritual apparently involving a consistent measurement system of some kind was in use over a wide geographical area 28 Sites Edit Sites with cup and ring marks include Ecclesall Wood Sheffield South Yorkshire Baildon Moor Bradford West Yorkshire Chatton Sandyford cairn and Fowberry petroglyphs in Northumberland Rombalds Moor including Ilkley Moor Gardom s Edge in Derbyshire Bachwen portal dolmen in Gwynedd Anderton Lancashire Dalladies long barrow Kincardineshire Street House cairn in Cleveland Dalgarven Mill North Ayrshire Ballochmyle cup and ring marks Mauchline East Ayrshire Brodick Isle of Arran Blackshaw Hill North Ayrshire Kilmartin Argyll Tomnaverie stone circle Aberdeenshire Balblair Beauly nr Inverness Tongue Croft near Borgue Dumfries and Galloway Kilpatrick Hills Strathclyde Kilpatrick Hills Clava Cairns Culloden Craigmaddie Muir by the Alud Wives Lifts near Milngavie Reyfad Stones Reyfad Boho County Fermanagh Eston Hills Cleveland Weetwood Moor Northumberland Lordenshaws Northumberland Long Meg and Her Daughters Cumbria Great Langdale Cumbria Grasmere Cumbria Dun Borve Isle of Harris Western Isles Juniper Green Edinburgh Scotland Simonside Rothbury NorthumberlandIreland EditWork at Drumirril in County Monaghan has uncovered Neolithic and early Bronze Age occupation evidence around the rock carvings there and this dating is generally accepted for most of the art Another particularly rich source of cup marked boulders is the Derrynablaha townland on the Iveragh peninsula in County Kerry Switzerland Grisons Edit nbsp Switzerland Carschenna concentric circles and cupmarksAn open air rock art site in the Swiss Alps is situated at Carschenna Rethic Alps in Grisons Switzerland where Latin derived languages mingle with German The first engraved rocks were discovered in 1965 29 during the building of an iron electricity framework Carschenna engravings 30 are mainly characterized by cup marks with from 1 to 9 concentric circles Spirals sun like figures riding scenes and schematic horses are also present Gallery Edit nbsp Galicia where hundreds of stations are known nbsp Deer and cup and ring motifs Touron Ponte Caldelas Galicia nbsp Cup and ring mark at Monte Teton Tomino the largest one in Galicia nbsp Cup and ring petroglyph in lava rock island of Hawaii USSee also EditBullaun Cupstones Goldbusch Great dolmen of Dwasieden Dalgarven Mill European Megalithic Culture Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Prehistoric art Rock Drawings in ValcamonicaReferences Edit Irakleia spiral shaped Petroglyph 4 Rock Art in Greece in Greek Islands 2014 07 08 Retrieved 2022 11 04 East McDonnel Ranges debandrandall blogspot co uk July 2010 Retrieved 23 March 2018 Alpert Barbara Olins 1962 Cupoles Circles and Mandalas Anthropologie 33 3 171 178 JSTOR 26295871 Francis Scott Elliot George 1915 Prehistoric Man and his story Seeley Service p 398 Callahan Kevin L 2004 Pica Geophagy and Rock Art in the Eastern United States in The Rock Art of Eastern North America Capturing Images and Insight University of Alabama Press pp 65 74 ISBN 9780817350963 Retrieved 20 February 2020 Ferg Alan 1979 The Petroglyphs of Tumamoc Hill Kiva the Tumamoc Hill Survey An Intensive Study of a Cerro de Trincheras in Tucson Arizona 45 1 2 95 118 JSTOR 30247666 Marchant Jo 25 November 2009 Deep Secrets Atlit Yam Israel New Scientist Reed Business Information Ltd 2736 40 41 ISSN 0262 4079 Israel s Atlantis The Jerusalem Post 21 May 2009 Retrieved 4 November 2022 The Pre Pottery Neolithic Site of Atlit Yam Israel Antiquities Authority Retrieved 2022 11 04 Shamir Hadashot Arkheologiyot Excavations and Surveys in Israel Retrieved 2022 07 09 Dolmens prehistoric megalith tombs www biblewalks com Retrieved 23 March 2018 van den Brink Edwin 2 Dec 2007 Modi in Horbat Hadat and Be erit A Hadashot Arkheologiyot 119 עיריית מודיעין מכבים רעות גבעת התיתורה www modiin muni il Retrieved 23 March 2018 Mitchell Eric Jason M Zan Cameron S Coyle Adam R Dodd 31 Dec 2012 Tel Gezer Regional Survey Hadashot Arkheologiyot 124 Home Tel Gezer Project www telgezer com Retrieved 23 March 2018 Western Alps rock art records www rupestre net Retrieved 23 March 2018 Archivio Online arte rupestre ed etnografia delle Alpi piemontesi a cura del Gruppo Ricerche Cultura Montana www rupestre net Retrieved 23 March 2018 Rock art and cup marks of Bessa bessa it Retrieved 23 March 2018 Archivio Online arte rupestre ed etnografia delle Alpi piemontesi a cura del Gruppo Ricerche Cultura Montana www rupestre net Retrieved 23 March 2018 A rock record in the western Alps TRACCE Online Rock Art Bulletin 12 2000 it Stele di Boeli The strange case of snow circles and cup and rings rupestre net 24 April 2012 Retrieved 23 March 2018 R Bradley et al Rock art and the prehistoric Landscape of Galicia PDF csic es Retrieved 23 March 2018 M Stewart Strath Tay in the Second Millennium BC A Field Survey PDF ahds ac uk Retrieved 23 March 2018 The Spectator p 608 1970 Retrieved 28 April 2011 Systematics The Journal of the Institute for the comparative study of History Philosophy and the Sciences Vol 6 Number 3 Coombe Spring Press December 1968 a b Alan Davis in Clive Ruggles 13 February 2003 Records in Stone Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom Cambridge University Press pp 392 422 ISBN 978 0 521 53130 6 Retrieved 30 April 2011 MacKie E W Davis A 1989 New light on neolithic rock carvings the petroglyphs at Greenland Auchentorlie Dunbartonshire Glasgow Archaeological Journal 15 15 125 155 doi 10 3366 gas 1988 15 15 125 ZINDEL C 1970 Incisioni rupestri a Carschenna in Valcamonica Symposium 1968 pp 135 142 Capo di Ponte Rock Art in the Alps The engraved rocks of Carschenna www rupestre net Retrieved 23 March 2018 Further reading EditBeckensall Stan and Laurie Tim 1998 Prehistoric Rock Art of County Durham Swaledale and Wensleydale County Durham Books ISBN 1 897585 45 4 Beckensall Stan 2001 Prehistoric Rock Art in Northumberland Tempus Publishing ISBN 0 7524 1945 5 Beckensall Stan 2002 Prehistoric Rock Art in Cumbria Tempus Publishing ISBN 0 7524 2526 9 Butter Rachel 1999 Kilmartin Kilmartin House Trust ISBN 0 9533674 0 1 Hadingham Evan 1974 Ancient Carvings in Britain A Mystery Garnstone Press ISBN 0 85511 391 X Morris Ronald W B 1977 The Prehistoric Rock Art of Argyll Dolphin Press ISBN 0 85642 043 3 Papanikolaou Stelios 600 Written Rocks Channels of primeval knowledge Larissa lt lt ella gt gt Second Revised Edition 2005 spapinvest yahoo gr ISBN 960 8439 21 3 Schwegler Urs Die Felszeichnungen von Carschenna Gemeinde Sils im Domleschg Helvetia Archaeologica Bd 28 Heft 111 112 1997 ISSN 0018 0173 S 76 126 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cup marks British Rock Art Collection Era England s Rock Art Currently only covers Northumberland and County Durham Rockart Web Access to Rock Art the Beckensall Archive of Northumberland Rock Art University of Newcastle upon Tyne El Laberinto Atlantico Galician Rock Art BBC Archive Chronicle Cracking the Stone Age Code The strange case of snow circles and cup and rings Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cup and ring mark amp oldid 1153380602, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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