Cronobacter
Cronobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Several Cronobacter species are desiccation resistant and persistent in dry products such as powdered infant formula.[3] They are generally motile, reduce nitrate, use citrate, hydrolyze esculin and arginine, and are positive for L-ornithine decarboxylation. Acid is produced from D-glucose, D-sucrose, D-raffinose, D-melibiose, D-cellobiose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-trehalose, galacturonate and D-maltose. Cronobacter spp. are also generally positive for acetoin production (Voges–Proskauer test) and negative for the methyl red test, indicating 2,3-butanediol rather than mixed acid fermentation. The type species of the genus Cronobacter is Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov.
| Cronobacter | |
|---|---|
| Cronobacter sakazakii | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Enterobacterales |
| Family: | Enterobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | Cronobacter (Iversen et al. 2008)[1] (Joseph et al. 2011)[2] |
| Species | |
| C. sakazakii | |
Clinical significance Edit
All Cronobacter species, except C. condimenti, have been linked retrospectively to clinical cases of infection. While cases of infection do occur in adults, these are generally non-life-threatening, and often secondary colonization to underlying health problems. Infection in infants is associated with neonatal bacteraemia, meningitis and necrotising enterocolitis with a high case fatality rate and ongoing disablement of survivors.[citation needed]
Increased awareness that Cronobacter are ubiquitous environmental organisms, initiatives by the WHO and FAO, and advice on infant feeding (including safe temperatures for reconstitution of powdered infant formula, and appropriate hold times, post-reconstitution) has drastically reduced the occurrence of infection outbreaks. Additionally, the introduction of an ISO standard method for detection of these organisms has aided the infant formula industry to control their presence in manufacturing sites and products, further reducing the risk to infants. However, isolated cases can still occur, in part due to Cronobacter being ubiquitous in home environments as well.
Taxonomy Edit
Cronobacter was first proposed as a new genus in 2007 as a clarification of the taxonomic relationship of the biogroups found among strains of Enterobacter sakazakii.[4] This proposal was validly published in 2008 with five species and three subspecies named.[1] The genus definition was further revised in 2012 to seven named species when a name (C. universalis) was given to a group of isolates that were deemed too few in number to accurately describe during the original taxonomic work, and a single additional isolate was also named (C. condimenti). In 2013 Enterobacter helveticus, Enterobacter pulveris and Enterobacter turicensis were reclassified into the genus Cronobacter, however this was corrected in 2014 when Stephan et al. published evidence that these should be classified as Franconibacter helveticus, Franconibacter pulveris and Siccibacter turicensis respectively.[5]
Etymology Edit
Cronobacter (Cro.no.bac'ter) is from the Greek noun Cronos (Κρόνος), one of the Titans of mythology, who swallowed each of his children as soon as they were born, and the New Latin masculine noun bacter, a rod, resulting in the N.L. masc. n. Cronobacter, a rod that can cause illness in neonates.
Cronobacter sakazakii (sak.a.zaki.ī. N.L. gen. n. sakazakii, of Sakazaki) is named in honour of the Japanese microbiologist Riichi Sakazaki (ja:坂崎利一).[6]
Cronobacter malonaticus (mă.lō.nă.tĭ'cŭs) is from N.L. n. malonas -atis, malonate; L. suff. -icus, suffix used with the sense of belonging to; N.L. masc. adj. malonaticus, pertaining to the use of malonate. The type strain, CDC 1058-77T, was isolated from a breast abscess.[6]
Cronobacter turicensis (tŭ.rĭ.sĕn'sĭs) is from the L. masc. adj. turicensis, pertaining to Turicum, the Latin name of Zurich, Switzerland.[4]
Cronobacter muytjensii (mœ.tjәn.sĭ.ī), from the N.L. gen. n. muytjensii, of Muytjens, is named in honour of the Dutch microbiologist Harry Muytjens, who performed much of the early work on Enterobacter sakazakii.[7][8][9][10][11]
Cronobacter dublinensis (dŭb.lĭn.ĕn'sĭs, from the N.L. masc. adj. dublinensis, pertains to Dublin, Ireland, the origin of the type strain.[4]
C. dublinensis subsp. lausannensis (lô.săn.ĕn'sĭs) from the L. masc. adj. lausannensis, pertains to Lausanne, Switzerland, the origin of the type strain for this subspecies.[4]
C. dublinensis subsp. lactaridi (lăkt.ărĭd.ī), is from the L. n. lac lactis, milk, L. adj. aridus, dried, to give N.L. gen. n. lactaridi, of a dried milk.[4]
Cronobacter universalis (u.ni.ver.sa'lis) is L. masc. adj. universalis, of or belonging to all or universal.[2]
Cronobacter condimenti (con.di.men'ti) is from the L. gen. n. condimenti, of spice or seasoning, as it was first isolated in part from spiced meat.[2]
See also Edit
References Edit
- ^ a b Iversen, C.; Mullane, N.; McCardell, B.; Tall, B. D.; Lehner, A.; Fanning, S.; Stephan, R.; Joosten, H. (2008). "Cronobacter gen. nov., a new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii, and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov. comb. nov., C. malonaticus sp. nov., C. turicensis sp. nov., C. muytjensii sp. nov., C. dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, C. dublinensis sp. nov. subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., C. dublinensis sp. nov. subsp. lausannensis subsp. nov., and C. dublinensis sp. nov. subsp. lactaridi subsp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (6): 1442–1447. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65577-0. PMID 18523192.
- ^ a b c Joseph, Susan; Cetinkaya, Esin; Drahovska, Hana; Levican, Arturo; Figueras, Maria J.; Forsythe, Stephen J. (2012). "Cronobacter condimenti sp. nov., isolated from spiced meat and Cronobacter universalis sp. nov., a novel species designation for Cronobacter sp. genomospecies 1, recovered from a leg infection, water, and food ingredients". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (Pt 6): 1277–1283. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.032292-0. PMID 22661070.
- ^ Osaili, T.; Forsythe, S. (31 December 2009). "Desiccation resistance and persistence of Cronobacter species in infant formula" (PDF). International Journal of Food Microbiology. 136 (2): 214–220. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.08.006. PMID 19720413.
- ^ a b c d e Iversen, Carol; Lehner, Angelika; Mullane, Niall; Bidlas, Eva; Cleenwerck, Ilse; Marugg, John; Fanning, Séamus; Stephan, Roger; Joosten, Han (December 2007). "The taxonomy of Enterobacter sakazakii: proposal of a new genus Cronobacter gen. nov. and descriptions of Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov. and Cronobacter genomospecies 1". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 64. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-64. PMC 1868726. PMID 17439656.
- ^ Stephan, Roger; Grim, Christopher J.; Gopinath, Gopal R.; Mammel, Mark K.; Sathyamoorthy, Venugopal; Trach, Larisa H.; Chase, Hannah R.; Fanning, Séamus; Tall, Ben D. (1 October 2014). "Re-examination of the taxonomic status of Enterobacter helveticus, Enterobacter pulveris and Enterobacter turicensis as members of the genus Cronobacter and their reclassification in the genera Franconibacter gen. nov. and Siccibacter gen. nov. as Franconibacter helveticus comb. nov., Franconibacter pulveris comb. nov. and Siccibacter turicensis comb. nov., respectively". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 64 (Pt_10): 3402–3410. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.059832-0. PMC 4179279. PMID 25028159.
- ^ a b Farmer, J. J.; Asbury, M. A.; Hickman, F. W.; Brenner, D. J. (1 July 1980). "Enterobacter sakazakii: A New Species of 'Enterobacteriaceae' Isolated from Clinical Specimens". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 30 (3): 569–584. doi:10.1099/00207713-30-3-569.
- ^ Muytjens, H L; van der Ros-van de Repe, J; van Druten, H A (October 1984). "Enzymatic profiles of Enterobacter sakazakii and related species with special reference to the alpha-glucosidase reaction and reproducibility of the test system". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 20 (4): 684–686. doi:10.1128/jcm.20.4.684-686.1984. PMC 271411. PMID 6386874.
- ^ Muytjens, H L; Zanen, H C; Sonderkamp, H J; Kollée, L A; Wachsmuth, I K; Farmer, J J (July 1983). "Analysis of eight cases of neonatal meningitis and sepsis due to Enterobacter sakazakii". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 18 (1): 115–120. doi:10.1128/jcm.18.1.115-120.1983. PMC 270753. PMID 6885983.
- ^ Muytjens, H L; van der Ros-van de Repe, J (February 1986). "Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of eight Enterobacter species, with special reference to Enterobacter sakazakii". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 29 (2): 367–370. doi:10.1128/AAC.29.2.367. PMC 176414. PMID 3636109.
- ^ Muytjens, H L; Roelofs-Willemse, H; Jaspar, G H (April 1988). "Quality of powdered substitutes for breast milk with regard to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 26 (4): 743–746. doi:10.1128/jcm.26.4.743-746.1988. PMC 266435. PMID 3284901.
- ^ Muytjens, Harry L.; Kollée, Louis A. A. (May 1990). "Enterobacter sakazakii meningitis in neonates: Causative role of formula?". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 9 (5): 372–373. doi:10.1097/00006454-199005000-00016. PMID 2352824.