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Crissal thrasher

January 01, 1970

The crissal thrasher (Toxostoma crissale) is a large thrasher found in the Southwestern United States (western Texas, southern New Mexico, southern Arizona, southeastern California, extreme southern Nevada, and extreme southwestern Utah) to central Mexico.

Crissal thrasher
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Mimidae
Genus: Toxostoma
Species:
T. crissale
Binomial name
Toxostoma crissale
Henry, 1858
Crissal thrasher range

Description edit

The bird grows to 32 centimetres (13 in), and has a deeply curved bill. The eyes are dull yellow. Bird expert Roger Tory Peterson described its singing as sweeter and less spasmodic than other thrashers.[2] It can be found near desert streams in dense underbrush, mesquite thickets, willows, scrub oak, high elevations in manzanita, and in the low desert near canyon chaparral. The bird seldom flies in the open.[2][3] As such, the crissal thrasher rarely flies, preferring to walk or run around its territory and will mostly run for cover when disturbed by a potential predator.[4] The bird's name is derived from the characteristic bright coloring, in contrast to the balance of its plumage, of the area between its tail and vent—a region known as the crissum.[5]

History edit

In the early years of the study of the birds of western North America, this species was confused with the California thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum), to which it is closely related. Descriptions of T. redivivum in John Cassin's 1856 book Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon, British, and Russian America[6] led later ornithologists to conclude that at least three of the birds described were actually the crissal thrasher. When an army surgeon working in New Mexico sent Cassin specimens of a bird that he believed to be the California thrasher, Cassin sent the specimens to Spencer Baird at the Smithsonian Institution. Baird determined that it was not a California thrasher and published his findings in 1858, identifying the crissal thrasher as a new species.[7]

Printer's errors in Baird's 1858 publication led to longstanding confusion and contention over the naming of the crissal thrasher. As printed, Baird's publication identified the new species as Toxostoma dorsalis, because the printer had switched the species name of the new thrasher with the species name of a new junco species, Junco dorsalis. Baird arranged for the error to be corrected, recording the name as T. crissalis the following month. Thereafter, the T. crissalis name was accepted and used until 1920, when ornithologist Harry Oberholser published a note asserting that T. dorsalis must be used instead because it had publication priority over T. crissalis, even though the original publication had been a mistake and had been quickly corrected.[7][8] As a result, the T. dorsalis epithet appeared in ornithological literature until 1983, when the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature formally restored Baird's intended name of T. crissale.[7]

Nest edit

The crissal thrasher builds its nests in dense shrubs at heights of three to eight feet, typically under a large branch for protection: both from other birds and the sun.[4][9] The male and female cooperate in building the cup-shaped nest, which is constructed from twigs and lined with finer vegetation.[4][9] The eggs, which are blue in color and lack spots (this is the only species of thrasher to lay eggs without spots),[4] are laid in clutches of 2 to 3 eggs and incubated for about 2 weeks, with both the male and female taking turns on the nest. The young are fledged 11 to 13 days after they hatch.[9] The chick is paler and duller than the adult, with a browner undertail.[10]

Diet edit

The species is an omnivore, eating both insects and spiders, and seeds and fruits. The crissal thrasher is mainly a ground feeder, using its long bill to probe for its prey amongst the leaf litter, particularly under shrubs.[4][7][9]

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Toxostoma crissale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22711127A94279394. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711127A94279394.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Peterson's Field Guide to Birds of North America, page 322
  3. ^ The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds, Western Region, pg. 523
  4. ^ a b c d e . The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 2010-07-25. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
  5. ^ Burns, Jim (2008). Jim Burns' Arizona Birds: From the Backyard to the Backwoods. University of Arizona Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-8165-2644-4.
  6. ^ John Cassin (1856), Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon, British, and Russian America. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. Pages 260-264.
  7. ^ a b c d "Crissal Thrasher". The Birds of North America. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
  8. ^ H. C. Oberholser (1920), "Toxostoma crissalis versus Toxostoma dorsalis," The Auk, Vol. 37, page 303. [1]
  9. ^ a b c d . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
  10. ^ "Crissal Thrasher Identification". The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2010-11-06.

Further reading edit

Book edit

  • Cody, M. L. 1999. Crissal Thrasher (Toxostoma crissale). In The Birds of North America, No. 419 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Thesis edit

  • Laudenslayer WFJ. Ph.D. (1981). HABITAT UTILIZATION BY BIRDS OF THREE DESERT RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES. Arizona State University, United States—Arizona.

Articles edit

  • Anderson BW, Ohmart RD & Fretwell SD. (1982). Evidence for Social Regulation in Some Riparian Bird Populations. American Naturalist. vol 120, no 3. pp. 340–352.
  • Finch DM. (1982). Rejection of Cowbird Molothrus-Ater-Obscurus Eggs by Crissal Thrashers Toxostoma-Dorsale. Auk. vol 99, no 4. pp. 719–724.
  • Hubbard JP. (1976). The Nomenclatural History of the Crissal Thrasher Aves Mimidae. Nemouria. vol 20, pp. 1–7.
  • Kozma JM & Mathews NE. (1997). Breeding bird communities and nest plant selection in Chihuahuan desert habitats in south-central New Mexico. Wilson Bulletin. vol 109, no 3. pp. 424–436.
  • LaRue CT, Dickson LL, Brown NL, Spence JR & Stevens LE. (2001). Recent bird records from the Grand Canyon region, 1974–2000. Western Birds. vol 32, no 2. pp. 101–118.
  • Melville RV. (1983). Toxostoma-Crissale Ruled to Be the Correct Original Spelling of the Name First Published as Toxostoma-Dorsalis. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. vol 40, no 2. pp. 83–84.
  • Patten MA, Erickson RA & Unitt P. (2004). Population changes and biogeographic affinities of the birds of the Salton Sink, California/Baja California. Studies in Avian Biology. vol 27, pp. 24–32.
  • Zink RM, Dittmann DL, Klicka J & Blackwell-Rago RC. (1999). Evolutionary patterns of morphometrics, allozymes, and mitochondrial DNA in thrashers (genus Toxostoma). Auk. vol 116, no 4. pp. 1021–1038.

External links edit

  • Crissal Thrasher photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res

January 01, 1970
crissal, thrasher, crissal, thrasher, toxostoma, crissale, large, thrasher, found, southwestern, united, states, western, texas, southern, mexico, southern, arizona, southeastern, california, extreme, southern, nevada, extreme, southwestern, utah, central, mex. The crissal thrasher Toxostoma crissale is a large thrasher found in the Southwestern United States western Texas southern New Mexico southern Arizona southeastern California extreme southern Nevada and extreme southwestern Utah to central Mexico Crissal thrasher Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Passeriformes Family Mimidae Genus Toxostoma Species T crissale Binomial name Toxostoma crissaleHenry 1858 Crissal thrasher range Contents 1 Description 2 History 3 Nest 4 Diet 5 References 6 Further reading 6 1 Book 6 2 Thesis 6 3 Articles 7 External linksDescription editThe bird grows to 32 centimetres 13 in and has a deeply curved bill The eyes are dull yellow Bird expert Roger Tory Peterson described its singing as sweeter and less spasmodic than other thrashers 2 It can be found near desert streams in dense underbrush mesquite thickets willows scrub oak high elevations in manzanita and in the low desert near canyon chaparral The bird seldom flies in the open 2 3 As such the crissal thrasher rarely flies preferring to walk or run around its territory and will mostly run for cover when disturbed by a potential predator 4 The bird s name is derived from the characteristic bright coloring in contrast to the balance of its plumage of the area between its tail and vent a region known as the crissum 5 History editIn the early years of the study of the birds of western North America this species was confused with the California thrasher Toxostoma redivivum to which it is closely related Descriptions of T redivivum in John Cassin s 1856 book Illustrations of the Birds of California Texas Oregon British and Russian America 6 led later ornithologists to conclude that at least three of the birds described were actually the crissal thrasher When an army surgeon working in New Mexico sent Cassin specimens of a bird that he believed to be the California thrasher Cassin sent the specimens to Spencer Baird at the Smithsonian Institution Baird determined that it was not a California thrasher and published his findings in 1858 identifying the crissal thrasher as a new species 7 Printer s errors in Baird s 1858 publication led to longstanding confusion and contention over the naming of the crissal thrasher As printed Baird s publication identified the new species as Toxostoma dorsalis because the printer had switched the species name of the new thrasher with the species name of a new junco species Junco dorsalis Baird arranged for the error to be corrected recording the name as T crissalis the following month Thereafter the T crissalis name was accepted and used until 1920 when ornithologist Harry Oberholser published a note asserting that T dorsalis must be used instead because it had publication priority over T crissalis even though the original publication had been a mistake and had been quickly corrected 7 8 As a result the T dorsalis epithet appeared in ornithological literature until 1983 when the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature formally restored Baird s intended name of T crissale 7 Nest editThe crissal thrasher builds its nests in dense shrubs at heights of three to eight feet typically under a large branch for protection both from other birds and the sun 4 9 The male and female cooperate in building the cup shaped nest which is constructed from twigs and lined with finer vegetation 4 9 The eggs which are blue in color and lack spots this is the only species of thrasher to lay eggs without spots 4 are laid in clutches of 2 to 3 eggs and incubated for about 2 weeks with both the male and female taking turns on the nest The young are fledged 11 to 13 days after they hatch 9 The chick is paler and duller than the adult with a browner undertail 10 Diet editThe species is an omnivore eating both insects and spiders and seeds and fruits The crissal thrasher is mainly a ground feeder using its long bill to probe for its prey amongst the leaf litter particularly under shrubs 4 7 9 References edit BirdLife International 2016 Toxostoma crissale IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22711127A94279394 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22711127A94279394 en Retrieved 11 November 2021 a b Peterson s Field Guide to Birds of North America page 322 The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds Western Region pg 523 a b c d e Crissal Thrasher Life History The Cornell Lab of Ornithology Archived from the original on 2010 07 25 Retrieved 2010 11 06 Burns Jim 2008 Jim Burns Arizona Birds From the Backyard to the Backwoods University of Arizona Press p 166 ISBN 978 0 8165 2644 4 John Cassin 1856 Illustrations of the Birds of California Texas Oregon British and Russian America Philadelphia J B Lippincott amp Co Pages 260 264 a b c d Crissal Thrasher The Birds of North America Retrieved 2010 11 06 H C Oberholser 1920 Toxostoma crissalis versus Toxostoma dorsalis The Auk Vol 37 page 303 1 a b c d CRISSAL THRASHER Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Archived from the original on 2016 03 05 Retrieved 2010 11 06 Crissal Thrasher Identification The Cornell Lab of Ornithology Retrieved 2010 11 06 Further reading editBook edit Cody M L 1999 Crissal Thrasher Toxostoma crissale In The Birds of North America No 419 A Poole and F Gill eds The Birds of North America Inc Philadelphia PA Thesis edit Laudenslayer WFJ Ph D 1981 HABITAT UTILIZATION BY BIRDS OF THREE DESERT RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES Arizona State University United States Arizona Articles edit Anderson BW Ohmart RD amp Fretwell SD 1982 Evidence for Social Regulation in Some Riparian Bird Populations American Naturalist vol 120 no 3 pp 340 352 Finch DM 1982 Rejection of Cowbird Molothrus Ater Obscurus Eggs by Crissal Thrashers Toxostoma Dorsale Auk vol 99 no 4 pp 719 724 Hubbard JP 1976 The Nomenclatural History of the Crissal Thrasher Aves Mimidae Nemouria vol 20 pp 1 7 Kozma JM amp Mathews NE 1997 Breeding bird communities and nest plant selection in Chihuahuan desert habitats in south central New Mexico Wilson Bulletin vol 109 no 3 pp 424 436 LaRue CT Dickson LL Brown NL Spence JR amp Stevens LE 2001 Recent bird records from the Grand Canyon region 1974 2000 Western Birds vol 32 no 2 pp 101 118 Melville RV 1983 Toxostoma Crissale Ruled to Be the Correct Original Spelling of the Name First Published as Toxostoma Dorsalis Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature vol 40 no 2 pp 83 84 Patten MA Erickson RA amp Unitt P 2004 Population changes and biogeographic affinities of the birds of the Salton Sink California Baja California Studies in Avian Biology vol 27 pp 24 32 Zink RM Dittmann DL Klicka J amp Blackwell Rago RC 1999 Evolutionary patterns of morphometrics allozymes and mitochondrial DNA in thrashers genus Toxostoma Auk vol 116 no 4 pp 1021 1038 External links editCrissal Thrasher photo gallery VIREO Photo High Res Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Crissal thrasher amp oldid 1192370938, 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