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Cownose ray

February 15, 2024

This article is about the ray common in the western Atlantic. For other species of cownose rays, see Rhinoptera.

The cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus) is a species of Batoidea found throughout a large part of the western Atlantic and Caribbean, from New England to southern Brazil (the East Atlantic populations are now generally considered a separate species, the Lusitanian cownose ray (R. marginata)).[2] These rays also belong to the order Myliobatiformes, a group that is shared by bat rays, manta rays, and eagle rays.[3]

Cownose ray
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Superorder: Batoidea
Order: Myliobatiformes
Family: Rhinopteridae
Genus: Rhinoptera
Species:
R. bonasus
Binomial name
Rhinoptera bonasus
(Mitchill, 1815)

Cownose rays prefer to live in shallower, coastal waters or estuaries.[2] Size, lifespan, and maturity differ between male and female rays. Rays have a distinct shape, and it has two lobes at the front of its head, resembling a cow nose. Cownose rays can live between 16 and 21 years, depending on sex.[4] Rays feed upon organisms with harder shells, such as clams, crustaceans, or mollusks.[2] They are migratory creatures, where they migrate South in the winter and North in the summer.[4] The rays are known to occupy the Chesapeake Bay in the summer months.

In 2019, the species was listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.[1] The species has been subjected to overfishing due to the perceived threat of overpopulation in the Chesapeake Bay.[5] There are not many conservation strategies or efforts for cownose rays.

Taxonomy edit

The genus name Rhinoptera is named for the Ancient Greek words for nose (rhinos) and wing (pteron). The species name bonasus comes from the Ancient Greek for bison (bonasos).

Description edit

A cownose ray is typically brown-backed with a slightly white or yellow belly. Although its coloration is not particularly distinctive, its shape is easily recognizable. It has a broad head with wide-set eyes, and a pair of distinctive lobes on its subrostral fin. It also has a set of dental plates designed for crushing clams and oyster shells. Male rays often reach about 2 and 1/2 feet in width, while females typically reach about 3 feet in width.[4] The cownose ray is often mistaken for being a shark by beach-goers due to the tips of the rays fins sticking out of the water, often resembling the dorsal fin of a shark.[6]

When threatened the cownose ray can use the barb at the base of its tail to defend itself from the threat.[6] A cownose ray has a spine with a toxin, close to the ray's body. This spine has teeth lining its lateral edges, and is coated with a weak venom that causes symptoms similar to that of a bee sting.[7]

Habitat and distribution edit

Cownose rays are migratory and social creatures and reside on the east coast of the United States, Brazil, as well as in the Gulf of Mexico.[2] They prefer to live in near coastal waters and in estuarian ecosystems.[2] Cownose rays are able to tolerate a wide range of salinities because of the areas they occupy.[8] This allows for the rays to have the potential to live in a wider range of habitats if one area gets too crowded and competition for resources is high.[8] Cownose rays are known to be abundant in the Chesapeake Bay and migrate to the area for mating and nursery purposes, typically in the late spring and summer time.[2] Rays are typically spotted near the surface of waters as well.[2]

Behavior edit

Diet and feeding edit

 
Cownose ray teeth and mouthparts. Stingray teeth consist of interlocking bars (dental plates) that crush food.

The cownose ray exhibits a durophagous diet, meaning it feeds upon hard-shelled organisms, such as mollusks, crustaceans, but they prefer scallops or clams, which have softer shells and are categorized as bivalves.[2] The cownose ray tends to feed either in the early morning hours or in the late afternoon hours, when the waves are calm and visibility is higher than during the day.[9] Their feeding occurs in the benthic zone, or at the bottom of the ocean.[2]

The rays are able to capture their prey through suction and the opening and closing of their jaw.[9] Because of the type of prey cownose rays consume, their jaw needs to be able to handle the hard-shell organisms. Their jaws are extremely robust and have teeth with a hardness comparable to that of cement.[9] Their cephalic lobes also assist with capturing and handling their prey by pushing them towards their mouth.[9]

Predation edit

The cownose ray sits fairly high up on the food chain, and as a result only has a few natural predators. These predators include; cobia, hammerhead sharks, and humans who like to fish for them.[10][11]

 
Cownose rays swimming in shallows in the Gulf of Mexico

Reproduction and lifespan edit

Cownose rays breed from April through October.[2] Rays will not reach a mature age until they are roughly 70% of the way to their maximum size.[2] Females reach maturity between ages 7–8, while males reach maturity between ages 6–7.[2] The lifespan of the cownose ray varies by sex; the oldest female ray that has been recorded was 21, and the oldest male ray was 18, which were both observed in the Chesapeake Bay.[4]

Cownose rays are ovoviviparous, meaning that the embryo grows within its mother until it is ready to hatch.[4] Rays have a longer gestation period due to their K-selected species attributes. The length of gestation is believed to last between 11 and 12 months, and at full term, the offspring are born live, exiting tail first.[4]

Migration edit

Rays often travel and migrate in large schools based on size and sex.[12] Their migration pattern consists of rays moving north in late Spring and moving south in late Fall.[2] Much of what we know about their migration has been from studies done in the Chesapeake Bay. Male and female rays will come to the Bay in the late spring and leave in the fall.[2] While occupying the Chesapeake Bay, the female rays and her pups will live in the estuarine waters.[2] Males have been observed leaving the Bay earlier than the females to arrive at a second feeding ground, and the reason for taking a longer migration route is not fully known.[2] One hypothesis is that males exit the Bay to reduce competition of certain resources, such as food and shelter.[2]

Threats and conservation edit

The cownose ray is currently listed as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List[1] due to extensive overfishing and commercial fishing.[13] The overfishing is due to the perception that rays destroy oyster beds meant for the shellfish industry.[5]

The trophic cascade in the northwest Atlantic Ocean has been cited and used to link cownose ray overpopulation to the decrease in large coastal sharks, which therefore cause bivalves populations valuable for commercial reasons to be depleted; however, there is little evidence that supports this hypothesis.[5] Campaigns such as "Save the Bay, Eat a Ray" in the Chesapeake Bay used these claims to promote the fishery of these rays in hopes of preserving the Bay, which can be detrimental to this species.[5] Cownose rays reach a mature age later in their lifecycle and long gestation periods, meaning that they are a K-selected species.[5] This suggests that they are vulnerable and sensitive to overfishing, and their populations cannot easily bounce back after these events. Even though rays have been used as a scapegoat to explain the decline in bivalves, some studies have found that cownose rays do not consume a great deal of oysters or clams.[5] Other studies have found that much of the shellfish prey that the cownose ray consumes is influenced by the size of the shell, so it has been suggested that oyster growers protect their shellfish until their shell reaches a certain size.[14]

There are not many conservation strategies or efforts for cownose rays, besides the fact that cownose ray killing contests have been banned in the state of Maryland.[13]

Relationship to humans edit

Risk to humans edit

Stingrays, including the cownose ray, can pose a low to moderate risk to humans. Rays will lash their tails when threatened, posing a risk of being whipped. If threatened, the cownose ray can also use their barb as a weapon to sting the aggressor. A sting from a cownose ray can cause a very painful wound that requires medical attention once stung. While the sting is not usually fatal, it can be fatal if stung in the abdomen.[15] There is also a risk associated with eating meat from the sea animal that has not been prepared correctly. Shigella may be acquired from eating meat from a cownose ray that has been contaminated with the bacteria. This bacteria causes shigellosis, and can result in dysentery. Symptoms can include diarrhea, pain, fever, and possible dehydration.[16]

Aquariums edit

Cownose rays can be seen in many public aquaria worldwide and are often featured in special 'touch tanks' where visitors can reach into a wide but shallow pool containing the fish, which have often had their barbs pinched or taken off (they eventually regrow, similar to human nails), making them safe enough to touch.

The following aquariums and zoos are known to have touch tanks featuring cownose rays (alone or with other fish):

USA edit

South Carolina Aquarium, Charleston South Carolina

Canada edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Avalos, C.; Blanco-Parra, M.P.; Briones Bell-lloch, A.; Cardenosa, D.; Crysler, Z.; Derrick, D.; Espinoza, E.; Morales-Saldaña, J.M.; Naranjo-Elizondo, B.; Pacoureau, N.; Pérez Jiménez, J.C.; Schneider, E.V.C.; Simpson, N.J.; Dulvy, N.K. (2020). "Rhinoptera bonasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T60128A3088381. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60128A3088381.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Omori, Kristen L.; Fisher, Robert A. (2017-11-01). "Summer and fall movement of cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, along the east coast of United States observed with pop-up satellite tags". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 100 (11): 1435–1449. doi:10.1007/s10641-017-0654-6. ISSN 1573-5133.
  3. ^ "Cownose Ray Facts". Saint Louis Zoo. from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Fisher, Robert A. (2012). Life history, trophic ecology, & prey handling by cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, from Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Virginia Sea Grant, College of William and Mary. OCLC 793126326.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Grubbs, R. Dean; Carlson, John K.; Romine, Jason G.; Curtis, Tobey H.; McElroy, W. David; McCandless, Camilla T.; Cotton, Charles F.; Musick, John A. (2016-02-15). "Critical assessment and ramifications of a purported marine trophic cascade". Scientific Reports. 6 (1). doi:10.1038/srep20970. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4753470.
  6. ^ a b Kittle, Kimberly. "Rhinoptera bonasus". Florida Museum of Natural History. University of Florida. from the original on 2016-04-27.
  7. ^ Ball, Michael (July 16, 2012). "Commercial Fishery Species Guide" (PDF). NOAA Fisheries Service Apex Predator Program. NOAA. (PDF) from the original on February 22, 2016.
  8. ^ a b Collins, Angela B.; Heupel, Michelle R.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A. (2008-12-01). "Spatial Distribution and Long-term Movement Patterns of Cownose Rays Rhinoptera bonasus Within an Estuarine River". Estuaries and Coasts. 31 (6): 1174–1183. doi:10.1007/s12237-008-9100-5. ISSN 1559-2731.
  9. ^ a b c d Sasko, Desirée E.; Dean, Mason N.; Motta, Philip J.; Hueter, Robert E. (2006-08-16). "Prey capture behavior and kinematics of the Atlantic cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus". Zoology. 109 (3): 171–181. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2005.12.005. ISSN 0944-2006.
  10. ^ "Cownose Ray | Chesapeake Bay Program". www.chesapeakebay.net. from the original on 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  11. ^ "Cownose Rays in the Chesapeake Bay: What do we know?" (PDF). Chesapeake Bay Program. 22 October 2015. (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  12. ^ Rangel, Bianca S.; Rodrigues, Alexandre; Moreira, Renata G. (2018-03-26). "Use of a nursery area by cownose rays (Rhinopteridae) in southeastern Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 16 (1). doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20170089. hdl:11449/164039. ISSN 1982-0224.
  13. ^ a b Barker, A.S. (2006). "Rhinoptera bonasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006: e.T60128A12310195.[verification needed]
  14. ^ Fisher, Robert A.; Call, Garrett C.; Grubbs, R. Dean (2011-04-01). "Cownose Ray ( Rhinoptera bonasus ) Predation Relative to Bivalve Ontogeny". Journal of Shellfish Research. 30 (1): 187–196. doi:10.2983/035.030.0126. ISSN 0730-8000.
  15. ^ "Stingray". Encyclopaedia Britannica. from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  16. ^ "Rhinoptera bonasus". Florida Museum. 2017-05-11. from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  17. ^ "Adventure Aquarium - Camden, NJ". www.adventureaquarium.com. from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  18. ^ "Stingray Touchpool | Aquarium Exhibits | Explore Aquarium". from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  19. ^ "Stingray Touch - Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum". from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-25.
  20. ^ "Cownose Ray - Atlantic City Aquarium". from the original on 2018-11-19. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  21. ^ "Downtown Aquarium Denver Visitor Info". from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  22. ^ "SeaTrek Helmet Diving at OdySea Aquarium". from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  23. ^ "Stingray Beach". www.omahazoo.com. from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  24. ^ Bicak, Carol. "You can touch a stingray at new exhibit at Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium". from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  25. ^ "Ray Bay: Interactive Touch Tank". Long Island Aquarium. from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  26. ^ "Petting Zoo -Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch". from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-25.
  27. ^ "Touch a ray at friendship flats". from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  28. ^ "Stingrays at Caribbean Cove presented by SSM Health". from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  29. ^ "The San Antonio Aquarium". from the original on 2018-04-07. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
  30. ^ "Texas State Aquarium". from the original on 2017-08-17. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
  31. ^ "Cownose Sting Ray". from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  32. ^ . Turtle Back Zoo. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  33. ^ "Quebec Aquarium". Quebec Aquarium. from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  34. ^ "Ray Bay - Ripley's Aquarium of Canada". Ripley's Aquarium of Canada. from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  35. ^ "Vancouver Aquarium - Discover Rays". www.vanaqua.org. from the original on 2017-08-01. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
  36. ^ "Stingray Beach - Assiniboine Park Zoo". Assiniboine Park Zoo. from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
 
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February 15, 2024
cownose, this, article, about, common, western, atlantic, other, species, cownose, rays, rhinoptera, cownose, rhinoptera, bonasus, species, batoidea, found, throughout, large, part, western, atlantic, caribbean, from, england, southern, brazil, east, atlantic,. This article is about the ray common in the western Atlantic For other species of cownose rays see Rhinoptera The cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus is a species of Batoidea found throughout a large part of the western Atlantic and Caribbean from New England to southern Brazil the East Atlantic populations are now generally considered a separate species the Lusitanian cownose ray R marginata 2 These rays also belong to the order Myliobatiformes a group that is shared by bat rays manta rays and eagle rays 3 Cownose rayConservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ChondrichthyesSubclass ElasmobranchiiSuperorder BatoideaOrder MyliobatiformesFamily RhinopteridaeGenus RhinopteraSpecies R bonasusBinomial nameRhinoptera bonasus Mitchill 1815 Cownose rays prefer to live in shallower coastal waters or estuaries 2 Size lifespan and maturity differ between male and female rays Rays have a distinct shape and it has two lobes at the front of its head resembling a cow nose Cownose rays can live between 16 and 21 years depending on sex 4 Rays feed upon organisms with harder shells such as clams crustaceans or mollusks 2 They are migratory creatures where they migrate South in the winter and North in the summer 4 The rays are known to occupy the Chesapeake Bay in the summer months In 2019 the species was listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 1 The species has been subjected to overfishing due to the perceived threat of overpopulation in the Chesapeake Bay 5 There are not many conservation strategies or efforts for cownose rays Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Habitat and distribution 4 Behavior 4 1 Diet and feeding 4 2 Predation 4 3 Reproduction and lifespan 4 4 Migration 5 Threats and conservation 6 Relationship to humans 6 1 Risk to humans 6 2 Aquariums 6 2 1 USA 6 2 2 Canada 7 ReferencesTaxonomy editThe genus name Rhinoptera is named for the Ancient Greek words for nose rhinos and wing pteron The species name bonasus comes from the Ancient Greek for bison bonasos Description editA cownose ray is typically brown backed with a slightly white or yellow belly Although its coloration is not particularly distinctive its shape is easily recognizable It has a broad head with wide set eyes and a pair of distinctive lobes on its subrostral fin It also has a set of dental plates designed for crushing clams and oyster shells Male rays often reach about 2 and 1 2 feet in width while females typically reach about 3 feet in width 4 The cownose ray is often mistaken for being a shark by beach goers due to the tips of the rays fins sticking out of the water often resembling the dorsal fin of a shark 6 When threatened the cownose ray can use the barb at the base of its tail to defend itself from the threat 6 A cownose ray has a spine with a toxin close to the ray s body This spine has teeth lining its lateral edges and is coated with a weak venom that causes symptoms similar to that of a bee sting 7 Habitat and distribution editCownose rays are migratory and social creatures and reside on the east coast of the United States Brazil as well as in the Gulf of Mexico 2 They prefer to live in near coastal waters and in estuarian ecosystems 2 Cownose rays are able to tolerate a wide range of salinities because of the areas they occupy 8 This allows for the rays to have the potential to live in a wider range of habitats if one area gets too crowded and competition for resources is high 8 Cownose rays are known to be abundant in the Chesapeake Bay and migrate to the area for mating and nursery purposes typically in the late spring and summer time 2 Rays are typically spotted near the surface of waters as well 2 Behavior editDiet and feeding edit nbsp Cownose ray teeth and mouthparts Stingray teeth consist of interlocking bars dental plates that crush food The cownose ray exhibits a durophagous diet meaning it feeds upon hard shelled organisms such as mollusks crustaceans but they prefer scallops or clams which have softer shells and are categorized as bivalves 2 The cownose ray tends to feed either in the early morning hours or in the late afternoon hours when the waves are calm and visibility is higher than during the day 9 Their feeding occurs in the benthic zone or at the bottom of the ocean 2 The rays are able to capture their prey through suction and the opening and closing of their jaw 9 Because of the type of prey cownose rays consume their jaw needs to be able to handle the hard shell organisms Their jaws are extremely robust and have teeth with a hardness comparable to that of cement 9 Their cephalic lobes also assist with capturing and handling their prey by pushing them towards their mouth 9 Predation editThe cownose ray sits fairly high up on the food chain and as a result only has a few natural predators These predators include cobia hammerhead sharks and humans who like to fish for them 10 11 nbsp Cownose rays swimming in shallows in the Gulf of MexicoReproduction and lifespan edit Cownose rays breed from April through October 2 Rays will not reach a mature age until they are roughly 70 of the way to their maximum size 2 Females reach maturity between ages 7 8 while males reach maturity between ages 6 7 2 The lifespan of the cownose ray varies by sex the oldest female ray that has been recorded was 21 and the oldest male ray was 18 which were both observed in the Chesapeake Bay 4 Cownose rays are ovoviviparous meaning that the embryo grows within its mother until it is ready to hatch 4 Rays have a longer gestation period due to their K selected species attributes The length of gestation is believed to last between 11 and 12 months and at full term the offspring are born live exiting tail first 4 Migration edit Rays often travel and migrate in large schools based on size and sex 12 Their migration pattern consists of rays moving north in late Spring and moving south in late Fall 2 Much of what we know about their migration has been from studies done in the Chesapeake Bay Male and female rays will come to the Bay in the late spring and leave in the fall 2 While occupying the Chesapeake Bay the female rays and her pups will live in the estuarine waters 2 Males have been observed leaving the Bay earlier than the females to arrive at a second feeding ground and the reason for taking a longer migration route is not fully known 2 One hypothesis is that males exit the Bay to reduce competition of certain resources such as food and shelter 2 Threats and conservation editThe cownose ray is currently listed as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List 1 due to extensive overfishing and commercial fishing 13 The overfishing is due to the perception that rays destroy oyster beds meant for the shellfish industry 5 The trophic cascade in the northwest Atlantic Ocean has been cited and used to link cownose ray overpopulation to the decrease in large coastal sharks which therefore cause bivalves populations valuable for commercial reasons to be depleted however there is little evidence that supports this hypothesis 5 Campaigns such as Save the Bay Eat a Ray in the Chesapeake Bay used these claims to promote the fishery of these rays in hopes of preserving the Bay which can be detrimental to this species 5 Cownose rays reach a mature age later in their lifecycle and long gestation periods meaning that they are a K selected species 5 This suggests that they are vulnerable and sensitive to overfishing and their populations cannot easily bounce back after these events Even though rays have been used as a scapegoat to explain the decline in bivalves some studies have found that cownose rays do not consume a great deal of oysters or clams 5 Other studies have found that much of the shellfish prey that the cownose ray consumes is influenced by the size of the shell so it has been suggested that oyster growers protect their shellfish until their shell reaches a certain size 14 There are not many conservation strategies or efforts for cownose rays besides the fact that cownose ray killing contests have been banned in the state of Maryland 13 Relationship to humans editRisk to humans edit Stingrays including the cownose ray can pose a low to moderate risk to humans Rays will lash their tails when threatened posing a risk of being whipped If threatened the cownose ray can also use their barb as a weapon to sting the aggressor A sting from a cownose ray can cause a very painful wound that requires medical attention once stung While the sting is not usually fatal it can be fatal if stung in the abdomen 15 There is also a risk associated with eating meat from the sea animal that has not been prepared correctly Shigella may be acquired from eating meat from a cownose ray that has been contaminated with the bacteria This bacteria causes shigellosis and can result in dysentery Symptoms can include diarrhea pain fever and possible dehydration 16 Aquariums edit Cownose rays can be seen in many public aquaria worldwide and are often featured in special touch tanks where visitors can reach into a wide but shallow pool containing the fish which have often had their barbs pinched or taken off they eventually regrow similar to human nails making them safe enough to touch The following aquariums and zoos are known to have touch tanks featuring cownose rays alone or with other fish USA edit Adventure Aquarium in Camden New Jersey 17 Albuquerque Aquarium in Albuquerque New Mexico Audubon Aquarium in New Orleans Louisiana 18 Aquarium of Boise in Boise Idaho Arizona Sonora Desert Museum in Tucson Arizona 19 Atlantic City Aquarium in Atlantic City New Jersey 20 Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach California Butterfly House and Aquarium in Sioux Falls South Dakota California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco California Children s Aquarium at Fair Park in Dallas Texas Clearwater Marine Aquarium in Clearwater Florida Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in Powell Ohio Downtown Aquarium Denver in Denver Colorado 21 The Florida Aquarium in Tampa Florida Fort Wayne Children s Zoo in Fort Wayne Indiana Fresno Chaffee Zoo in Fresno California Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta Georgia 22 Gulf World Marine Park in Panama City Beach Florida Henry Doorly Zoo in Omaha Nebraska 23 24 IMAG History amp Science Center in Fort Myers Florida Indianapolis Zoo in Indianapolis Indiana Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens in Jacksonville Florida Kansas City Zoo in Kansas City Missouri Living Shores Aquarium in Glen New Hampshire Long Island Aquarium and Exhibition Center in Riverhead New York 25 Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa Florida Marine Science Center in Ponce Inlet Florida Maritime Aquarium in Norwalk Connecticut Memphis Zoo and Aquarium in Memphis Tennessee Mississippi Aquarium in Gulfport Mississippi Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota Florida Mystic Aquarium in Mystic Connecticut National Mississippi River Museum amp Aquarium in Dubuque Iowa The New England Aquarium in Boston Massachusetts New York Aquarium in Brooklyn New York Newport Aquarium in Newport Kentucky North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores in Emerald Isle North Carolina Ocean Adventures in Gulfport Mississippi OdySea Aquarium in Scottsdale Arizona Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden in Oklahoma City Oklahoma Phoenix Zoo in Phoenix Arizona Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch in Picacho Arizona 26 Ripley s Aquarium of Myrtle Beach in Myrtle Beach South Carolina 27 Ripley s Aquarium of the Smokies in Gatlinburg Tennessee Saint Louis Zoo in St Louis Missouri 28 San Antonio Aquarium in San Antonio Texas 29 SeaWorld Orlando in Orlando Florida Shedd Aquarium in Chicago Illinois Shreveport Aquarium in Shreveport LouisianaSouth Carolina Aquarium Charleston South Carolina Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga Tennessee Texas State Aquarium in Corpus Christi Texas 30 Toledo Zoo in Toledo Ohio Tropicana Field in St Petersburg Florida The Rays Touch Tank 31 Turtle Back Zoo in West Orange New Jersey 32 verification needed Wonders of Wildlife Museum amp Aquarium in Springfield Missouri ViaAquarium in Rotterdam New York Virginia Aquarium in Virginia Beach Virginia Greensboro Science Center in Greensboro North CarolinaCanada edit Aquarium of Quebec in Quebec City 33 Granby Zoo in Granby Ripley s Aquarium of Canada in Toronto Ontario 34 The Vancouver Aquarium in Vancouver British Columbia 35 Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg Manitoba 36 References edit a b c Carlson J Charvet P Avalos C Blanco Parra M P Briones Bell lloch A Cardenosa D Crysler Z Derrick D Espinoza E Morales Saldana J M Naranjo Elizondo B Pacoureau N Perez Jimenez J C Schneider E V C Simpson N J Dulvy N K 2020 Rhinoptera bonasus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T60128A3088381 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T60128A3088381 en Retrieved 18 November 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Omori Kristen L Fisher Robert A 2017 11 01 Summer and fall movement of cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus along the east coast of United States observed with pop up satellite tags Environmental Biology of Fishes 100 11 1435 1449 doi 10 1007 s10641 017 0654 6 ISSN 1573 5133 Cownose Ray Facts Saint Louis Zoo Archived from the original on November 19 2018 Retrieved September 25 2018 a b c d e f Fisher Robert A 2012 Life history trophic ecology amp prey handling by cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus from Chesapeake Bay Virginia Institute of Marine Science Virginia Sea Grant College of William and Mary OCLC 793126326 a b c d e f Grubbs R Dean Carlson John K Romine Jason G Curtis Tobey H McElroy W David McCandless Camilla T Cotton Charles F Musick John A 2016 02 15 Critical assessment and ramifications of a purported marine trophic cascade Scientific Reports 6 1 doi 10 1038 srep20970 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 4753470 a b Kittle Kimberly Rhinoptera bonasus Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Archived from the original on 2016 04 27 Ball Michael July 16 2012 Commercial Fishery Species Guide PDF NOAA Fisheries Service Apex Predator Program NOAA Archived PDF from the original on February 22 2016 a b Collins Angela B Heupel Michelle R Simpfendorfer Colin A 2008 12 01 Spatial Distribution and Long term Movement Patterns of Cownose Rays Rhinoptera bonasus Within an Estuarine River Estuaries and Coasts 31 6 1174 1183 doi 10 1007 s12237 008 9100 5 ISSN 1559 2731 a b c d Sasko Desiree E Dean Mason N Motta Philip J Hueter Robert E 2006 08 16 Prey capture behavior and kinematics of the Atlantic cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus Zoology 109 3 171 181 doi 10 1016 j zool 2005 12 005 ISSN 0944 2006 Cownose Ray Chesapeake Bay Program www chesapeakebay net Archived from the original on 2021 05 17 Retrieved 2021 07 03 Cownose Rays in the Chesapeake Bay What do we know PDF Chesapeake Bay Program 22 October 2015 Archived PDF from the original on 13 November 2020 Retrieved 3 July 2021 Rangel Bianca S Rodrigues Alexandre Moreira Renata G 2018 03 26 Use of a nursery area by cownose rays Rhinopteridae in southeastern Brazil Neotropical Ichthyology 16 1 doi 10 1590 1982 0224 20170089 hdl 11449 164039 ISSN 1982 0224 a b Barker A S 2006 Rhinoptera bonasus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T60128A12310195 verification needed Fisher Robert A Call Garrett C Grubbs R Dean 2011 04 01 Cownose Ray Rhinoptera bonasus Predation Relative to Bivalve Ontogeny Journal of Shellfish Research 30 1 187 196 doi 10 2983 035 030 0126 ISSN 0730 8000 Stingray Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on October 6 2018 Retrieved September 25 2018 Rhinoptera bonasus Florida Museum 2017 05 11 Archived from the original on 2018 10 06 Retrieved September 25 2018 Adventure Aquarium Camden NJ www adventureaquarium com Archived from the original on 24 August 2018 Retrieved 23 August 2018 Stingray Touchpool Aquarium Exhibits Explore Aquarium Archived from the original on 2018 11 30 Retrieved 2018 11 30 Stingray Touch Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Archived from the original on 2017 12 01 Retrieved 2017 11 25 Cownose Ray Atlantic City Aquarium Archived from the original on 2018 11 19 Retrieved 2017 10 28 Downtown Aquarium Denver Visitor Info Archived from the original on 5 June 2019 Retrieved 5 June 2019 SeaTrek Helmet Diving at OdySea Aquarium Archived from the original on 24 August 2018 Retrieved 23 August 2018 Stingray Beach www omahazoo com Archived from the original on 2021 04 27 Retrieved 2021 07 03 Bicak Carol You can touch a stingray at new exhibit at Omaha s Henry Doorly Zoo amp Aquarium Archived from the original on 3 July 2021 Retrieved 23 August 2018 Ray Bay Interactive Touch Tank Long Island Aquarium Archived from the original on 8 April 2023 Retrieved 7 May 2023 Petting Zoo Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch Archived from the original on 2017 12 01 Retrieved 2017 11 25 Touch a ray at friendship flats Archived from the original on 2021 03 03 Retrieved 2021 04 13 Stingrays at Caribbean Cove presented by SSM Health Archived from the original on 5 June 2019 Retrieved 5 June 2019 The San Antonio Aquarium Archived from the original on 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