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Cousin marriage law in the United States

The legal status of cousin marriage varies considerably from one U.S. state to another, ranging from being legal in some states to being a criminal offense in others. It is illegal or largely illegal in 31 states and legal or largely legal in 19. However, even in the states where it is legal, the practice is not widespread. (See Incidence.)

Laws regarding first-cousin marriage in the States
  Legal
  Allowed with requirements
  Banned with exceptions1
  Statute bans marriage1
  Criminal offense1

1 Some states recognize marriages performed elsewhere, while other states do not.

Status and territories edit

Several states of the United States prohibit cousin marriage.[1][2] As of February 2014, 24 U.S. states prohibit marriages between first cousins, 19 U.S. states allow marriages between first cousins, and seven U.S. states allow only some marriages between first cousins.[3] Five states prohibit first-cousin-once-removed marriages.[4] Some states prohibiting cousin marriage recognize cousin marriages performed in other states, but despite occasional claims that this holds true in general,[5] laws also exist that explicitly void all foreign cousin marriages or marriages conducted by state residents out of state.[citation needed]

State by state:

State or territory First cousin marriage allowed Sexual relations or cohabitation allowed First-cousin marriages void Out-of-state marriages by state's residents void All out-of-state marriages void First-cousin-once-removed marriage allowed Half-cousin marriage allowed Adopted-cousin marriage allowed
Alabama[6][7] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Alaska[8][9] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Arizona[10][11][12] Only if both parties are 65 or older, or one is infertile No Yes Yes[13] Yes Yes Yes[14] Yes
Arkansas[15][16][17] No Yes Yes No[18] No Yes Un­known Un­known
California[19][20][21] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Colorado[22][23] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Connecticut[24][25] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Delaware[26][27][28][29] No Yes Yes Yes Un­known Yes Un­known Un­known
Florida[30][31] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Georgia[32][33] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Hawaii[34][35] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Idaho[36][37][38][39][40] No Yes Un­known Un­known Un­known Yes Un­known Un­known
Illinois[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] Only if both parties are 50 or older, or if one of the parties is infertile.[47] Yes[47] No No[48][49] No[50] Yes[47] No[51] Un­known
Indiana[52][53][54][55] Only if both parties are 65 or older Yes Yes No No[56] Yes Yes Yes
Iowa[57] No Yes Yes Un­known No Yes Un­known Un­known
Kansas[58][59][60] No Yes Yes No[61] No[62] Yes Yes Un­known
Kentucky[63][64][65][66] No No[67] Yes Yes[68] Un­known No No Un­known
Louisiana[69][70][71] No Yes Yes Un­known No[72] Yes No If judicial approval in writing is obtained
Maine[73][74] Proof of genetic counseling from a genetic counselor Yes No No No Yes Un­known Yes
Maryland[75][76] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Massachusetts[77][78][79] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Michigan No[80] It is a felony to engage in sexual conduct with a cousin who is mentally disabled, incapable, or incapacitated, physically helpless, or developmentally disabled due to autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, or intellectual disability Yes No[81] No[82] Yes Un­known Un­known
Minnesota[83][84][85] Only certain types Yes Yes Un­known Un­known Yes No Un­known
Mississippi[86][87][88] No No Yes Yes Un­known Yes Un­known Yes
Missouri[89][90] No Yes Yes Un­known Un­known Yes Un­known Un­known
Montana[91][92][93] No Yes Yes Un­known Un­known Yes Yes Un­known
Nebraska[94][95][96][97] No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
Nevada[98][99] No No Yes Un­known Un­known No Yes Un­known
New Hampshire[100][101][102] No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Un­known No[103]
New Jersey[104][105] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
New Mexico[106][107] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
New York[108][109] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
North Carolina[110][111] Yes, except in the rare case of double first cousins Yes Yes, but cannot be declared void after all of cohabitation, birth of issue, and death of one of the parties has occurred Un­known Un­known Yes Un­known Un­known
North Dakota[112][113][114] No No Yes Yes No Yes No Un­known
Ohio[115][116][117] No Yes No No No No Un­known Un­known
Oklahoma[118][119] No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Un­known
Oregon[120][121][122] No Yes Yes No[123] No Yes Yes Yes
Pennsylvania[124][125][126] No[127] Yes Yes Un­known Un­known Yes Un­known Un­known
Rhode Island[128][129] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
South Carolina[130][131] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
South Dakota[132][133][134] No No Yes No[135] No Yes Yes Un­known
Tennessee[136][137] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Texas[138][139][140][141] No No No No No Yes No No
Utah[142][143][144] Only if both parties are 65 or older, or both are 55 or older with a district court finding of infertility of either party No Yes Yes Yes No Un­known Un­known
Vermont[145][146] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Virginia[147][148] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Washington[149][150][151] No Yes[152] Yes No[153] No No No Un­known
West Virginia[154][155][156][157][158][159] No Yes Un­known Un­known Un­known Yes No Yes
Wisconsin[160][161][162][163][164] Only if the woman is at least 55, or either is permanently sterile No No No Un­known Only if the woman is at least 55, or either is permanently sterile Yes Yes
Wyoming[165][166][167] No Yes Yes No No Yes Un­known Yes
American Samoa[168] Yes
District of Columbia[169] Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Guam[170] No
Northern Mariana Islands[171] Un­known[172]
Puerto Rico[173] Yes
U.S. Virgin Islands[174] Yes

Incidence edit

Data on cousin marriage in the United States are sparse. It was estimated in 1960 that 0.2% of all marriages between Roman Catholics were between first or second cousins, but no more recent nationwide studies have been performed.[175] It is unknown what proportion of that number were first cousins, which is the group facing marriage bans.

Some studies[176][177] have cast doubt on whether offspring of first cousins are at as significant of a health risk as is popularly assumed. However, professors Diane B. Paul and Hamish G. Spencer speculate that legal bans persist in part due to "the ease with which a handful of highly motivated activists — or even one individual — can be effective in the decentralized American system, especially when feelings do not run high on the other side of an issue."[178]

History edit

Cousin marriage was legal in all states before the Civil War.[179] Anthropologist Martin Ottenheimer argued that marriage prohibitions were introduced to maintain the social order, uphold religious morality, and safeguard the creation of fit offspring.[180] Writers such as Noah Webster (1758–1843) and ministers like Philip Milledoler (1775–1852) and Joshua McIlvaine helped lay the groundwork for such viewpoints well before 1860. This led to a gradual shift in concern from affinal unions, like those between a man and his deceased wife's sister (see widow inheritance), to consanguineous unions. By the 1870s, Lewis Henry Morgan (1818–1881) was writing about "the advantages of marriages between unrelated persons" and the necessity of avoiding "the evils of consanguine marriage", avoidance of which would "increase the vigor of the stock". To many, Morgan included, cousin marriage, and more specifically parallel-cousin marriage was a remnant of a more primitive stage of human social organization.[181] Morgan himself had married his cousin in 1853.[180]

In 1846, Massachusetts Governor George N. Briggs appointed a commission to study mentally handicapped people (at the time termed "idiots") in the state. This study implicated cousin marriage as responsible for idiocy. Within the next two decades, numerous reports (e.g., one from the Kentucky Deaf and Dumb Asylum) appeared with similar conclusions: that cousin marriage sometimes resulted in deafness, blindness, and idiocy. Perhaps most important was the report of physician Samuel Merrifield Bemiss for the American Medical Association, which concluded cousin inbreeding leads to the "physical and mental deprivation of the offspring". Despite being contradicted by other studies like those of George Darwin (himself the result of a cousin marriage) and Alan Huth in England and Robert Newman in New York, the report's conclusions were widely accepted.[182]

These developments led to thirteen states and territories passing cousin marriage prohibitions by the 1880s. Though contemporaneous, the eugenics movement did not play much of a direct role in the bans. George Louis Arner in 1908 considered the ban a clumsy and ineffective method of eugenics, which he thought would eventually be replaced by more refined techniques. By the 1920s, the number of states banning cousin marriage had doubled.[183] Since that time, Kentucky (1943) and Texas have banned first-cousin marriage and since 1985, Maine has mandated genetic counseling for marrying cousins to minimise risk to any serious health defect to their children. The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws unanimously recommended in 1970 that all such laws should be repealed, but as of 2008 no state had dropped its prohibition.[184][185][186]

Proposed changes edit

A bill to repeal the ban on first-cousin marriage in Minnesota was introduced by Phyllis Kahn in 2003, but it died in committee. Republican Minority Leader Marty Seifert criticized the bill in response, saying it would "turn us into a cold Arkansas".[187] According to the University of Minnesota's The Wake, Kahn was aware the bill had little chance of passing but introduced it anyway to draw attention to the issue. She reportedly got the idea after learning that cousin marriage is an acceptable form of marriage among some cultural groups that have a strong presence in Minnesota, namely the Hmong and Somali.[188]

In contrast, Maryland delegates Henry B. Heller and Kumar P. Barve sponsored a bill to ban first-cousin marriages in 2000.[189] It got further than Kahn's bill, passing the House of Delegates by 82 to 46 despite most Republicans voting no, but finally died in the state senate. In response to the 2005 marriage of Pennsylvanian first cousins Eleanor Amrhein and Donald W. Andrews Sr. in Maryland, Heller said that he might resurrect the bill because such marriages are "like playing genetic roulette".[190]

Texas did pass a ban on first-cousin marriage the same year as Amrhein and Andrews married, evidently in reaction to the presence of the polygamous Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS). Texas Representative Harvey Hilderbran, whose district includes the main FLDS compound, authored an amendment[191] to a child protection statute to both discourage the FLDS from settling in Texas and to "prevent Texas from succumbing to the practices of taking child brides, incest, welfare abuse, and domestic violence".[192] While Hilderbran stated that he would not have authored a bill solely to ban first-cousin marriage, he also said in an interview, "Cousins don't get married just like siblings don't get married. And when it happens you have a bad result. It's just not the accepted normal thing."[193]

Some news sources then only mentioned the polygamy and child abuse provisions and ignored the cousin marriage portion of the bill, as did some more recent sources.[194][195][196][197] The new statute made sex with an adult first cousin a more serious felony than with adult members of one's immediate family. However, this statute was amended in 2009; while sex with close adult family members (including first cousins) remains a felony, the more serious penalty now attaches to sex with an individual's direct ancestor or descendant.[198]

The U.S. state of Maine allows first-cousin marriage if the couple agrees to have genetic counseling, while North Carolina allows it so long as the applicants for marriage are not rare double first cousins, meaning cousins through both parental lines.[199] In the other 25 states permitting at least some first-cousin marriage, double cousins are not distinguished.[200]

States have various laws regarding marriage between cousins and other close relatives,[201] which involve factors including whether or not the parties to the marriage are half-cousins, double cousins, infertile, over 65, or whether it is a tradition prevalent in a native or ancestry culture, adoption status, in-law, whether or not genetic counselling is required, and whether it is permitted to marry a first cousin once removed.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Ottenheimer 1996, p. 90
  2. ^ . CousinCouples.com. Archived from the original on 2018-02-04.
  3. ^ "The Surprising Truth About Cousins and Marriage". 14 February 2014.
  4. ^ Saletan, William (10 April 2002). "The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Surname". Slate.
  5. ^ Wolfson, Evan (2004). Why marriage matters: America, equality, and gay people's right to marry. Simon & Schuster. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-7432-6458-7.
  6. ^ Code of Alabama Section 30-1-9.1
  7. ^ Code of Alabama Section 13A-13-3
  8. ^ Alaska Stat. § 25.05.021 (2010)
  9. ^ Alaska Stat. § 11.41.450 (2010)
  10. ^ A.R.S. § 25-101 (2010)
  11. ^ A.R.S. § 25-112 (2010)
  12. ^ A.R.S. § 13-3608 (2010)
  13. ^ In addition to statute, see In re Mortenson's Estate, 83 Ariz. 87, 316 P.2d 1106 (1957)
  14. ^ Sheri Stritof. . theSpruce.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02.
  15. ^ A.C.A. § 9-11-106 (2010)
  16. ^ A.C.A. § 9-11-107 (2010)
  17. ^ A.C.A. § 5-26-202 (2010)
  18. ^ See Incest Statutes 2013 2015-01-19 at the Wayback Machine (PDF).
  19. ^ Cal Fam Code § 2200 (2010)
  20. ^ Cal Pen Code § 285 (2010)
  21. ^ Estate of Levie (1975, Cal App 1st Dist) was a California case on a purported first-cousin marriage contracted in Nevada. It found the marriage void per the usual rule.
  22. ^ C.R.S. 14–2-110 (2010)
  23. ^ C.R.S. 18–6-301 (2010)
  24. ^ Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-21 (2010)
  25. ^ Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-191 (2010)
  26. ^ 13 Del. C. § 101 (2010)
  27. ^ 13 Del. C. § 102 (2010)
  28. ^ 13 Del. C. § 104 (2010)
  29. ^ 11 Del. C. § 766 (2010)
  30. ^ Fla. Stat. § 741.21 (2010)
  31. ^ Fla. Stat. § 826.04 (2010)
  32. ^ O.C.G.A. § 19-3-3 (2010)
  33. ^ O.C.G.A. § 16-6-22 (2010)
  34. ^ HRS § 572-1 (2010)
  35. ^ HRS § 707-741 (2010)
  36. ^ Idaho Code § 32-205 (2010)
  37. ^ Idaho Code § 32-206 (2010)
  38. ^ Idaho Code § 32-209 (2010)
  39. ^ Idaho Code § 32-501 (2010)
  40. ^ Idaho Code § 18-6602 (2010)
  41. ^ § 750 ILCS 5/212 (2010)
  42. ^ § 750 ILCS 5/213 (2010)
  43. ^ § 750 ILCS 5/216 (2010)
  44. ^ 750 ILCS 5/301 (2010)
  45. ^ 720 ILCS 5/11-11 (2010)
  46. ^ In re Estate of Mary Kathrein was an Illinois Supreme Court case distinguishing between first cousins once removed and first cousins.
  47. ^ a b c d "Kissing Cousins: The States Where Marrying Your Relative Is Legal". insideedition.com. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
  48. ^ HB 1591 (2003) amended the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act by repealing all of the following provisions: (i) no marriage shall be contracted in this State by a party residing and intending to continue to reside in another state or jurisdiction if the marriage would be void if contracted in the other state or jurisdiction, and every marriage celebrated in this State in violation of that provision is null and void; (ii) before issuing a license to marry a person who resides and intends to continue to reside in another state, the officer having authority to issue the license shall satisfy himself by requiring affidavits or otherwise that the person is not prohibited from intermarrying by the laws of the jurisdiction where the person resides; and (iii) an official issuing a marriage license with knowledge that the parties are prohibited from marrying and a person authorized to solemnize marriages who knowingly solemnizes such a marriage are guilty of a Class C misdemeanor.
  49. ^ In addition to statute, see Meisenhelder v. Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co., 170 Minn. 317, 213 N.W. 32 (1927)
  50. ^ "MARRIAGE-PROHIBITIONS-REPEAL".
  51. ^ See In re Flores, 96 Ill. App. 3d 279, 51 Ill. Dec. 885, 421 N.E.2d 393 (1 Dist. 1981)
  52. ^ Burns Ind. Code Ann. § 31-11-1-2 (2010)
  53. ^ Burns Ind. Code Ann. § 31-11-8-3 (2010)
  54. ^ Burns Ind. Code Ann. § 31-11-8-6 (2010). Note that the laws listed do not pertain to cousin marriage.
  55. ^ Burns Ind. Code Ann. § 35-46-1-3 (2010)
  56. ^ See Mason v. Mason, 775 N.E.2d 706, 2002 Ind. App. LEXIS 1605 (2002).
  57. ^ Chapter 595.19 Void Marriages
  58. ^ K.S.A. § 23-102 (2009)
  59. ^ K.S.A. § 23-115 (2009)
  60. ^ K.S.A. § 21-3602 (2009)
  61. ^ Moore, A Defense of First-Cousin Marriage, 10 Cleveland Marshall L. Rev. 136 (1961)
  62. ^ See In re Estate of Loughmiller, 229 Kan. 584, where a foreign first cousin marriage was recognised in Kansas.
  63. ^ Kentucky Revised Statutes § 402.010 (2010)
  64. ^ KRS § 402.040 (2010)
  65. ^ KRS § 402.990 (2010)
  66. ^ KRS § 530.020 (2010)
  67. ^ Class B misdemeanour if marriage entered into; Class A misdemeanour if the couple cohabits after being convicted of entering into a prohibited marriage.
  68. ^ A marriage between first cousins will not be recognised in Kentucky even if it is consummated in another state. OAG 71-78.
  69. ^ La. Civ. Code art. 90 (2004)
  70. ^ La. Civ. Code art. 94 (1988)
  71. ^ La. Rev. Stat. 14:89 (2018)
  72. ^ See Ghassemi v. Ghassemi
  73. ^ "You searched for united_states/Maine/Index » U.S. Marriage License Laws".
  74. ^ "Human Services Legislation and Legislative News from NCSL". www.ncsl.org.
  75. ^ Md. FAMILY LAW Code Ann. § 2-202 (2010)
  76. ^ Md. CRIMINAL LAW Code Ann. § 3-323 (2010)
  77. ^ ALM GL ch. 207, § 1 (2010)
  78. ^ ALM GL ch. 207, § 2 (2010)
  79. ^ ALM GL ch. 272, § 17 (2010)
  80. ^ "Michigan Marriage License Laws > MI Wedding Officiants". Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  81. ^ See In re Miller's Estate, 239 Mich. 455, 214 N.W. 428 (1927)
  82. ^ In addition to statute and preceding reference, see Toth v Toth (1973) 50 Mich App 150, 212 NW2d 812.
  83. ^ Minn. Stat. § 517.03 (2009)
  84. ^ Minn. Stat. § 518.01 (2009)
  85. ^ Minn. Stat. § 609.365 (2009)
  86. ^ Miss. Code Ann. § 93-1-1 (2010)
  87. ^ Miss. Code Ann. § 93-1-3 (2010)
  88. ^ Miss. Code Ann. § 93-5-29 (2010)
  89. ^ § 451.020 R.S.Mo. (2010)
  90. ^ § 568.020 R.S.Mo. (2010)
  91. ^ Mont. Code Anno., § 40-1-104 (2010)
  92. ^ Mont. Code Anno., § 40-1-401 (2010)
  93. ^ Mont. Code Anno., § 45-5-507 (2010)
  94. ^ R.R.S. Neb. § 42-103 (2010)
  95. ^ R.R.S. Neb. § 42-117 (2010)
  96. ^ R.R.S. Neb. § 28-702 (2010)
  97. ^ R.R.S. Neb. § 28-703 (2010)
  98. ^ Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 125.290 (2010)
  99. ^ Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 201.180 (2010)
  100. ^ RSA 457:2 (2010)
  101. ^ RSA 457:3 (2010)
  102. ^ RSA 639:2 (2010)
  103. ^ Prohibition of marriages between first cousins is applicable where the persons to be married are related only by adoption. 1987 Op. Att'y Gen. 46. (New Hampshire)
  104. ^ N.J. Stat. § 37:1-1 (2010)
  105. ^ N.J. Stat. § 2C:14-2 (2010)
  106. ^ N.M. Stat. Ann. § 40-1-7 (2010)
  107. ^ N.M. Stat. Ann. § 30-10-3 (2010)
  108. ^ NY CLS Dom Rel § 5 (2010)
  109. ^ NY CLS Penal § 255.25 (2010)
  110. ^ N.C. Gen. Stat. § 51-3 (2010)
  111. ^ N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-178 (2010)
  112. ^ N.D. Cent. Code, § 14-03-03 (2010)
  113. ^ N.D. Cent. Code, § 14-03-08 (2010)
  114. ^ N.D. Cent. Code, § 12.1-20-11 (2010)
  115. ^ ORC Ann. 3101.01 (2010)
  116. ^ ORC Ann. 3105.31 (2010)
  117. ^ ORC Ann. 2907.03 (2010)
  118. ^ 43 Okl. St. § 2 (2010)
  119. ^ 21 Okl. St. § 885 (2010)
  120. ^ ORS § 106.020 (2009)
  121. ^ ORS § 163.525 (2009)
  122. ^ "Marriage in Oregon". Oregon State Bar. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
  123. ^ See Leefield v. Leefield, (1917) 85 Or 287, 166 P 953.
  124. ^ 23 Pa.C.S. § 1304 (2010)
  125. ^ 23 Pa.C.S. § 3304 (2010)
  126. ^ 18 Pa.C.S. § 4302 (2010)
  127. ^ 23 Pa.C.S. § 1304 (2010)
  128. ^ R.I. Gen. Laws § 15-1-1 (2010)
  129. ^ R.I. Gen. Laws § 15-1-2 (2010)
  130. ^ S.C. Code Ann. § 20-1-10 (2009)
  131. ^ S.C. Code Ann. § 16-15-20 (2009)
  132. ^ S.D. Codified Laws § 25-1-6 (2010)
  133. ^ S.D. Codified Laws § 22-22A-2 (2010)
  134. ^ S.D. Codified Laws § 25-1-38 (2010)
  135. ^ See Garcia v. Garcia, 25 S.D. 645, 127 N.W. 586 (1910)
  136. ^ Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-101 (2010)
  137. ^ Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-302 (2010)
  138. ^ Tex. Fam. Code § 2.004 (2010)
  139. ^ Texas Family Code, Title 1, Chapter 6, Subtitle B
  140. ^ Tex. Fam. Code § 6.201 (2010)
  141. ^ Tex. Penal Code § 25.02 (2010)
  142. ^ Utah Code Ann. § 30-1-1 (2010)
  143. ^ Utah Code Ann. § 30-1-4 (2010)
  144. ^ Utah Code Ann. § 76-7-102 (2010)
  145. ^ 15 V.S.A. § 1a (2010)
  146. ^ 13 V.S.A. § 205 (2010)
  147. ^ Va. Code Ann. § 20-38.1 (2010)
  148. ^ Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-366 (2010)
  149. ^ Rev. Code Wash. (ARCW) § 26.04.020 (2010)
  150. ^ Rev. Code Wash. (ARCW) § 26.09.040 (2010)
  151. ^ Rev. Code Wash. (ARCW) § 9A.64.020 (2010)
  152. ^ While no longer a criminal offence in Washington, prosecutions for sexual relations between cousins had taken place under a former statute. See State v. Nakashima, 62 Wash. 686, 114 P. 894 (1911).
  153. ^ Evasive marriages were held to be void in Washington even though there was no statute specifically making them such. See Johnson v. Johnson, 57 Wash. 89, 106 Pac. 500 (1910).
  154. ^ W. Va. Code § 48-2-302 (2010)
  155. ^ W. Va. Code § 48-2-303 (2010)
  156. ^ W. Va. Code § 48-2-503 (2010)
  157. ^ W. Va. Code § 48-3-103 (2010)
  158. ^ W. Va. Code § 48-2-602 (2010)
  159. ^ W. Va. Code § 61-8-12 (2010)
  160. ^ Wis. Stat. § 765.03 (2010)
  161. ^ Wis. Stat. § 765.04 (2010)
  162. ^ Wis. Stat. § 765.21 (2010)
  163. ^ Note that marriage abroad to circumvent the laws carries criminal penalties in Wisconsin; see Wis. Stat. § 765.30 (2010)
  164. ^ Wis. Stat. § 944.06 (2010)
  165. ^ Wyo. Stat. § 20-1-111 (2010)
  166. ^ Wyo. Stat. § 20-2-101 (2010)
  167. ^ Wyo. Stat. § 6-4-402 (2010)
  168. ^ American Samoa Code Annotated 42.0101
  169. ^ D.C. Code § 46-401.01 (2010)
  170. ^ Guam Code Annotated §3202
  171. ^ Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Code 1205
  172. ^ Marriages "solemnized in accordance with recognized customs, shall be valid."
  173. ^ New Civil Code Book 2: Title III: Ch I: Sec I: Article 380
  174. ^ Virgin Islands Annotated Code :: 16 V.I.C. § 1. Void marriages
  175. ^ . www.consang.net. Archived from the original on 2017-01-14. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  176. ^ Grady, Denise (3 April 2002). "No Genetic Reason to Discourage Cousin Marriage, Study Finds". The New York Times.
  177. ^ "NESCent: The National Evolutionary Synthesis Center".
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  181. ^ Ottenheimer. p. 111.
  182. ^ Ottenheimer, Martin (1996). "Chapter 3". Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. University of Illinois.
  183. ^ Brandon Keim (23 December 2008). "Cousin Marriage OK by Science". Wired.
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  199. ^ N.C. Gen. Stat. § 51–3 (West 2009).
  200. ^ . National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  201. ^ . CousinCouples.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-08.

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The legal status of cousin marriage varies considerably from one U S state to another ranging from being legal in some states to being a criminal offense in others It is illegal or largely illegal in 31 states and legal or largely legal in 19 However even in the states where it is legal the practice is not widespread See Incidence Laws regarding first cousin marriage in the States Legal Allowed with requirements Banned with exceptions1 Statute bans marriage1 Criminal offense1 1 Some states recognize marriages performed elsewhere while other states do not Contents 1 Status and territories 2 Incidence 3 History 4 Proposed changes 5 See also 6 ReferencesStatus and territories editSeveral states of the United States prohibit cousin marriage 1 2 As of February 2014 update 24 U S states prohibit marriages between first cousins 19 U S states allow marriages between first cousins and seven U S states allow only some marriages between first cousins 3 Five states prohibit first cousin once removed marriages 4 Some states prohibiting cousin marriage recognize cousin marriages performed in other states but despite occasional claims that this holds true in general 5 laws also exist that explicitly void all foreign cousin marriages or marriages conducted by state residents out of state citation needed State by state State or territory First cousin marriage allowed Sexual relations or cohabitation allowed First cousin marriages void Out of state marriages by state s residents void All out of state marriages void First cousin once removed marriage allowed Half cousin marriage allowed Adopted cousin marriage allowedAlabama 6 7 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesAlaska 8 9 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesArizona 10 11 12 Only if both parties are 65 or older or one is infertile No Yes Yes 13 Yes Yes Yes 14 YesArkansas 15 16 17 No Yes Yes No 18 No Yes Un known Un knownCalifornia 19 20 21 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesColorado 22 23 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesConnecticut 24 25 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesDelaware 26 27 28 29 No Yes Yes Yes Un known Yes Un known Un knownFlorida 30 31 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesGeorgia 32 33 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesHawaii 34 35 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesIdaho 36 37 38 39 40 No Yes Un known Un known Un known Yes Un known Un knownIllinois 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Only if both parties are 50 or older or if one of the parties is infertile 47 Yes 47 No No 48 49 No 50 Yes 47 No 51 Un knownIndiana 52 53 54 55 Only if both parties are 65 or older Yes Yes No No 56 Yes Yes YesIowa 57 No Yes Yes Un known No Yes Un known Un knownKansas 58 59 60 No Yes Yes No 61 No 62 Yes Yes Un knownKentucky 63 64 65 66 No No 67 Yes Yes 68 Un known No No Un knownLouisiana 69 70 71 No Yes Yes Un known No 72 Yes No If judicial approval in writing is obtainedMaine 73 74 Proof of genetic counseling from a genetic counselor Yes No No No Yes Un known YesMaryland 75 76 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesMassachusetts 77 78 79 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesMichigan No 80 It is a felony to engage in sexual conduct with a cousin who is mentally disabled incapable or incapacitated physically helpless or developmentally disabled due to autism cerebral palsy epilepsy or intellectual disability Yes No 81 No 82 Yes Un known Un knownMinnesota 83 84 85 Only certain types Yes Yes Un known Un known Yes No Un knownMississippi 86 87 88 No No Yes Yes Un known Yes Un known YesMissouri 89 90 No Yes Yes Un known Un known Yes Un known Un knownMontana 91 92 93 No Yes Yes Un known Un known Yes Yes Un knownNebraska 94 95 96 97 No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes YesNevada 98 99 No No Yes Un known Un known No Yes Un knownNew Hampshire 100 101 102 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Un known No 103 New Jersey 104 105 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesNew Mexico 106 107 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesNew York 108 109 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesNorth Carolina 110 111 Yes except in the rare case of double first cousins Yes Yes but cannot be declared void after all of cohabitation birth of issue and death of one of the parties has occurred Un known Un known Yes Un known Un knownNorth Dakota 112 113 114 No No Yes Yes No Yes No Un knownOhio 115 116 117 No Yes No No No No Un known Un knownOklahoma 118 119 No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Un knownOregon 120 121 122 No Yes Yes No 123 No Yes Yes YesPennsylvania 124 125 126 No 127 Yes Yes Un known Un known Yes Un known Un knownRhode Island 128 129 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesSouth Carolina 130 131 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesSouth Dakota 132 133 134 No No Yes No 135 No Yes Yes Un knownTennessee 136 137 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesTexas 138 139 140 141 No No No No No Yes No NoUtah 142 143 144 Only if both parties are 65 or older or both are 55 or older with a district court finding of infertility of either party No Yes Yes Yes No Un known Un knownVermont 145 146 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesVirginia 147 148 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesWashington 149 150 151 No Yes 152 Yes No 153 No No No Un knownWest Virginia 154 155 156 157 158 159 No Yes Un known Un known Un known Yes No YesWisconsin 160 161 162 163 164 Only if the woman is at least 55 or either is permanently sterile No No No Un known Only if the woman is at least 55 or either is permanently sterile Yes YesWyoming 165 166 167 No Yes Yes No No Yes Un known YesAmerican Samoa 168 YesDistrict of Columbia 169 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesGuam 170 NoNorthern Mariana Islands 171 Un known 172 Puerto Rico 173 YesU S Virgin Islands 174 YesIncidence editData on cousin marriage in the United States are sparse It was estimated in 1960 that 0 2 of all marriages between Roman Catholics were between first or second cousins but no more recent nationwide studies have been performed 175 It is unknown what proportion of that number were first cousins which is the group facing marriage bans Some studies 176 177 have cast doubt on whether offspring of first cousins are at as significant of a health risk as is popularly assumed However professors Diane B Paul and Hamish G Spencer speculate that legal bans persist in part due to the ease with which a handful of highly motivated activists or even one individual can be effective in the decentralized American system especially when feelings do not run high on the other side of an issue 178 History editCousin marriage was legal in all states before the Civil War 179 Anthropologist Martin Ottenheimer argued that marriage prohibitions were introduced to maintain the social order uphold religious morality and safeguard the creation of fit offspring 180 Writers such as Noah Webster 1758 1843 and ministers like Philip Milledoler 1775 1852 and Joshua McIlvaine helped lay the groundwork for such viewpoints well before 1860 This led to a gradual shift in concern from affinal unions like those between a man and his deceased wife s sister see widow inheritance to consanguineous unions By the 1870s Lewis Henry Morgan 1818 1881 was writing about the advantages of marriages between unrelated persons and the necessity of avoiding the evils of consanguine marriage avoidance of which would increase the vigor of the stock To many Morgan included cousin marriage and more specifically parallel cousin marriage was a remnant of a more primitive stage of human social organization 181 Morgan himself had married his cousin in 1853 180 In 1846 Massachusetts Governor George N Briggs appointed a commission to study mentally handicapped people at the time termed idiots in the state This study implicated cousin marriage as responsible for idiocy Within the next two decades numerous reports e g one from the Kentucky Deaf and Dumb Asylum appeared with similar conclusions that cousin marriage sometimes resulted in deafness blindness and idiocy Perhaps most important was the report of physician Samuel Merrifield Bemiss for the American Medical Association which concluded cousin inbreeding leads to the physical and mental deprivation of the offspring Despite being contradicted by other studies like those of George Darwin himself the result of a cousin marriage and Alan Huth in England and Robert Newman in New York the report s conclusions were widely accepted 182 These developments led to thirteen states and territories passing cousin marriage prohibitions by the 1880s Though contemporaneous the eugenics movement did not play much of a direct role in the bans George Louis Arner in 1908 considered the ban a clumsy and ineffective method of eugenics which he thought would eventually be replaced by more refined techniques By the 1920s the number of states banning cousin marriage had doubled 183 Since that time Kentucky 1943 and Texas have banned first cousin marriage and since 1985 Maine has mandated genetic counseling for marrying cousins to minimise risk to any serious health defect to their children The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws unanimously recommended in 1970 that all such laws should be repealed but as of 2008 update no state had dropped its prohibition 184 185 186 Proposed changes editA bill to repeal the ban on first cousin marriage in Minnesota was introduced by Phyllis Kahn in 2003 but it died in committee Republican Minority Leader Marty Seifert criticized the bill in response saying it would turn us into a cold Arkansas 187 According to the University of Minnesota s The Wake Kahn was aware the bill had little chance of passing but introduced it anyway to draw attention to the issue She reportedly got the idea after learning that cousin marriage is an acceptable form of marriage among some cultural groups that have a strong presence in Minnesota namely the Hmong and Somali 188 In contrast Maryland delegates Henry B Heller and Kumar P Barve sponsored a bill to ban first cousin marriages in 2000 189 It got further than Kahn s bill passing the House of Delegates by 82 to 46 despite most Republicans voting no but finally died in the state senate In response to the 2005 marriage of Pennsylvanian first cousins Eleanor Amrhein and Donald W Andrews Sr in Maryland Heller said that he might resurrect the bill because such marriages are like playing genetic roulette 190 Texas did pass a ban on first cousin marriage the same year as Amrhein and Andrews married evidently in reaction to the presence of the polygamous Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints FLDS Texas Representative Harvey Hilderbran whose district includes the main FLDS compound authored an amendment 191 to a child protection statute to both discourage the FLDS from settling in Texas and to prevent Texas from succumbing to the practices of taking child brides incest welfare abuse and domestic violence 192 While Hilderbran stated that he would not have authored a bill solely to ban first cousin marriage he also said in an interview Cousins don t get married just like siblings don t get married And when it happens you have a bad result It s just not the accepted normal thing 193 Some news sources then only mentioned the polygamy and child abuse provisions and ignored the cousin marriage portion of the bill as did some more recent sources 194 195 196 197 The new statute made sex with an adult first cousin a more serious felony than with adult members of one s immediate family However this statute was amended in 2009 while sex with close adult family members including first cousins remains a felony the more serious penalty now attaches to sex with an individual s direct ancestor or descendant 198 The U S state of Maine allows first cousin marriage if the couple agrees to have genetic counseling while North Carolina allows it so long as the applicants for marriage are not rare double first cousins meaning cousins through both parental lines 199 In the other 25 states permitting at least some first cousin marriage double cousins are not distinguished 200 States have various laws regarding marriage between cousins and other close relatives 201 which involve factors including whether or not the parties to the marriage are half cousins double cousins infertile over 65 or whether it is a tradition prevalent in a native or ancestry culture adoption status in law whether or not genetic counselling is required and whether it is permitted to marry a first cousin once removed See also editAvunculate marriage Consanguine marriage Cousin marriage court cases in the United States Laws regarding incest in the United States Sibling marriageReferences edit Ottenheimer 1996 p 90 Facts About Cousin Marriage CousinCouples com Archived from the original on 2018 02 04 The Surprising Truth About Cousins and Marriage 14 February 2014 Saletan William 10 April 2002 The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Surname Slate Wolfson Evan 2004 Why marriage matters America equality and gay people s right to marry Simon amp Schuster p 256 ISBN 978 0 7432 6458 7 Code of Alabama Section 30 1 9 1 Code of Alabama Section 13A 13 3 Alaska Stat 25 05 021 2010 Alaska Stat 11 41 450 2010 A R S 25 101 2010 A R S 25 112 2010 A R S 13 3608 2010 In addition to statute see In re Mortenson s Estate 83 Ariz 87 316 P 2d 1106 1957 Sheri Stritof What Are the Cousin Marriage Laws in Your State theSpruce com Archived from the original on 2021 03 02 A C A 9 11 106 2010 A C A 9 11 107 2010 A C A 5 26 202 2010 See Incest Statutes 2013 Archived 2015 01 19 at the Wayback Machine PDF Cal Fam Code 2200 2010 Cal Pen Code 285 2010 Estate of Levie 1975 Cal App 1st Dist was a California case on a purported first cousin marriage contracted in Nevada It found the marriage void per the usual rule C R S 14 2 110 2010 C R S 18 6 301 2010 Conn Gen Stat 46b 21 2010 Conn Gen Stat 53a 191 2010 13 Del C 101 2010 13 Del C 102 2010 13 Del C 104 2010 11 Del C 766 2010 Fla Stat 741 21 2010 Fla Stat 826 04 2010 O C G A 19 3 3 2010 O C G A 16 6 22 2010 HRS 572 1 2010 HRS 707 741 2010 Idaho Code 32 205 2010 Idaho Code 32 206 2010 Idaho Code 32 209 2010 Idaho Code 32 501 2010 Idaho Code 18 6602 2010 750 ILCS 5 212 2010 750 ILCS 5 213 2010 750 ILCS 5 216 2010 750 ILCS 5 301 2010 720 ILCS 5 11 11 2010 In re Estate of Mary Kathrein was an Illinois Supreme Court case distinguishing between first cousins once removed and first cousins a b c d Kissing Cousins The States Where Marrying Your Relative Is Legal insideedition com Retrieved 2023 12 22 HB 1591 2003 amended the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act by repealing all of the following provisions i no marriage shall be contracted in this State by a party residing and intending to continue to reside in another state or jurisdiction if the marriage would be void if contracted in the other state or jurisdiction and every marriage celebrated in this State in violation of that provision is null and void ii before issuing a license to marry a person who resides and intends to continue to reside in another state the officer having authority to issue the license shall satisfy himself by requiring affidavits or otherwise that the person is not prohibited from intermarrying by the laws of the jurisdiction where the person resides and iii an official issuing a marriage license with knowledge that the parties are prohibited from marrying and a person authorized to solemnize marriages who knowingly solemnizes such a marriage are guilty of a Class C misdemeanor In addition to statute see Meisenhelder v Chicago amp N W Ry Co 170 Minn 317 213 N W 32 1927 MARRIAGE PROHIBITIONS REPEAL See In re Flores 96 Ill App 3d 279 51 Ill Dec 885 421 N E 2d 393 1 Dist 1981 Burns Ind Code Ann 31 11 1 2 2010 Burns Ind Code Ann 31 11 8 3 2010 Burns Ind Code Ann 31 11 8 6 2010 Note that the laws listed do not pertain to cousin marriage Burns Ind Code Ann 35 46 1 3 2010 See Mason v Mason 775 N E 2d 706 2002 Ind App LEXIS 1605 2002 Chapter 595 19 Void Marriages K S A 23 102 2009 K S A 23 115 2009 K S A 21 3602 2009 Moore A Defense of First Cousin Marriage 10 Cleveland Marshall L Rev 136 1961 See In re Estate of Loughmiller 229 Kan 584 where a foreign first cousin marriage was recognised in Kansas Kentucky Revised Statutes 402 010 2010 KRS 402 040 2010 KRS 402 990 2010 KRS 530 020 2010 Class B misdemeanour if marriage entered into Class A misdemeanour if the couple cohabits after being convicted of entering into a prohibited marriage A marriage between first cousins will not be recognised in Kentucky even if it is consummated in another state OAG 71 78 La Civ Code art 90 2004 La Civ Code art 94 1988 La Rev Stat 14 89 2018 See Ghassemi v Ghassemi You searched for united states Maine Index U S Marriage License Laws Human Services Legislation and Legislative News from NCSL www ncsl org Md FAMILY LAW Code Ann 2 202 2010 Md CRIMINAL LAW Code Ann 3 323 2010 ALM GL ch 207 1 2010 ALM GL ch 207 2 2010 ALM GL ch 272 17 2010 Michigan Marriage License Laws gt MI Wedding Officiants Retrieved 10 February 2013 See In re Miller s Estate 239 Mich 455 214 N W 428 1927 In addition to statute and preceding reference see Toth v Toth 1973 50 Mich App 150 212 NW2d 812 Minn Stat 517 03 2009 Minn Stat 518 01 2009 Minn Stat 609 365 2009 Miss Code Ann 93 1 1 2010 Miss Code Ann 93 1 3 2010 Miss Code Ann 93 5 29 2010 451 020 R S Mo 2010 568 020 R S Mo 2010 Mont Code Anno 40 1 104 2010 Mont Code Anno 40 1 401 2010 Mont Code Anno 45 5 507 2010 R R S Neb 42 103 2010 R R S Neb 42 117 2010 R R S Neb 28 702 2010 R R S Neb 28 703 2010 Nev Rev Stat Ann 125 290 2010 Nev Rev Stat Ann 201 180 2010 RSA 457 2 2010 RSA 457 3 2010 RSA 639 2 2010 Prohibition of marriages between first cousins is applicable where the persons to be married are related only by adoption 1987 Op Att y Gen 46 New Hampshire N J Stat 37 1 1 2010 N J Stat 2C 14 2 2010 N M Stat Ann 40 1 7 2010 N M Stat Ann 30 10 3 2010 NY CLS Dom Rel 5 2010 NY CLS Penal 255 25 2010 N C Gen Stat 51 3 2010 N C Gen Stat 14 178 2010 N D Cent Code 14 03 03 2010 N D Cent Code 14 03 08 2010 N D Cent Code 12 1 20 11 2010 ORC Ann 3101 01 2010 ORC Ann 3105 31 2010 ORC Ann 2907 03 2010 43 Okl St 2 2010 21 Okl St 885 2010 ORS 106 020 2009 ORS 163 525 2009 Marriage in Oregon Oregon State Bar Retrieved 2021 10 31 See Leefield v Leefield 1917 85 Or 287 166 P 953 23 Pa C S 1304 2010 23 Pa C S 3304 2010 18 Pa C S 4302 2010 23 Pa C S 1304 2010 R I Gen Laws 15 1 1 2010 R I Gen Laws 15 1 2 2010 S C Code Ann 20 1 10 2009 S C Code Ann 16 15 20 2009 S D Codified Laws 25 1 6 2010 S D Codified Laws 22 22A 2 2010 S D Codified Laws 25 1 38 2010 See Garcia v Garcia 25 S D 645 127 N W 586 1910 Tenn Code Ann 36 3 101 2010 Tenn Code Ann 39 15 302 2010 Tex Fam Code 2 004 2010 Texas Family Code Title 1 Chapter 6 Subtitle B Tex Fam Code 6 201 2010 Tex Penal Code 25 02 2010 Utah Code Ann 30 1 1 2010 Utah Code Ann 30 1 4 2010 Utah Code Ann 76 7 102 2010 15 V S A 1a 2010 13 V S A 205 2010 Va Code Ann 20 38 1 2010 Va Code Ann 18 2 366 2010 Rev Code Wash ARCW 26 04 020 2010 Rev Code Wash ARCW 26 09 040 2010 Rev Code Wash ARCW 9A 64 020 2010 While no longer a criminal offence in Washington prosecutions for sexual relations between cousins had taken place under a former statute See State v Nakashima 62 Wash 686 114 P 894 1911 Evasive marriages were held to be void in Washington even though there was no statute specifically making them such See Johnson v Johnson 57 Wash 89 106 Pac 500 1910 W Va Code 48 2 302 2010 W Va Code 48 2 303 2010 W Va Code 48 2 503 2010 W Va Code 48 3 103 2010 W Va Code 48 2 602 2010 W Va Code 61 8 12 2010 Wis Stat 765 03 2010 Wis Stat 765 04 2010 Wis Stat 765 21 2010 Note that marriage abroad to circumvent the laws carries criminal penalties in Wisconsin see Wis Stat 765 30 2010 Wis Stat 944 06 2010 Wyo Stat 20 1 111 2010 Wyo Stat 20 2 101 2010 Wyo Stat 6 4 402 2010 American Samoa Code Annotated 42 0101 D C Code 46 401 01 2010 Guam Code Annotated 3202 Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Code 1205 Marriages solemnized in accordance with recognized customs shall be valid New Civil Code Book 2 Title III Ch I Sec I Article 380 Virgin Islands Annotated Code 16 V I C 1 Void marriages Global prevalence tables www consang net Archived from the original on 2017 01 14 Retrieved 2019 05 21 Grady Denise 3 April 2002 No Genetic Reason to Discourage Cousin Marriage Study Finds The New York Times NESCent The National Evolutionary Synthesis Center Paul and Spencer Paul Diane B Spencer Hamish G 2008 12 23 Keller Evelyn Fox ed It s Ok We re Not Cousins by Blood The Cousin Marriage Controversy in Historical Perspective PLOS Biology 6 12 Public Library of Science PLoS 2627 2630 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0060320 ISSN 1545 7885 PMC 2605922 PMID 19108607 a b Ottenheimer Martin 1996 Chapter 2 Forbidden Relatives The American Myth of Cousin Marriage University of Illinois Ottenheimer p 111 Ottenheimer Martin 1996 Chapter 3 Forbidden Relatives The American Myth of Cousin Marriage University of Illinois Brandon Keim 23 December 2008 Cousin Marriage OK by Science Wired Paul Diane B Spencer Hamish G 23 December 2008 It s Ok We re Not Cousins by Blood The Cousin Marriage Controversy in Historical Perspective PLOS Biology 6 12 2627 30 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0060320 PMC 2605922 PMID 19108607 Go Ahead Kiss Your Cousin Discover Magazine Bittles and Black 2009 Section 2 TPT St Paul Quotes for Inspiration June 25 2009 Archived from the original on September 6 2009 The Wake Vol 3 Issue 8 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 17 Retrieved 2019 05 21 BILL INFO 2000 Regular Session HB 459 mlis state md us Steve Chapman Keeping Marriage in the Family C S H B 3006 Texas Legislature 79 R Plocek Keith 27 April 2006 Big Love Texas Style Kershaw Sarah 26 November 2009 Shaking Off the Shame The New York Times Archived from the original on February 25 2020 Bill takes aim at polygamists www dentonrc com permanent dead link Writer NATALIE GOTT Associated Press 14 April 2005 Lawmaker files bill raising age of marriage consent Trish Choate FLDS TRIAL All eyes still on Jessop for now St Angelo Standard Times Archived from the original on 2012 03 04 Retrieved 2019 05 21 85th Texas Legislature News issues commentary amp more Archived from the original on 2008 11 23 Retrieved 2019 05 21 PENAL CODE CHAPTER 25 OFFENSES AGAINST THE FAMILY www statutes legis state tx us N C Gen Stat 51 3 West 2009 State Laws Regarding Marriages Between First Cousins National Conference of State Legislatures Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 Retrieved 10 September 2013 US State Laws CousinCouples com Archived from the original on 2015 02 08 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cousin marriage law in the United States amp oldid 1219199457, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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