The County of Bar, later Duchy of Bar, was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire encompassing the pays de Barrois and centred on the city of Bar-le-Duc. It was held by the House of Montbéliard from the 11th century. Part of the county, the so-called Barrois mouvant, became a fief of the Kingdom of France in 1301 and was elevated to a duchy in 1354. The Barrois non-mouvant remained a part of the Empire. From 1480, it was united to the imperial Duchy of Lorraine.
County (Duchy) of Bar
Grafschaft (Herzogtum) Bar(German) Comté (Duché) de Bar(French) Barensis Comitatus (Ducatus)(Latin)
1033–1766
Coat of arms
Map of France in 1477, showing the duchy of Bar in "Valois-Anjou" colours
The Duchy of Bar in the 17th century, as against the modern administrative divisions of France
Both imperial Bar and Lorraine came under the influence of France in 1735, with Bar ceded to the deposed king of Poland, Stanisław Leszczyński. According to the Treaty of Vienna (1738), the duchy would pass to the French crown upon Stanisław's death, which occurred in 1766.
The county of Bar originated in the frontier fortress of Bar (from Latin barra, barrier) that Duke Frederick I of Upper Lorraine built on the bank of the river Ornain around 960.[1] The fortress was originally directed at the counts of Champagne, who had made incursions into Frederick's allodial lands. Frederick also confiscated some lands from the nearby Abbey of Saint-Mihiel and settled his knights on it.[1] The original Barrois was thus a mixture of the duke's allodial lands and confiscated church lands enfeoffed to knights. On the death of Duke Frederick III in 1033, these lands passed to his sister, Sophia (died 1093), who was the first person to associate the comital title with Bar, styling herself "Countess of Bar".[1]
Sophia's descendants, of the House of Montbéliard, expanded Bar "by usurpation, conquest, purchase, and marriage" into a de facto autonomous state perched between France and Germany.[1] Its population was francophone and culturally French, and the counts were involved in French politics. Count Reginald II (died 1170) married Agnes, a sister of the queen of France, Adele. His son, Henry I, died on the Third Crusade in 1190.[1] From 1214 to 1291 Bar was ruled by Henry II and Theobald II, who secured the western frontier with Champagne by granting fiefs to French nobles and buying their homage.[1]
In 1297 King Philip IV of France invaded the Barrois because Count Henry III had given aid to his father-in-law, Edward I of England, when the latter intervened against France in the Franco-Flemish War.[1] In the Treaty of Bruges of 1301 Henry was forced to recognise all of his county west of the river Meuse as a fief of France.[1][2] This was the origin of the Barrois mouvant: a territory that was turned into a fief was said to have "moved" and entered the mouvance of its suzerain. It was subject to the Parliament of Paris. The Treaty of Bruges did not represent any expansion of French territory. The territory to the west of the Meuse was French since the Treaty of Verdun of 843, but in 1301 it became a direct fief of the crown, including its allodial parts.[3]
The former ducal palace at Bar-le-Duc is today a museum, the Musée Barrois.[4]
Medieval duchy (1354–1508)
In 1354 the Count of Bar took the ducal title and was thereafter recognised as a Peer of France.[1]Père Anselme (died 1694) believed that Count Robert had been created a duke by King John II of France in preparation for the count's marriage to John's daughter, Mary.[2] The rulers of Bar were not created dukes by imperial appointment. The only title Count Robert received by imperial grant in 1354 was that of Margrave of Pont-à-Mousson.[5] This margraviate was frequently bestowed by the Dukes of Bar on their heirs apparent. In that same year the emperor raised the County of Luxembourg into a duchy and Bar fell between two duchies, Luxembourg and Upper Lorraine.[6] The ducal title was eventually accepted by the emperors, however, and the imperial tax register of 1532 records the "Duchy on the Meuse" (Herzogtum von der Maß) as a voting member of the Reichstag.[2]
In 1430 the last duke of the male line of the ruling house, Louis, died.[6] Bar passed to his great-nephew, René I, who was married to Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine. In 1431 the couple inherited Lorraine. On René's death in 1480, Bar passed to his daughter Yolanda and her son, René II, who was already Duke of Lorraine. In 1482 he conquered the prévôté of Virton, a part of the Duchy of Luxembourg, and annexed it to Bar. In 1484 Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, regent for King Charles VIII of France, formally installed him in the Duchy of Bar.[7] In his final testament published in 1506, René decreed that the two duchies of Bar and Lorraine should never be separated. The two duchies remained joined in personal union permanently.[4]
Modern duchy (1508–1766)
On 2 October 1735 the preliminary Treaty of Vienna between France and the Empire was drawn up, ending the War of the Polish Succession and granting Bar and Lorraine to the deposed king of Poland, Stanislaus Leszczynski. It was agreed that he should receive Bar immediately, but for Lorraine he had to wait until the death of Grand Duke Gian Gastone of Tuscany (which took place on 9 July 1737), so that the deposed duke of Lorraine could inherit Tuscany. In January 1736, Stanislaus formally renounced his claim to the Polish throne (although he was allowed to retain the royal title). In August, France and the Empire finalized their agreement concerning the exchange of territories. The emperor renounced his suzerainty over Bar and Lorraine.[8]
On 30 September 1736, Stanislaus signed a convention, known as the Declaration of Meudon, whereby the French king would appoint the governor of Lorraine. On 8 February 1737, Stanislaus took possession of Bar and on 21 March of Lorraine.[9] On 18 November 1738, the final Treaty of Vienna was signed. Stanislaus turned over the incomes from Bar and Lorraine to the French crown in exchange for a generous pension, which he used to fund construction projects in the duchies.[10] On his death on 23 February 1766 the duchies passed to the royal domain of France as per the treaty.
List of rulers
All the dates are regnal dates. All rulers before Sophia ruled Bar, but did not use the title "Count of Bar".
Arnold, Benjamin (1991). Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Collin, Hubert (1971). "Le comté de Bar au début du XIVe siècle". Bulletin philologique et historique du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques: 81–93.
Evergates, Theodore (1995). "Bar-le-Duc". In Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A.; Henneman Jr, John Bell; Earp, Lawrence (eds.). Medieval France. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 96.
Grosdidier de Matons, Marcel (1922). Le comté de Bar des origines au traité de Bruges (vers 950–1031). Paris: Picard.
Moeglin, Jean-Marie (2006). "Historiographie médiévale et moderne dans le Saint Empire romain germanique". École pratique des hautes études: Section des sciences historiques et philologiques. 20: 230–34.
Monter, E. William (2007). A Bewitched Duchy: Lorraine and Its Dukes, 1477–1736. Paris: Librairie Droz.
Parisse, Michel (1982). Noblesse et chevalerie en Lorraine médiévale. Nancy: University of Nancy.
Poull, Georges (1977). La maison ducale de Bar: les premiers comtes de Bar (1033–1239). Rupt-sur-Moselle: Poull.
Spangler, Jonathan (2009). The Society of Princes: The Lorraine-Guise and the Conservation of Power and Wealth in Seventeenth-Century France. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
Thomas, Heinz (1973). Zwischen Regnum und Imperium: Die Fiirstentiimer. Bar und. Lothringen zur Zeit Kaiser Karls IV. Bonner historische Forschungen, 40. Bonn.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Whaley, Joachim (2012). Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648–1806. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
External links
Media related to Duchy of Bar at Wikimedia Commons
Héraldique Européenne - Arms of the Duchy of Bar
August 23, 2023
duchy, county, redirects, here, county, champagne, county, seine, county, later, principality, holy, roman, empire, encompassing, pays, barrois, centred, city, held, house, montbéliard, from, 11th, century, part, county, called, barrois, mouvant, became, fief,. County of Bar redirects here For the county in Champagne see County of Bar sur Seine The County of Bar later Duchy of Bar was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire encompassing the pays de Barrois and centred on the city of Bar le Duc It was held by the House of Montbeliard from the 11th century Part of the county the so called Barrois mouvant became a fief of the Kingdom of France in 1301 and was elevated to a duchy in 1354 The Barrois non mouvant remained a part of the Empire From 1480 it was united to the imperial Duchy of Lorraine County Duchy of BarGrafschaft Herzogtum Bar German Comte Duche de Bar French Barensis Comitatus Ducatus Latin 1033 1766Coat of armsMap of France in 1477 showing the duchy of Bar in Valois Anjou coloursThe Duchy of Bar in the 17th century as against the modern administrative divisions of FranceStatusVassal of Holy Roman EmpireCapitalBar le DucGovernmentFeudal monarchyHistorical eraMiddle Ages Established1033 Divided from the Duchy of Lorraine1033 Divided between France and the Empire1301 Raised to a duchy1354 United with the Duchy of Lorraine1480 Passed by treaty to the French crown1766Preceded by Succeeded byUpper Lorraine Lorraine and BarroisBoth imperial Bar and Lorraine came under the influence of France in 1735 with Bar ceded to the deposed king of Poland Stanislaw Leszczynski According to the Treaty of Vienna 1738 the duchy would pass to the French crown upon Stanislaw s death which occurred in 1766 Contents 1 County 1033 1354 2 Medieval duchy 1354 1508 3 Modern duchy 1508 1766 4 List of rulers 4 1 Counts of Bar 4 2 Dukes of Bar 4 3 Margraves of Pont a Mousson 5 Notes 6 Sources 7 External linksCounty 1033 1354 EditThe county of Bar originated in the frontier fortress of Bar from Latin barra barrier that Duke Frederick I of Upper Lorraine built on the bank of the river Ornain around 960 1 The fortress was originally directed at the counts of Champagne who had made incursions into Frederick s allodial lands Frederick also confiscated some lands from the nearby Abbey of Saint Mihiel and settled his knights on it 1 The original Barrois was thus a mixture of the duke s allodial lands and confiscated church lands enfeoffed to knights On the death of Duke Frederick III in 1033 these lands passed to his sister Sophia died 1093 who was the first person to associate the comital title with Bar styling herself Countess of Bar 1 Sophia s descendants of the House of Montbeliard expanded Bar by usurpation conquest purchase and marriage into a de facto autonomous state perched between France and Germany 1 Its population was francophone and culturally French and the counts were involved in French politics Count Reginald II died 1170 married Agnes a sister of the queen of France Adele His son Henry I died on the Third Crusade in 1190 1 From 1214 to 1291 Bar was ruled by Henry II and Theobald II who secured the western frontier with Champagne by granting fiefs to French nobles and buying their homage 1 In 1297 King Philip IV of France invaded the Barrois because Count Henry III had given aid to his father in law Edward I of England when the latter intervened against France in the Franco Flemish War 1 In the Treaty of Bruges of 1301 Henry was forced to recognise all of his county west of the river Meuse as a fief of France 1 2 This was the origin of the Barrois mouvant a territory that was turned into a fief was said to have moved and entered the mouvance of its suzerain It was subject to the Parliament of Paris The Treaty of Bruges did not represent any expansion of French territory The territory to the west of the Meuse was French since the Treaty of Verdun of 843 but in 1301 it became a direct fief of the crown including its allodial parts 3 The former ducal palace at Bar le Duc is today a museum the Musee Barrois 4 Medieval duchy 1354 1508 EditIn 1354 the Count of Bar took the ducal title and was thereafter recognised as a Peer of France 1 Pere Anselme died 1694 believed that Count Robert had been created a duke by King John II of France in preparation for the count s marriage to John s daughter Mary 2 The rulers of Bar were not created dukes by imperial appointment The only title Count Robert received by imperial grant in 1354 was that of Margrave of Pont a Mousson 5 This margraviate was frequently bestowed by the Dukes of Bar on their heirs apparent In that same year the emperor raised the County of Luxembourg into a duchy and Bar fell between two duchies Luxembourg and Upper Lorraine 6 The ducal title was eventually accepted by the emperors however and the imperial tax register of 1532 records the Duchy on the Meuse Herzogtum von der Mass as a voting member of the Reichstag 2 In 1430 the last duke of the male line of the ruling house Louis died 6 Bar passed to his great nephew Rene I who was married to Isabella Duchess of Lorraine In 1431 the couple inherited Lorraine On Rene s death in 1480 Bar passed to his daughter Yolanda and her son Rene II who was already Duke of Lorraine In 1482 he conquered the prevote of Virton a part of the Duchy of Luxembourg and annexed it to Bar In 1484 Peter II Duke of Bourbon regent for King Charles VIII of France formally installed him in the Duchy of Bar 7 In his final testament published in 1506 Rene decreed that the two duchies of Bar and Lorraine should never be separated The two duchies remained joined in personal union permanently 4 Modern duchy 1508 1766 EditOn 2 October 1735 the preliminary Treaty of Vienna between France and the Empire was drawn up ending the War of the Polish Succession and granting Bar and Lorraine to the deposed king of Poland Stanislaus Leszczynski It was agreed that he should receive Bar immediately but for Lorraine he had to wait until the death of Grand Duke Gian Gastone of Tuscany which took place on 9 July 1737 so that the deposed duke of Lorraine could inherit Tuscany In January 1736 Stanislaus formally renounced his claim to the Polish throne although he was allowed to retain the royal title In August France and the Empire finalized their agreement concerning the exchange of territories The emperor renounced his suzerainty over Bar and Lorraine 8 On 30 September 1736 Stanislaus signed a convention known as the Declaration of Meudon whereby the French king would appoint the governor of Lorraine On 8 February 1737 Stanislaus took possession of Bar and on 21 March of Lorraine 9 On 18 November 1738 the final Treaty of Vienna was signed Stanislaus turned over the incomes from Bar and Lorraine to the French crown in exchange for a generous pension which he used to fund construction projects in the duchies 10 On his death on 23 February 1766 the duchies passed to the royal domain of France as per the treaty List of rulers EditAll the dates are regnal dates All rulers before Sophia ruled Bar but did not use the title Count of Bar Counts of Bar Edit House of ArdennesFrederick I 959 978 Duke of Upper Lorraine Theodoric I 978 1027 Duke of Upper Lorraine Frederick II 1019 1026 Duke of Upper Lorraine Frederick III 1027 1033 Duke of Upper Lorraine Sophia 1033 1093 with Count Louis of Montbeliard 1038 1071 House of MontbeliardTheodoric II 1093 1105 Reginald I 1105 1150 Reginald II 1150 1170 Henry I 1170 1189 Theobald I 1189 1214 Henry II 1214 1239 Theobald II 1239 1291 Henry III 1291 1302 Edward I 1302 1337 Henry IV 1337 1344 Edward II 1344 1352 Dukes of Bar Edit House of MontbeliardRobert 1352 1411 Edward III 1411 1415 Louis 1415 1431 House of AnjouRene I 1431 1480 Yolanda 1480 1483 Rene II 1483 1508 Margraves of Pont a Mousson Edit Robert 1354 1411 Duke of Bar Edward III 1411 1415 Duke of Bar Louis I 1415 1419 Duke of Bar Rene I 1419 1441 1443 1444 Duke of Bar Louis II 1441 1443 John 1444 1470 Duke of Lorraine Nicholas r 1470 1473 Duke of Lorraine vacant 1473 1480 Rene II r 1480 1508 Duke of Lorraine and BarFrom the death of Rene II the list is identical with that of Lorraine Notes Edit a b c d e f g h i Evergates 1995 p 96 a b c Spangler 2009 p 56 Moeglin 2006 pp 231 32 a b Monter 2007 pp 15 16 Arnold 1991 p 100 a b Arnold 1991 p 263 Monter 2007 pp 23 24 Rudolf Vierhaus Germany in the Age of Absolutism Cambridge University Press p 133 Charles T Lipp Noble Strategies in an Early Modern Small State The Mahuet of Lorraine University of Rochester Press pp 135 36 Whaley 2012 p 165 and n 8 Sources EditArnold Benjamin 1991 Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany Cambridge Cambridge University Press Collin Hubert 1971 Le comte de Bar au debut du XIVe siecle Bulletin philologique et historique du Comite des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques 81 93 Evergates Theodore 1995 Bar le Duc In Kibler William W Zinn Grover A Henneman Jr John Bell Earp Lawrence eds Medieval France London Taylor amp Francis p 96 Grosdidier de Matons Marcel 1922 Le comte de Bar des origines au traite de Bruges vers 950 1031 Paris Picard Moeglin Jean Marie 2006 Historiographie medievale et moderne dans le Saint Empire romain germanique Ecole pratique des hautes etudes Section des sciences historiques et philologiques 20 230 34 Monter E William 2007 A Bewitched Duchy Lorraine and Its Dukes 1477 1736 Paris Librairie Droz Parisse Michel 1982 Noblesse et chevalerie en Lorraine medievale Nancy University of Nancy Poull Georges 1977 La maison ducale de Bar les premiers comtes de Bar 1033 1239 Rupt sur Moselle Poull Spangler Jonathan 2009 The Society of Princes The Lorraine Guise and the Conservation of Power and Wealth in Seventeenth Century France Farnham Surrey Ashgate Thomas Heinz 1973 Zwischen Regnum und Imperium Die Fiirstentiimer Bar und Lothringen zur Zeit Kaiser Karls IV Bonner historische Forschungen 40 Bonn a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Whaley Joachim 2012 Germany and the Holy Roman Empire Volume II The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich 1648 1806 Oxford Oxford University Press External links Edit Media related to Duchy of Bar at Wikimedia Commons Heraldique Europeenne Arms of the Duchy of Bar Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Duchy of Bar amp oldid 1170940083, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
