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Cosmic-ray observatory

December 04, 2023

A cosmic-ray observatory is a scientific installation built to detect high-energy-particles coming from space called cosmic rays. This typically includes photons (high-energy light), electrons, protons, and some heavier nuclei, as well as antimatter particles. About 90% of cosmic rays are protons, 9% are alpha particles, and the remaining ~1% are other particles.

It is not yet possible to build image forming optics for cosmic rays, like a Wolter telescope for lower energy X-rays,[1][2] although some cosmic-ray observatories also look for high energy gamma rays and x-rays. Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) pose further detection problems. One way of learning about cosmic rays is using different detectors to observe aspects of a cosmic ray air shower.

Methods of detection for gamma-rays:[3]

For example, while a visible light photon may have an energy of a few eV, a cosmic gamma ray may exceed a TeV (1,000,000,000,000 eV).[3] Sometimes cosmic gamma rays (photons) are not grouped with nuclei cosmic rays.[3]

History edit

 
Cherenkov radiation (light) glowing in the core of a nuclear reactor. In comparison to this, the camera has captured a blue light from this effect in the water from the radiation given off by reactor, the cosmic-ray observatories look for this radiation coming from cosmic-rays in Earth's atmosphere

"In 1952, a simple and audacious experiment allowed the first observation of Cherenkov light produced by cosmic rays passing through the atmosphere, giving birth to a new field of astronomy".[4] This work,[5] involving minimal instrument expense (a dustbin, a war-surplus parabolic mirror, and a 5 cm diameter photomultiplier tube), and based on a suggestion by Patrick Blackett, led ultimately to the current international multibillion-dollar investment in gamma ray astronomy.

The Explorer 1 satellite launched in 1958 subsequently measured cosmic rays.[6] Anton 314 omnidirectional Geiger-Müller tube, designed by George H. Ludwig of the State University of Iowa Cosmic Ray Laboratory, detected cosmic rays. It could detect protons with energy over 30 MeV and electrons with energy over 3 MeV. Most of the time the instrument was saturated;[7]

Sometimes the instrumentation would report the expected cosmic ray count (approximately thirty counts per second) but sometimes it would show a peculiar zero counts per second. The University of Iowa (under Van Allen) noted that all of the zero counts per second reports were from an altitude of 2,000+ km (1,250+ miles) over South America, while passes at 500 km (310 mi) would show the expected level of cosmic rays. This is called the South Atlantic Anomaly. Later, after Explorer 3, it was concluded that the original Geiger counter had been overwhelmed ("saturated") by strong radiation coming from a belt of charged particles trapped in space by the Earth's magnetic field. This belt of charged particles is now known as the Van Allen radiation belt.

Cosmic rays were studied aboard the space station Mir in the late 20th century, such as with the SilEye experiment.[8] This studied the relationship between flashes seen by astronauts in space and cosmic rays, the cosmic ray visual phenomena.[8]

In December 1993, the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array in Japan (abbreviated AGASA) recorded one of the highest energy cosmic ray events ever observed.[9]

In October 2003, the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina completed construction on its 100th surface detector and became the largest cosmic-ray array in the world.[9] It detects cosmic rays through the use of two different methods: watching Cherenkov radiation made when particles interact with water, and observing ultraviolet light emitted in the Earth's atmosphere.[9] In 2018, the installation of an upgrade called AugerPrime has started adding scintillation and radio detectors to the Observatory.

In 2010, an expanded version of AMANDA named IceCube was completed. IceCube measures Cherenkov light in a cubic kilometer of transparent ice. It is estimated to detect 275 million cosmic rays every day.[9]

Space shuttle Endeavor transported the Alphamagnetic Spectrometer (AMS) to the International Space Station on May 16, 2011. In just over one year of operating, the AMS collected data on 17 billion cosmic-ray events.[9]

Observatories and experiments edit

There are a number of cosmic ray research initiatives. These include, but are not limited to:

Ultra high energy cosmic rays edit

Observatories for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Wolter, H. (1952). "Glancing Incidence Mirror Systems as Imaging Optics for X-rays". Annalen der Physik. 10 (1–2): 94–114. Bibcode:1952AnP...445...94W. doi:10.1002/andp.19524450108.
  2. ^ Wolter, H. (1952). "Verallgemeinerte Schwarzschildsche Spiegelsysteme streifender Reflexion als Optiken für Röntgenstrahlen". Annalen der Physik. 10 (4–5): 286–295. Bibcode:1952AnP...445..286W. doi:10.1002/andp.19524450410.
  3. ^ a b c
  4. ^ "The discovery of air-Cherenkov radiation". 18 July 2012.
  5. ^ Galbraith, W.; Jelley, J.V. (1952). "Light Pulses from the Night Sky associated with Cosmic Rays". Nature. 171 (4347): 349–350. Bibcode:1953Natur.171..349G. doi:10.1038/171349a0. S2CID 4249692.
  6. ^ "Explorer-I and Jupiter-C". Data Sheet. Department of Astronautics, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
  7. ^ "Cosmic-Ray Detector". NSSDC Master Catalog. NASA. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
  8. ^ a b Bidoli, V; Casolino, M; De Pascale, MP; Furano, G; Morselli, A; Narici, L; Picozza, P; Reali, E; Sparvoli, R; Galper, AM; Ozerov YuV, Popov AV; Vavilov, NR; Alexandrov, AP; Avdeev, SV; Yu, Baturin; Yu, Budarin; Padalko, G; Shabelnikov, VG; Barbellini, G; Bonvicini, W; Vacchi, A; Zampa, N; Bartalucci, S; Mazzenga, G; Ricci, M; Adriani, O; Spillantini, P; Boezio, M; Carlson, P; Fuglesang, C; Castellini, G; Sannita, WG (2000). "Study of cosmic rays and light flashes on board Space Station MIR: the SilEye experiment". Adv Space Res. 25 (10): 2075–9. Bibcode:2000AdSpR..25.2075B. doi:10.1016/s0273-1177(99)01017-0. PMID 11542859.
  9. ^ a b c d e . timeline.web.cern.ch. Archived from the original on 2017-09-15. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
  10. ^ "EAS". Yu.G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Yu.G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy of SB RAS. Retrieved 30 May 2021.

Further reading edit

  • The Pierre Auger Collaboration (2007). "Correlation of the Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic Objects". Science. 318 (5852): 938–943. arXiv:0711.2256. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..938P. doi:10.1126/science.1151124. PMID 17991855. S2CID 118376969.
  • Clay, Roger; Dawson, Bruce (1997). Cosmic Bullets: High Energy Particles in Astrophysics. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-7382-0139-9. → A good introduction to ultra-high energy cosmic rays.
  • Elbert, Jerome W.; Sommers, Paul (1995). "In search of a source for the 320 EeV Fly's Eye cosmic ray". The Astrophysical Journal. 441: 151–161. arXiv:astro-ph/9410069. Bibcode:1995ApJ...441..151E. doi:10.1086/175345. S2CID 15510276.
  • Seife, Charles (2000). "Fly's Eye Spies Highs in Cosmic Rays' Demise". Science. 288 (5469): 1147. doi:10.1126/science.288.5469.1147a. S2CID 117341691.

External links edit

  • "Strange Instrument Built To Solve Mystery Of Cosmic Rays", April 1932, Popular Science
  • The Highest Energy Particle Ever Recorded The details of the event from the official site of the Fly's Eye detector.
  • John Walker's lively analysis of the 1991 event, published in 1994
  • Origin of energetic space particles pinpointed, by Mark Peplow for news@nature.com, published January 13, 2005.
  • (archived 30 December 2012)

December 04, 2023
cosmic, observatory, cosmic, observatory, scientific, installation, built, detect, high, energy, particles, coming, from, space, called, cosmic, rays, this, typically, includes, photons, high, energy, light, electrons, protons, some, heavier, nuclei, well, ant. A cosmic ray observatory is a scientific installation built to detect high energy particles coming from space called cosmic rays This typically includes photons high energy light electrons protons and some heavier nuclei as well as antimatter particles About 90 of cosmic rays are protons 9 are alpha particles and the remaining 1 are other particles It is not yet possible to build image forming optics for cosmic rays like a Wolter telescope for lower energy X rays 1 2 although some cosmic ray observatories also look for high energy gamma rays and x rays Ultra high energy cosmic rays UHECR pose further detection problems One way of learning about cosmic rays is using different detectors to observe aspects of a cosmic ray air shower Methods of detection for gamma rays 3 Scintillation detectors Solid state detectors Compton scattering Pair telescopes Air Cherenkov detectorsFor example while a visible light photon may have an energy of a few eV a cosmic gamma ray may exceed a TeV 1 000 000 000 000 eV 3 Sometimes cosmic gamma rays photons are not grouped with nuclei cosmic rays 3 Contents 1 History 2 Observatories and experiments 3 Ultra high energy cosmic rays 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory edit nbsp Cherenkov radiation light glowing in the core of a nuclear reactor In comparison to this the camera has captured a blue light from this effect in the water from the radiation given off by reactor the cosmic ray observatories look for this radiation coming from cosmic rays in Earth s atmosphere In 1952 a simple and audacious experiment allowed the first observation of Cherenkov light produced by cosmic rays passing through the atmosphere giving birth to a new field of astronomy 4 This work 5 involving minimal instrument expense a dustbin a war surplus parabolic mirror and a 5 cm diameter photomultiplier tube and based on a suggestion by Patrick Blackett led ultimately to the current international multibillion dollar investment in gamma ray astronomy The Explorer 1 satellite launched in 1958 subsequently measured cosmic rays 6 Anton 314 omnidirectional Geiger Muller tube designed by George H Ludwig of the State University of Iowa Cosmic Ray Laboratory detected cosmic rays It could detect protons with energy over 30 MeV and electrons with energy over 3 MeV Most of the time the instrument was saturated 7 Sometimes the instrumentation would report the expected cosmic ray count approximately thirty counts per second but sometimes it would show a peculiar zero counts per second The University of Iowa under Van Allen noted that all of the zero counts per second reports were from an altitude of 2 000 km 1 250 miles over South America while passes at 500 km 310 mi would show the expected level of cosmic rays This is called the South Atlantic Anomaly Later after Explorer 3 it was concluded that the original Geiger counter had been overwhelmed saturated by strong radiation coming from a belt of charged particles trapped in space by the Earth s magnetic field This belt of charged particles is now known as the Van Allen radiation belt Cosmic rays were studied aboard the space station Mir in the late 20th century such as with the SilEye experiment 8 This studied the relationship between flashes seen by astronauts in space and cosmic rays the cosmic ray visual phenomena 8 In December 1993 the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array in Japan abbreviated AGASA recorded one of the highest energy cosmic ray events ever observed 9 In October 2003 the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina completed construction on its 100th surface detector and became the largest cosmic ray array in the world 9 It detects cosmic rays through the use of two different methods watching Cherenkov radiation made when particles interact with water and observing ultraviolet light emitted in the Earth s atmosphere 9 In 2018 the installation of an upgrade called AugerPrime has started adding scintillation and radio detectors to the Observatory In 2010 an expanded version of AMANDA named IceCube was completed IceCube measures Cherenkov light in a cubic kilometer of transparent ice It is estimated to detect 275 million cosmic rays every day 9 Space shuttle Endeavor transported the Alphamagnetic Spectrometer AMS to the International Space Station on May 16 2011 In just over one year of operating the AMS collected data on 17 billion cosmic ray events 9 Observatories and experiments editThere are a number of cosmic ray research initiatives These include but are not limited to Ground based ALBORZ Observatory ERGO CHICOS GAMMA KASCADE Grande KArlsruhe Shower Core and Array DEtector and its extension called Grande Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory LOPES the LOFAR PrototypE Station is the radio extension of KASCADE TAIGA Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma Astronomy HAWC High Altitude Water Cherenkov High Energy Stereoscopic System High Resolution Fly s Eye Cosmic Ray Detector LHAASO MAGIC telescope MARIACHI Pierre Auger Observatory Southern Wide field Gamma ray Observatory Telescope Array Project WALTA Washington Large Area Time Coincidence Array IceTop TACTIC VERITAS Satellite based PAMELA Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Spaceship Earth ACE Advanced Composition Explorer Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 Cassini Huygens HEAO 1 Einstein Observatory HEAO2 HEAO 3 ISS CREAM Balloon borne BESS Balloon borne Experiment with Superconducting Spectrometer ATIC Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter TRACER cosmic ray detector BOOMERanG experiment TIGER 1 Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass CREAM AESOP Anti Electron Sub Orbital Payload Ultra high energy cosmic rays editObservatories for ultra high energy cosmic rays MARIACHI Mixed Apparatus for Radar Investigation of Cosmic rays of High Ionization located on Long Island USA GRAPES 3 Gamma Ray Astronomy PeV EnergieS 3rd establishment is a project for cosmic ray study with air shower detector array and large area muon detectors at Ooty in southern India AGASA Akeno Giant Air Shower Array in Japan High Resolution Fly s Eye Cosmic Ray Detector HiRes Yakutsk Extensive Air Shower Array 10 Pierre Auger Observatory Extreme Universe Space Observatory Telescope Array Project Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna ANITA detects ultra high energy cosmic neutrinos believed to be caused by ultra high energy cosmic rays The COSMICi project at Florida A amp M University is developing technology for a distributed network of low cost detectors for UHECR showers in collaboration with MARIACHI See also editCREDO Extragalactic cosmic ray Gamma ray telescopes Alphabetic list Gamma ray astronomy and X ray astronomy Cosmic Ray System CR instrument on the Voyagers References edit Wolter H 1952 Glancing Incidence Mirror Systems as Imaging Optics for X rays Annalen der Physik 10 1 2 94 114 Bibcode 1952AnP 445 94W doi 10 1002 andp 19524450108 Wolter H 1952 Verallgemeinerte Schwarzschildsche Spiegelsysteme streifender Reflexion als Optiken fur Rontgenstrahlen Annalen der Physik 10 4 5 286 295 Bibcode 1952AnP 445 286W doi 10 1002 andp 19524450410 a b c GSFC Gamma Ray Telescopes amp Detectors The discovery of air Cherenkov radiation 18 July 2012 Galbraith W Jelley J V 1952 Light Pulses from the Night Sky associated with Cosmic Rays Nature 171 4347 349 350 Bibcode 1953Natur 171 349G doi 10 1038 171349a0 S2CID 4249692 Explorer I and Jupiter C Data Sheet Department of Astronautics National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 2008 02 09 Cosmic Ray Detector NSSDC Master Catalog NASA Retrieved 2008 02 09 a b Bidoli V Casolino M De Pascale MP Furano G Morselli A Narici L Picozza P Reali E Sparvoli R Galper AM Ozerov YuV Popov AV Vavilov NR Alexandrov AP Avdeev SV Yu Baturin Yu Budarin Padalko G Shabelnikov VG Barbellini G Bonvicini W Vacchi A Zampa N Bartalucci S Mazzenga G Ricci M Adriani O Spillantini P Boezio M Carlson P Fuglesang C Castellini G Sannita WG 2000 Study of cosmic rays and light flashes on board Space Station MIR the SilEye experiment Adv Space Res 25 10 2075 9 Bibcode 2000AdSpR 25 2075B doi 10 1016 s0273 1177 99 01017 0 PMID 11542859 a b c d e Cosmic rays CERN timelines timeline web cern ch Archived from the original on 2017 09 15 Retrieved 2017 09 15 EAS Yu G Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yu G Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy of SB RAS Retrieved 30 May 2021 Further reading editThe Pierre Auger Collaboration 2007 Correlation of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic Objects Science 318 5852 938 943 arXiv 0711 2256 Bibcode 2007Sci 318 938P doi 10 1126 science 1151124 PMID 17991855 S2CID 118376969 Clay Roger Dawson Bruce 1997 Cosmic Bullets High Energy Particles in Astrophysics Cambridge MA Perseus Books ISBN 978 0 7382 0139 9 A good introduction to ultra high energy cosmic rays Elbert Jerome W Sommers Paul 1995 In search of a source for the 320 EeV Fly s Eye cosmic ray The Astrophysical Journal 441 151 161 arXiv astro ph 9410069 Bibcode 1995ApJ 441 151E doi 10 1086 175345 S2CID 15510276 Seife Charles 2000 Fly s Eye Spies Highs in Cosmic Rays Demise Science 288 5469 1147 doi 10 1126 science 288 5469 1147a S2CID 117341691 External links edit Strange Instrument Built To Solve Mystery Of Cosmic Rays April 1932 Popular Science The Highest Energy Particle Ever Recorded The details of the event from the official site of the Fly s Eye detector John Walker s lively analysis of the 1991 event published in 1994 Origin of energetic space particles pinpointed by Mark Peplow for news nature com published January 13 2005 List of cosmic ray detectors archived 30 December 2012 Portals nbsp Astronomy nbsp Stars nbsp Spaceflight nbsp Outer space nbsp Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cosmic ray observatory amp oldid 1186261238, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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