Convoy SC 94
Convoy SC 94 was the 94th of the numbered series of World War II Slow Convoys of merchant ships from Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, to Liverpool.[2] The ships departed Sydney on 31 July 1942[3] and were met by Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group C-1.
| Convoy SC 94 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Battle of the Atlantic | |||||||
U-210 photographed from Assiniboine's deck, 6 August 1942 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| United Kingdom Canada Poland | Germany | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| VADM D F Moir LCDR A. Ayer RNR[1] | BdU:Karl Dönitz | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 35 freighters 3 destroyers 6 corvettes | 19 submarines | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 11 freighters sunk (50,780GRT) 1 destroyer damaged 1 corvette damaged 61 killed/drowned | 2 submarines sunk 46 killed/drowned 42 captured | ||||||
Background edit
As western Atlantic coastal convoys brought an end to the Second Happy Time, Admiral Karl Dönitz, the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (commander in chief of U-boats), shifted focus to the mid-Atlantic to avoid aircraft patrols. Although convoy routing was less predictable in the mid-ocean, Dönitz anticipated that the increased numbers of U-boats being produced would be able to effectively search the area with the advantage of intelligence gained through B-Dienst decryption of British Naval Cypher Number 3.[4] However, only 20 percent of the 180 trans-Atlantic convoys sailing from the end of July 1942 until the end of April 1943 lost ships to U-boat attack.[5]
Battle edit
Discovery on 5 August edit
U-593 reported the convoy on 5 August and torpedoed the Dutch freighter Spar.[6]
Attack of 6 August edit
Assiniboine's Type 286 radar spotted U-210 in a heavy fog on 6 August. The destroyer closed on the contact and briefly spotted the submarine twice before losing her in the fog. The submarine reappeared crossing the destroyer's bow at a range of 50 yards (46 m), and both ships opened fire. The range was too close for Assiniboine's 4.7 in (119 mm) guns to engage, but her .50-calibre machine guns shot up the submarine's deck and conning tower. This kept the Germans from manning their 88 mm (3 in) deck gun, but the 20 mm (0.79 in) flak gun was already manned and firing. It punched holes through the destroyer's plating that set some petrol tanks on the deck afire and disabled 'A' gun. The destroyer was unable to ram U-210 until the rear 4.7-inch gun hit the conning tower, killing the entire bridge crew and the .50-caliber machine guns were able to silence the flak gun. This caused Lieutenant Sorber, the senior surviving officer, to order the submarine to dive, but this meant that she had to hold a straight course while doing so. Assiniboine was able to take advantage of this and rammed U-210 abaft the conning tower whilst she was diving. This caused the electric motors to fail, damaged her propellers and led to water entering the submarine, as a result of which Sorber ordered the ballast tanks to be blown and the submarine to be abandoned. The destroyer rammed her again when U-210 resurfaced, dropped a pattern of depth charges set to detonate at shallow depth and hit her one more time with a 4.7-inch shell before the submarine finally sank.[7]
Attack of 8 August edit
U-379 torpedoed the British freighter Anneberg and American freighter Kaimoku on the afternoon of 8 August while U-176 torpedoed the British freighters Kelso and Trehata and Greek freighter Mount Kassion.[8] Three undamaged ships were abandoned in the resulting panic.[6] One of them, the British freighter Radchurch, was later torpedoed by U-176.[6] The Shakespeare-class destroyer leader Broke and the Polish destroyer Błyskawica arrived to reinforce the escort, while Dianthus left the convoy to repair damage incurred while ramming and sinking U-379.[6]
Attack of 10 August edit
U-438 torpedoed the Greek freighter Condylis in daylight on 10 August while U-660 torpedoed the British freighters Cape Race, Empire Reindeer and Oregon.[8] The remainder of the convoy reached Liverpool on 13 August.[2]
Ships in the convoy edit
Allied merchant ships edit
A total of 35 merchant vessels joined the convoy, either in Sydney or later in the voyage.[9][8]
| Name | Flag | Dead | Tonnage (GRT) | Cargo | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aghios Spyridon (1905) | Greece | 3,338 | Grain | Survived this convoy and convoy SC 104 | |
| Anneberg (1902) | United Kingdom | 0 | 2,537 | 3,200 tons woodpulp | Sunk by U-379 8 Aug |
| Bifrost (1923) | Sweden | 4,949 | Flour | ||
| Boston City (1920) | United Kingdom | 2,870 | General cargo | Survived this convoy, convoy ON 127, convoy SC 104 & convoy SC 122 | |
| Brisk (1923) | Norway | 1,594 | Flour & general cargo | ||
| Cape Race (1930) | United Kingdom | 0 | 3,807 | 13 passengers, 3,979 tons lumber & 1,040 tons steel | Sunk by U-660 10 Aug |
| Castilian (1919) | United Kingdom | 3,067 | General cargo | Veteran of convoy HX 84 | |
| Condylis (1914) | Greece | 9 | 4,439 | 6,924 tons grain & trucks | Sunk by U-660 & U-438 10 Aug |
| Daleby (1929) | United Kingdom | 4,640 | General cargo | ||
| Drakepool (1924) | United Kingdom | 4,838 | (in ballast) | Survived this convoy and convoy SC 122 | |
| Empire Antelope (1919) | United Kingdom | 4,945 | General cargo | Survived to be sunk 2 months later in convoy SC 107 | |
| Empire Moonbeam (1941) | United Kingdom | 6,849 | Phosphates | Survived to be sunk the following month in convoy ON 127 | |
| Empire Reindeer (1919) | United Kingdom | 0 | 6,259 | 5,950 tons woodpulp & general cargo | Sunk by U-660 10 Aug |
| Empire Scout (1936) | United Kingdom | 2,229 | Grain | Ship's master was convoy vice-commodore | |
| Hagood (1919) | United States | 6,866 | Diesel | ||
| Illinoian (1918) | United States | 6,473 | Mail & general cargo | ||
| Inger Lise (1939) | Norway | 1,582 | Lumber | Survived this convoy and convoy SC 104 | |
| Ingerfem (1912) | Norway | 3,987 | Iron ore | Survived this convoy and convoy SC 104 | |
| Kaimoku (1919) | United States | 4 | 6,367 | US Army stores | Sunk by U-379 8 Aug |
| Kelso (1924) | United Kingdom | 3 | 3,956 | 2,000 tons ammunition & 2,618 tons general cargo | Sunk by U-176 8 Aug |
| Mars (1925) | Netherlands | 1,582 | Flour | Survived this convoy and convoy SC 104 | |
| Melmore Head (1918) | United Kingdom | 5,273 | General cargo | Veteran of convoy SC 7; survived to be sunk 4 months later in convoy ON 154 | |
| Mount Kassion (1918) | Greece | 0 | 5,273 | 9,700 tons general cargo | Sunk by U-176 8 Aug |
| Mount Pelion (1917) | Greece | 5,655 | General cargo | Survived to be sunk 2 months later in convoy SC 107 | |
| Norelg (1920) | Norway | 6,103 | General cargo | ||
| Oregon (1920) | United Kingdom | 11 | 6,008 | 1 passenger & 8,107 tons general cargo | Sunk by U-660 & U-438 10 Aug |
| Osric (1919) | Sweden | 1,418 | Timber | ||
| Panos (1920) | United Kingdom | 4,914 | Coal | ||
| Penolver (1912) | United Kingdom | 3,721 | Grain & general cargo | ||
| Radchurch (1910) | United Kingdom | 0 | 3,701 | Iron ore | Abandoned undamaged & sunk by U-176 9 Aug |
| Spar (1924) | Netherlands | 3 | 3,616 | Mail & 4,900 tons general cargo | Sunk by U-593 5 Aug |
| Trehata (1928) | United Kingdom | 31 | 4,817 | 3,000 tons steel & 3,000 tons food | Carried convoy commodore VADM Dashwood Fowler Moir DSO; sunk by U-176 8 Aug |
| Tynemouth (1940) | United Kingdom | 3,168 | Lumber & steel | Survived this convoy, convoy SL 125 & convoy ON 154 | |
| Veni (1901) | Norway | 2,982 | Steel & woodpulp | Survived this convoy & convoy ON 154 | |
| Willemsplein (1910) | Netherlands | 5,489 | Iron ore | Survived this convoy & convoy ON 127 |
Convoy escorts edit
A series of armed military ships escorted the convoy at various times during its journey.[10][9]
| Name | Flag | Type | Joined | Left |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HMCS Assiniboine | Royal Canadian Navy | Canadian River-class destroyer | 31 Jul 1942 | 13 Aug 1942 |
| HMCS Battleford | Royal Canadian Navy | Flower-class corvette | 31 Jul 1942 | 13 Aug 1942 |
| ORP Błyskawica | Polish Navy | Grom-class destroyer | 8 Aug 1942 | 13 Aug 1942 |
| HMS Broke | Royal Navy | Shakespeare-class destroyer leader | 8 Aug 1942 | 13 Aug 1942 |
| HMCS Chilliwack | Royal Canadian Navy | Flower-class corvette | 31 Jul 1942 | 13 Aug 1942 |
| HMS Dianthus | Royal Navy | Flower-class corvette | 31 Jul 1942 | 8 Aug 1942, due to damage from sinking U-379[6] |
| HMS Nasturtium | Royal Navy | Flower-class corvette | 31 Jul 1942 | 13 Aug 1942 |
| HMCS Orillia | Royal Canadian Navy | Flower-class corvette | 31 Jul 1942 | 13 Aug 1942 |
| HMS Primrose | Royal Navy | Flower-class corvette | 31 Jul 1942 | 13 Aug 1942 |
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Milner pp.142-147
- ^ a b Hague 2000 p.133
- ^ Hague 2000 p.135
- ^ Tarrant p.108
- ^ Hague pp.132, 137-138, 161-162, 164, 181
- ^ a b c d e Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p. 153
- ^ Douglas pp. 505-507
- ^ a b c Hague 2000 p.137
- ^ a b "SC convoys". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ Milner 1985 p.285
References edit
- Douglas, W. A. B.; Sarty, Roger; Michael Whitby; Robert H. Caldwell; William Johnston; William G. P. Rawling (2002). No Higher Purpose. The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1939–1943. Vol. 2, pt. 1. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell. ISBN 978-1-55125-061-8.
- Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-019-9.
- Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-450-9.
- Rohwer, J.; Hummelchen, G. (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-105-9.
- Tarrant, V.E. (1989). The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945. Arms and Armour. ISBN 978-1-85409-520-6.