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The term conditioned emotional response (CER) can refer to a specific learned behavior or a procedure commonly used in classical or Pavlovian conditioning research. It may also be called "conditioned suppression" or "conditioned fear response (CFR)."[1] It is an "emotional response" that results from classical conditioning, usually from the association of a relatively neutral stimulus with a painful or fear-inducing unconditional stimulus. As a result, the formerly neutral stimulus elicits fear. For example, if seeing a dog (a neutral stimulus) is paired with the pain of being bitten by the dog (unconditioned stimulus), seeing a dog may become a conditioned stimulus that elicits fear (conditioned response).
In 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated such fear conditioning in the Little Albert experiment. They started with a 9-month boy called "Albert", who was unemotional but was made to cry by the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) of a hammer striking a steel bar. Albert initially showed no fear of a white rat (neutral stimulus), but after the sight of the rat had been accompanied five times by the loud noise, he cried and tried to escape the rat, showing that the rat had become a conditioned stimulus for fear. Although the Watson and Rayner work with Little Albert clearly falls under the broad umbrella of "conditioned fear" they did not use the term CER and thought they were applying more general conditioning principles to human behavior.
In 1941 B.F. Skinner and William Kaye Estes were the first to use the term "CER" and demonstrated the phenomenon with rats.[2] They trained food-deprived rats to lever-press (operant conditioning) for food pellets, maintained on a variable interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement. Periodically, a tone was presented, for a brief amount of time, which co-terminated with electric shock to the metal floor (classical delay conditioning). The rats, upon receipt of the first shock, displayed the expected unconditional responses to the shock (e.g., jumping, squealing, urinating, etc.), however with subsequent presentations of the tone-shock trials, those responses habituated somewhat. The largest change in behavior occurred during the time the tone was presented. That is, lever-pressing during the tone reduced to near zero levels. Given that the tone-shock pairings were likely sufficient to produce classical conditioning, Estes and Skinner hypothesized that the tone elicited fear that interfered or interrupted ongoing operant behavior. In a sense, the now CS (tone) "paralyzed in fear" the rat. Note that the suppression of lever-pressing was robust, even though the operant, lever-press - food contingency was not altered at all. This experiment is critical in experimental psychology for it demonstrated that the interaction of classical and operant conditioning contingency could be powerful in altering behavior. This work sparked a number of experiments on this interaction, resulting in important experimental and theoretical contributions on autoshaping, negative automaintenance, and potentiated feeding, to name a few.
More importantly, the CER procedure solved a serious experimental problem in classical conditioning. In Pavlov's original demonstration of classical conditioning, he used a backward conditioning arrangement as the control condition. Briefly, in that procedure, the dogs experienced the same number of US presentations (food) and the same number of CS presentations (metronome ticking) as the experimental groups, but the timing of the CS and US presentations were reversed. The US preceded the CS, rather than the other way around. In the backward conditioning control procedure popular with Pavlov, his dogs did not salivate to the presentation of the CS, in contrast to those that received forward conditioning. However, the dogs did learn something - the presentation of the metronome predicted the absence of the food. This phenomenon we now call "conditioned inhibition." However, since Pavlov was studying conditioned excitation, by measuring drops of saliva, he could not experimentally measure the inhibition of salivation. There was a floor effect as the dogs could not salivate below 0 drops of saliva. Thus, the lack of salivation by Pavlov's dogs led him to conclude that no conditioning resulted, however, he could not measure conditioning. The CER procedure obviates this problem because conditioning is typically measured with a "suppression ratio", the ratio of responding during the CS period relative to a period of equal length but without the CS (usually immediately prior to the presentation of the CS). A measure of 0.5 indicates no conditioning, while measures that deviate from 0.5 reflect effective conditioning, relatively (0 is indicative of asymptotic conditioning). CER can, therefore, measure both conditioned excitation and conditioned inhibition.
Neurological Originedit
The amygdala, located in the temporal lobe, is a key brain region involved in the conditioned fear response and contributes to the autonomic, hormonal, and behavioral factors associated with that response. According to studies by Coover, Murison, & Jellestad and Davis and LeDoux in 1992, when a dog's amygdala is damaged, it does not show fear, and, when tamed by human beings, the dog's stress hormone levels in the blood are lower than they are in a normal dog. Similarly, humans become less likely to report feelings of fear after their amygdala has been damaged due to injury or stroke.
^Carlson, Neil (2010). Psychology the Science of Behaviour [4th Canadian ed.] Toronto, On. Canada: Pearson Canada Inc. p. 423. ISBN978-0-205-64524-4.
^Principles of Learning and Behavior by Michael P. Domjan
October 30, 2023
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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Conditioned emotional response news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2012 This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Conditioned emotional response news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message The term conditioned emotional response CER can refer to a specific learned behavior or a procedure commonly used in classical or Pavlovian conditioning research It may also be called conditioned suppression or conditioned fear response CFR 1 It is an emotional response that results from classical conditioning usually from the association of a relatively neutral stimulus with a painful or fear inducing unconditional stimulus As a result the formerly neutral stimulus elicits fear For example if seeing a dog a neutral stimulus is paired with the pain of being bitten by the dog unconditioned stimulus seeing a dog may become a conditioned stimulus that elicits fear conditioned response Contents 1 Experimentation 2 Neurological Origin 3 See also 4 ReferencesExperimentation editIn 1920 John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated such fear conditioning in the Little Albert experiment They started with a 9 month boy called Albert who was unemotional but was made to cry by the loud noise unconditioned stimulus of a hammer striking a steel bar Albert initially showed no fear of a white rat neutral stimulus but after the sight of the rat had been accompanied five times by the loud noise he cried and tried to escape the rat showing that the rat had become a conditioned stimulus for fear Although the Watson and Rayner work with Little Albert clearly falls under the broad umbrella of conditioned fear they did not use the term CER and thought they were applying more general conditioning principles to human behavior In 1941 B F Skinner and William Kaye Estes were the first to use the term CER and demonstrated the phenomenon with rats 2 They trained food deprived rats to lever press operant conditioning for food pellets maintained on a variable interval VI schedule of reinforcement Periodically a tone was presented for a brief amount of time which co terminated with electric shock to the metal floor classical delay conditioning The rats upon receipt of the first shock displayed the expected unconditional responses to the shock e g jumping squealing urinating etc however with subsequent presentations of the tone shock trials those responses habituated somewhat The largest change in behavior occurred during the time the tone was presented That is lever pressing during the tone reduced to near zero levels Given that the tone shock pairings were likely sufficient to produce classical conditioning Estes and Skinner hypothesized that the tone elicited fear that interfered or interrupted ongoing operant behavior In a sense the now CS tone paralyzed in fear the rat Note that the suppression of lever pressing was robust even though the operant lever press food contingency was not altered at all This experiment is critical in experimental psychology for it demonstrated that the interaction of classical and operant conditioning contingency could be powerful in altering behavior This work sparked a number of experiments on this interaction resulting in important experimental and theoretical contributions on autoshaping negative automaintenance and potentiated feeding to name a few More importantly the CER procedure solved a serious experimental problem in classical conditioning In Pavlov s original demonstration of classical conditioning he used a backward conditioning arrangement as the control condition Briefly in that procedure the dogs experienced the same number of US presentations food and the same number of CS presentations metronome ticking as the experimental groups but the timing of the CS and US presentations were reversed The US preceded the CS rather than the other way around In the backward conditioning control procedure popular with Pavlov his dogs did not salivate to the presentation of the CS in contrast to those that received forward conditioning However the dogs did learn something the presentation of the metronome predicted the absence of the food This phenomenon we now call conditioned inhibition However since Pavlov was studying conditioned excitation by measuring drops of saliva he could not experimentally measure the inhibition of salivation There was a floor effect as the dogs could not salivate below 0 drops of saliva Thus the lack of salivation by Pavlov s dogs led him to conclude that no conditioning resulted however he could not measure conditioning The CER procedure obviates this problem because conditioning is typically measured with a suppression ratio the ratio of responding during the CS period relative to a period of equal length but without the CS usually immediately prior to the presentation of the CS A measure of 0 5 indicates no conditioning while measures that deviate from 0 5 reflect effective conditioning relatively 0 is indicative of asymptotic conditioning CER can therefore measure both conditioned excitation and conditioned inhibition Neurological Origin editThe amygdala located in the temporal lobe is a key brain region involved in the conditioned fear response and contributes to the autonomic hormonal and behavioral factors associated with that response According to studies by Coover Murison amp Jellestad and Davis and LeDoux in 1992 when a dog s amygdala is damaged it does not show fear and when tamed by human beings the dog s stress hormone levels in the blood are lower than they are in a normal dog Similarly humans become less likely to report feelings of fear after their amygdala has been damaged due to injury or stroke The most common measure of the CFR is the suppression ratio See also editClassical conditioning Measures of conditioned emotional responseReferences edit Carlson Neil 2010 Psychology the Science of Behaviour 4th Canadian ed Toronto On Canada Pearson Canada Inc p 423 ISBN 978 0 205 64524 4 Principles of Learning and Behavior by Michael P Domjan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Conditioned emotional response amp oldid 1145034826, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
