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Conciliarism

January 01, 1970

Conciliarism was a reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope.

The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon. The schism inspired the summoning of the Council of Pisa (1409), which failed to end the schism, and the Council of Constance (1414–1418), which succeeded and proclaimed its own superiority over the Pope. Conciliarism reached its apex with the Council of Basel (1431–1449), which ultimately fell apart. The eventual victor in the conflict was the institution of the papacy, confirmed by the condemnation of conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council, 1512–1517.[1] The final gesture, the doctrine of papal infallibility, was not promulgated until the First Vatican Council of 1870.

Conciliar theory edit

William of Ockham (d. 1349) wrote some of the earliest documents outlining the basic understanding of conciliarism. His goal in these writings was removal of Pope John XXII, who had revoked a decree favoring ideas of the Spiritual Franciscans about Christ and the apostles owning nothing individually or in common. Some of his arguments include that the election by the faithful, or their representatives, confers the position of pope and further limits the papal authority. The catholic (universal) church is the congregation of the faithful, not the institutional, which was promised to the Apostles by Jesus. While the universal Church cannot fall into heresy, it is known that the Pope has fallen into heresy in the past.[2]

Conciliar theory has its roots and foundations in both history and theology, arguing that many of the most important decisions of the Catholic Church have been made through conciliar means, beginning with the First Council of Nicaea (325). Conciliarism also drew on corporate theories of the church, which allowed the head to be restrained or judged by the members when his actions threatened the welfare of the whole ecclesial body. The canonists and theologians who advocated conciliar superiority drew on the same sources used by Marsilius and Ockham, but they used them in a more conservative way. They wanted to unify, defend and reform the institution under clerical control, not advance a Franciscan or a lay agenda. Among the theorists of this more clerical conciliarism were Jean Gerson, Pierre d'Ailly and Francesco Zabarella. Nicholas of Cusa synthesized this strain of conciliarism, balancing hierarchy with consent and representation of the faithful.[2]

In his Defensor Pacis (1324), Marsilius of Padua agreed with William of Ockham that the universal Church is a church of the faithful, not the priests. Marsilius focused on the idea that the inequality of the priesthood has no divine basis and that Jesus, not the pope, is the only head of the Catholic Church.[3]

John Kilcullen wrote, in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, that "in France conciliarism was one of the sources of Gallicanism."[4]

Opposition to conciliarism edit

Many members of the Church continued to believe that the pope, as the successor of Saint Peter, retained the supreme governing authority in the Church. Juan de Torquemada defended papal supremacy in his Summa de ecclesia, completed ca. 1453. A generation later, Thomas Cajetan vigorously defended papal authority in his On the comparison of the authority of pope and council. He wrote that "Peter alone had the vicariate of Jesus Christ and only he received the power of jurisdiction immediately from Christ in an ordinary way, so that the others (the Apostles) were to receive it from him in the ordinary course of the law and were subject to him," and that "it must be demonstrated that Christ gave the plenitude of ecclesiastical power not to the community of the Church but to a single person in it."[5]

Pope Pius II was a major opponent of conciliarism. According to Michael de la Bédoyère, "Pius II [...] [insisted] that the doctrine holding General Councils of the Church to be superior to the Pope was heretical."[6] Pius II's bull Execrabilis condemned conciliarism.

Pope Pius VII condemned the conciliarist writings of Germanos Adam on June 3, 1816.[7]

Modern conciliarism edit

Although conciliarist strains of thought remain within the Church, Rome and the teaching of the Catholic Church maintains that the Pope is the Vicar of Christ on earth, and has the authority to issue infallible statements.[8] This papal infallibility was invoked in Pope Pius IX's 1854 definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, and Pope Pius XII's 1950 definition of the dogma of the Assumption of Mary.

A new interest in conciliarism was awakened in Catholic Church circles with the convocation of the Second Vatican Council.[2]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Oakley 1972
  2. ^ a b c Tierney 1998
  3. ^ Marsilius of Padua 2005
  4. ^ Kilcullen 2012
  5. ^ Burns & Izbicki 1997
  6. ^ Michael de la Bedoyere, The Meddlesome Friar and the Wayward Pope, p. 59-60
  7. ^ Fortescue, Adrian and George D. Smith, The Uniate Eastern Churches, (First Giorgas Press, 2001), 210.
  8. ^ Breidenbach 2016

Sources edit

  • Breidenbach, Michael D. (2016-01-01). "Conciliarism and the American Founding". The William and Mary Quarterly. 73 (3): 467–500. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.73.3.0467. JSTOR 10.5309/willmaryquar.73.3.0467. S2CID 148090971.
  • Burns, J.H.; Izbicki, Thomas, eds. (1997). Conciliarism and papalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521470896.
  • Kilcullen, John (2012) [First published 14 July 2006]. . In Zalta, Edward N (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 ed.). Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab at Stanford University. ISSN 1095-5054. LCCN 2004615159. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  • Marsilius of Padua (2005). Brett, Annabel (ed.). Marsilius of Padua: The Defender of the Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139447300.
  • Oakley, Francis (1972). "Conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council?". Church History. 41 (4): 452–463. doi:10.2307/3163876. ISSN 1755-2613. JSTOR 3163876. S2CID 162257012.
  • Tierney, Brian (1998). Foundations of the conciliar theory : the contribution of the medieval canonists from Gratian to the Great Schism (Enl. new ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004109247.

Further reading edit

  • Oakley, Francis (2008). The Conciliarist Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church 1300-1870. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199541249.
  • Cardinal Nicholas (of Cusa) (1995). Nicholas of Cusa: The Catholic Concordance. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521567732.
  • Crowder, C. M. D. (1977). Unity, Heresy and Reform, 1378-1460: The Conciliar Response to the Great Schism. Edward Arnold. ISBN 9780713159424.
  • Tierney, Brian (2008). Religion, Law and the Growth of Constitutional Thought, 1150-1650. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521088084.
  • Oakley, Francis (1969). Council Over Pope?: Towards a Provisional Ecclesiology. Herder and Herder.
  • Oakley, Francis (1987–88). "Constance and its Aftermath: The Legacy of Conciliar Theory". University of Rochester Library Bulletin. XXXX.

January 01, 1970
conciliarism, reform, movement, 14th, 15th, 16th, century, catholic, church, which, held, that, supreme, authority, church, resided, with, ecumenical, council, apart, from, even, against, pope, movement, emerged, response, western, schism, between, rival, pope. Conciliarism was a reform movement in the 14th 15th and 16th century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an ecumenical council apart from or even against the pope The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon The schism inspired the summoning of the Council of Pisa 1409 which failed to end the schism and the Council of Constance 1414 1418 which succeeded and proclaimed its own superiority over the Pope Conciliarism reached its apex with the Council of Basel 1431 1449 which ultimately fell apart The eventual victor in the conflict was the institution of the papacy confirmed by the condemnation of conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council 1512 1517 1 The final gesture the doctrine of papal infallibility was not promulgated until the First Vatican Council of 1870 Contents 1 Conciliar theory 2 Opposition to conciliarism 3 Modern conciliarism 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Sources 6 Further readingConciliar theory editWilliam of Ockham d 1349 wrote some of the earliest documents outlining the basic understanding of conciliarism His goal in these writings was removal of Pope John XXII who had revoked a decree favoring ideas of the Spiritual Franciscans about Christ and the apostles owning nothing individually or in common Some of his arguments include that the election by the faithful or their representatives confers the position of pope and further limits the papal authority The catholic universal church is the congregation of the faithful not the institutional which was promised to the Apostles by Jesus While the universal Church cannot fall into heresy it is known that the Pope has fallen into heresy in the past 2 Conciliar theory has its roots and foundations in both history and theology arguing that many of the most important decisions of the Catholic Church have been made through conciliar means beginning with the First Council of Nicaea 325 Conciliarism also drew on corporate theories of the church which allowed the head to be restrained or judged by the members when his actions threatened the welfare of the whole ecclesial body The canonists and theologians who advocated conciliar superiority drew on the same sources used by Marsilius and Ockham but they used them in a more conservative way They wanted to unify defend and reform the institution under clerical control not advance a Franciscan or a lay agenda Among the theorists of this more clerical conciliarism were Jean Gerson Pierre d Ailly and Francesco Zabarella Nicholas of Cusa synthesized this strain of conciliarism balancing hierarchy with consent and representation of the faithful 2 In his Defensor Pacis 1324 Marsilius of Padua agreed with William of Ockham that the universal Church is a church of the faithful not the priests Marsilius focused on the idea that the inequality of the priesthood has no divine basis and that Jesus not the pope is the only head of the Catholic Church 3 John Kilcullen wrote in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy that in France conciliarism was one of the sources of Gallicanism 4 Opposition to conciliarism editMany members of the Church continued to believe that the pope as the successor of Saint Peter retained the supreme governing authority in the Church Juan de Torquemada defended papal supremacy in his Summa de ecclesia completed ca 1453 A generation later Thomas Cajetan vigorously defended papal authority in his On the comparison of the authority of pope and council He wrote that Peter alone had the vicariate of Jesus Christ and only he received the power of jurisdiction immediately from Christ in an ordinary way so that the others the Apostles were to receive it from him in the ordinary course of the law and were subject to him and that it must be demonstrated that Christ gave the plenitude of ecclesiastical power not to the community of the Church but to a single person in it 5 Pope Pius II was a major opponent of conciliarism According to Michael de la Bedoyere Pius II insisted that the doctrine holding General Councils of the Church to be superior to the Pope was heretical 6 Pius II s bull Execrabilis condemned conciliarism Pope Pius VII condemned the conciliarist writings of Germanos Adam on June 3 1816 7 Modern conciliarism editAlthough conciliarist strains of thought remain within the Church Rome and the teaching of the Catholic Church maintains that the Pope is the Vicar of Christ on earth and has the authority to issue infallible statements 8 This papal infallibility was invoked in Pope Pius IX s 1854 definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary and Pope Pius XII s 1950 definition of the dogma of the Assumption of Mary A new interest in conciliarism was awakened in Catholic Church circles with the convocation of the Second Vatican Council 2 See also editHaec sancta Anticurialism UltramontanismReferences edit Oakley 1972 a b c Tierney 1998 Marsilius of Padua 2005 Kilcullen 2012 Burns amp Izbicki 1997 Michael de la Bedoyere The Meddlesome Friar and the Wayward Pope p 59 60 Fortescue Adrian and George D Smith The Uniate Eastern Churches First Giorgas Press 2001 210 Breidenbach 2016 Sources edit Breidenbach Michael D 2016 01 01 Conciliarism and the American Founding The William and Mary Quarterly 73 3 467 500 doi 10 5309 willmaryquar 73 3 0467 JSTOR 10 5309 willmaryquar 73 3 0467 S2CID 148090971 Burns J H Izbicki Thomas eds 1997 Conciliarism and papalism Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521470896 Kilcullen John 2012 First published 14 July 2006 Medieval Political Philosophy In Zalta Edward N ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Spring 2012 ed Stanford CA Metaphysics Research Lab at Stanford University ISSN 1095 5054 LCCN 2004615159 Archived from the original on 2013 12 02 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Marsilius of Padua 2005 Brett Annabel ed Marsilius of Padua The Defender of the Peace Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781139447300 Oakley Francis 1972 Conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council Church History 41 4 452 463 doi 10 2307 3163876 ISSN 1755 2613 JSTOR 3163876 S2CID 162257012 Tierney Brian 1998 Foundations of the conciliar theory the contribution of the medieval canonists from Gratian to the Great Schism Enl new ed Leiden Brill ISBN 9789004109247 Further reading editOakley Francis 2008 The Conciliarist Tradition Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church 1300 1870 Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199541249 Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa 1995 Nicholas of Cusa The Catholic Concordance Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521567732 Crowder C M D 1977 Unity Heresy and Reform 1378 1460 The Conciliar Response to the Great Schism Edward Arnold ISBN 9780713159424 Tierney Brian 2008 Religion Law and the Growth of Constitutional Thought 1150 1650 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521088084 Oakley Francis 1969 Council Over Pope Towards a Provisional Ecclesiology Herder and Herder Oakley Francis 1987 88 Constance and its Aftermath The Legacy of Conciliar Theory University of Rochester Library Bulletin XXXX Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Conciliarism amp oldid 1205973771 Modern conciliarism, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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