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Commissary

March 06, 2023

For the type of store, see Commissary (store).

A commissary is a government official charged with oversight or an ecclesiastical official who exercises in special circumstances the jurisdiction of a bishop.[1]

In many countries, the term is used as an administrative or police title. It often corresponds to the command of a police station, which is then known as a "commissariat". In some armed forces, commissaries are officials charged with overseeing the purchase and delivery of supplies, and they have powers of administrative and financial oversight. Then, the "commissariat" is the organization associated with the corps of commissaries. By extension, the term "commissary" came to be used for the building where supplies were disbursed.

In some countries, both roles are used; for example, France uses "police commissaries" (commissaires de police) in the French National Police and "armed forces commissaries" (commissaires des armées) in the French armed forces.

The equivalent terms are commissaire in French, commissario in Italian, Kommissar in Standard German, Kommissär in Swiss German and Luxembourgish, comisario in Spanish, commissaris in Dutch and Flemish, komisario in Finnish, komisarz in Polish and comissário in Portuguese. Many of these words may also mean commissioner, depending on the context.

Etymology

The word is recorded in English since 1362, for "one to whom special duty is entrusted by a higher power". This Anglo-French word derives from Medieval Latin commissarius, from Latin commissus (pp. of committere) "entrusted".

Examples

Government and administration

Governmental or administrative structures (or bodies) headed by a commissary (or composed of several commissaries) are often referred to as commissary governments or commissary administrations. Such terms were often used during the colonial era, and it was also used to designate various provisional governments of administrations. Executive or administrative body composed of several commissaries is often called Council of Commissaries or Board of Commissaries. Deputy of a commissary is styled as vice-commissary or sub-commissary.

In the Soviet Union, commissaries' powers of oversight were used for political purposes. These commissaries are often known as commissars in English.

Police

A Spanish police Commissary is considered to be equal in rank to a commandant in the Spanish army.

In the French National Police, a commissaire is assigned to a commune with a population of more than 30,000. Larger communes have more than one. Paris has well over one hundred commissaires. All commissaires are graduates and can fulfill both administrative and investigative roles.

In the Romanian Police, similarly to the French National Police, the rank of comisar is equivalent to the British police rank of superintendent (see also Romanian police ranks).

Military

British army

With the establishment of an English standing army following the Restoration of the Monarchy a Commissary General of Musters was appointed on 20 December 1660. This officer, with the assistance of four deputies, was responsible for mustering troops by regiment and checking their names against the muster roll. These musters took place six or seven times per year (and monthly from 1687). At a muster the total number of officers and men was checked against the roll, each soldier's arms and accoutrements were inspected and each officer's rank (and record of leave) was checked against their level of pay. Only after the Commissary General had certified the muster roll would the Paymaster General of the forces issue pay to the regiment. In 1798 the commanding officer of each regiment, together with its regimental Paymaster, took over responsibility for the musters and the Deputy Commissaries were dismissed. The Commissary General continued to oversee a central office of musters until 1817 when the post was abolished and its duties transferred to the Secretary at War.[2]

The appointment of a Commissary General of Provisions was first made by James II in 1685 to provide for his troops encamped on Hounslow Heath. As a permanent post the appointment had lapsed by 1694, but a century later it was revived for senior officer of the Commissariat (a department of HM Treasury responsible for the procurement and issue of various stores and victuals to the army and the provision of transport). The Commissariat officers were uniformed civilians, appointed by the Treasury but issued with letters of commission by the War Office;[2] they were given rank as follows:

The department was overseen by a Commissary-in-Chief from 1809-1816, and by a Commissary General in Chief from 1858 to 1869.

Between 1793 and 1859 Assistant Commissary, Commissary and (from 1810) Chief Commissary were (civilian) ranks in the Field Train Department of the Board of Ordnance (the field force element of the Ordnance storekeeping system).[3]

After 1869 Commissary and associated titles were used as junior officer ranks by the Control Department (military successor to both the Commissariat and the Ordnance Field Train). A split in 1875 created the Commissariat and Transport Department and the Ordnance Store Department, which used (respectively) Commissary-General and Commissary-General of Ordnance for their senior officers (along with other Commissary ranks down the chain of command). After 1880 officers of the new Army Service Corps were given full military rank, but the Army Ordnance Department retained Commissary of Ordnance (and Deputy and Assistant Commissary of Ordnance) as its junior officer ranks throughout the First World War.[4]

Ecclesiastical

Anglican Communion

The Canons of the Church of England, referring to the metropolitical jurisdiction of archbishops and to the ordinary jurisdiction of diocesan bishops, states that: "Such jurisdiction is exercised by the (arch)bishop himself, or by a Vicar-General, official, or other commissary to whom authority in that behalf shall have been formally committed by the (arch)bishop concerned.".[5]

In previous centuries Bishops sometimes appointed representatives, called commissaries, to perform functions in distant portions of their dioceses. In 1684 Henry Compton, the Bishop of London, resolved to use the commissary system to provide leadership for churches in the American colonies.[6] (James Blair was an early such commissary). Commissaries were appointed to some, but not all, of the thirteen colonies into the second half of the eighteenth century. Later, commissaries were sometimes appointed for other parts of the British Empire.

In 2011 the Archbishop of Canterbury appointed commissaries to conduct a visitation upon the Diocese of Chichester with regard to safeguarding failures in the diocese over many years. According to their interim report: "Our appointment by the Archbishop of Canterbury - the first such appointment of Commissaries for over 100 years - is evidence of the deep concern held in the Church of England for this diocese and its failure properly to protect children in its care".[7]

See also

References

  1. ^   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Commissary". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 774.
  2. ^ a b c Roper, Michael (1998). The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660-1964. Kew, Surrey: Public Record Office.
  3. ^ Sharpe, L. C. (1993). The Field Train Department of the Board of Ordnance. Royal Logistic Corps museum.
  4. ^ Major General A Forbes 'A History of the Army Ordnance Services' Medici Society, London 1929. Vol II
  5. ^ Canons C 17.3 and C 18.3. "Section C: Ministers, their ordination, functions and charge". Canons of the Church of England. The Church of England. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  6. ^ Prichard, Robert (1991). A History of the Episcopal Church. Harrison PA: Morehouse Publishing., reprinted in 2014
  7. ^ "INTERIM REPORT OF THE COMMISSARIES APPOINTED BY THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY IN RELATION TO A VISITATION UPON THE DIOCESE OF CHICHESTER" (PDF). Diocese of Chichester. Retrieved 12 December 2018.[permanent dead link]
  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Commissary Apostolic". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • commissary at EtymologyOnLine

March 06, 2023
commissary, type, store, store, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, june, 2016, learn, when, remove, this, templat. For the type of store see Commissary store This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations June 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message A commissary is a government official charged with oversight or an ecclesiastical official who exercises in special circumstances the jurisdiction of a bishop 1 In many countries the term is used as an administrative or police title It often corresponds to the command of a police station which is then known as a commissariat In some armed forces commissaries are officials charged with overseeing the purchase and delivery of supplies and they have powers of administrative and financial oversight Then the commissariat is the organization associated with the corps of commissaries By extension the term commissary came to be used for the building where supplies were disbursed In some countries both roles are used for example France uses police commissaries commissaires de police in the French National Police and armed forces commissaries commissaires des armees in the French armed forces The equivalent terms are commissaire in French commissario in Italian Kommissar in Standard German Kommissar in Swiss German and Luxembourgish comisario in Spanish commissaris in Dutch and Flemish komisario in Finnish komisarz in Polish and comissario in Portuguese Many of these words may also mean commissioner depending on the context Contents 1 Etymology 2 Examples 2 1 Government and administration 2 2 Police 2 3 Military 2 3 1 British army 2 4 Ecclesiastical 2 4 1 Anglican Communion 3 See also 4 ReferencesEtymology EditThe word is recorded in English since 1362 for one to whom special duty is entrusted by a higher power This Anglo French word derives from Medieval Latin commissarius from Latin commissus pp of committere entrusted Examples EditGovernment and administration Edit Governmental or administrative structures or bodies headed by a commissary or composed of several commissaries are often referred to as commissary governments or commissary administrations Such terms were often used during the colonial era and it was also used to designate various provisional governments of administrations Executive or administrative body composed of several commissaries is often called Council of Commissaries or Board of Commissaries Deputy of a commissary is styled as vice commissary or sub commissary In the Soviet Union commissaries powers of oversight were used for political purposes These commissaries are often known as commissars in English Police Edit A Spanish police Commissary is considered to be equal in rank to a commandant in the Spanish army In the French National Police a commissaire is assigned to a commune with a population of more than 30 000 Larger communes have more than one Paris has well over one hundred commissaires All commissaires are graduates and can fulfill both administrative and investigative roles In the Romanian Police similarly to the French National Police the rank of comisar is equivalent to the British police rank of superintendent see also Romanian police ranks Military Edit British army Edit With the establishment of an English standing army following the Restoration of the Monarchy a Commissary General of Musters was appointed on 20 December 1660 This officer with the assistance of four deputies was responsible for mustering troops by regiment and checking their names against the muster roll These musters took place six or seven times per year and monthly from 1687 At a muster the total number of officers and men was checked against the roll each soldier s arms and accoutrements were inspected and each officer s rank and record of leave was checked against their level of pay Only after the Commissary General had certified the muster roll would the Paymaster General of the forces issue pay to the regiment In 1798 the commanding officer of each regiment together with its regimental Paymaster took over responsibility for the musters and the Deputy Commissaries were dismissed The Commissary General continued to oversee a central office of musters until 1817 when the post was abolished and its duties transferred to the Secretary at War 2 The appointment of a Commissary General of Provisions was first made by James II in 1685 to provide for his troops encamped on Hounslow Heath As a permanent post the appointment had lapsed by 1694 but a century later it was revived for senior officer of the Commissariat a department of HM Treasury responsible for the procurement and issue of various stores and victuals to the army and the provision of transport The Commissariat officers were uniformed civilians appointed by the Treasury but issued with letters of commission by the War Office 2 they were given rank as follows Commissary General equivalent to a Brigadier General Deputy Commissary General equivalent to a Lieutenant Colonel or Major Assistant Commissary General equivalent to a Captain Deputy Assistant Commissary General equivalent to a Lieutenant Commissary Clerk equivalent to an Ensign 2 The department was overseen by a Commissary in Chief from 1809 1816 and by a Commissary General in Chief from 1858 to 1869 Between 1793 and 1859 Assistant Commissary Commissary and from 1810 Chief Commissary were civilian ranks in the Field Train Department of the Board of Ordnance the field force element of the Ordnance storekeeping system 3 After 1869 Commissary and associated titles were used as junior officer ranks by the Control Department military successor to both the Commissariat and the Ordnance Field Train A split in 1875 created the Commissariat and Transport Department and the Ordnance Store Department which used respectively Commissary General and Commissary General of Ordnance for their senior officers along with other Commissary ranks down the chain of command After 1880 officers of the new Army Service Corps were given full military rank but the Army Ordnance Department retained Commissary of Ordnance and Deputy and Assistant Commissary of Ordnance as its junior officer ranks throughout the First World War 4 Ecclesiastical Edit Anglican Communion Edit The Canons of the Church of England referring to the metropolitical jurisdiction of archbishops and to the ordinary jurisdiction of diocesan bishops states that Such jurisdiction is exercised by the arch bishop himself or by a Vicar General official or other commissary to whom authority in that behalf shall have been formally committed by the arch bishop concerned 5 In previous centuries Bishops sometimes appointed representatives called commissaries to perform functions in distant portions of their dioceses In 1684 Henry Compton the Bishop of London resolved to use the commissary system to provide leadership for churches in the American colonies 6 James Blair was an early such commissary Commissaries were appointed to some but not all of the thirteen colonies into the second half of the eighteenth century Later commissaries were sometimes appointed for other parts of the British Empire In 2011 the Archbishop of Canterbury appointed commissaries to conduct a visitation upon the Diocese of Chichester with regard to safeguarding failures in the diocese over many years According to their interim report Our appointment by the Archbishop of Canterbury the first such appointment of Commissaries for over 100 years is evidence of the deep concern held in the Church of England for this diocese and its failure properly to protect children in its care 7 See also EditApostolic Commissary Commissioner Commissar ReichskommissarReferences Edit One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Commissary Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 6 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 774 a b c Roper Michael 1998 The Records of the War Office and Related Departments 1660 1964 Kew Surrey Public Record Office Sharpe L C 1993 The Field Train Department of the Board of Ordnance Royal Logistic Corps museum Major General A Forbes A History of the Army Ordnance Services Medici Society London 1929 Vol II Canons C 17 3 and C 18 3 Section C Ministers their ordination functions and charge Canons of the Church of England The Church of England Retrieved 12 December 2018 Prichard Robert 1991 A History of the Episcopal Church Harrison PA Morehouse Publishing reprinted in 2014 INTERIM REPORT OF THE COMMISSARIES APPOINTED BY THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY IN RELATION TO A VISITATION UPON THE DIOCESE OF CHICHESTER PDF Diocese of Chichester Retrieved 12 December 2018 permanent dead link This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Commissary Apostolic Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company commissary at EtymologyOnLine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Commissary amp oldid 1105122435, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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