fbpx
Wikipedia

Comacine masters

August 24, 2023

The Comacine masters (magistri comacini) were early medieval Lombard stonemasons working in a region of excellent building stone who gave to Lombardy its preeminence in the stone architecture that preceded Romanesque style.

Lion portal at the monastery church (Kaiserdom) in Königslutter
Portion of the carvings of the choir apsis of the church at Königslutter
Capital of a pillar in the transept of the church of Königslutter
Stone relief carving of the Italian Master in Kaisersteinbruch. Scroll with the names Maderno, Ferrethi, Regondi, della Torre and Passerini, while to the upper right is a quotation from Neugebäude Castle.

Comacini

Their masons' marks have suggested arcane meanings for some enthusiasts. The name comacini Romantic historians of the nineteenth century traced to the location where they supposedly had their headquarters, the minute Isola Comacina in Lake Como, alleged to have been a safe haven during the Lombard invasion; a more inventive etymology derives from a supposed Latin expression cum machinis, referring to their tools.[1]

The first mention of Comacine masters was in an edict of 643 of the Lombard king Rothari, which concerned itself in Lombard fashion mainly with the indemnity that would be due should a house collapse which had been built by a magister comacinus for a patron ad opera dictandi ("commissioning the works").[2] The reference has been interpreted as granting certain privileges to magistri comacini, but the context shows that modern readers are correct in interpreting the key word comacini simply as "masons". Comacini are also mentioned in a passage in the Memoratorium of Liutprand the Lombard.

The survival of brotherhoods of the comacini are based on the hypothesis[3] that the Roman secrets of masonry construction were never utterly lost in Italy but were passed on by the mason brotherhoods, which were supposed to be among the numerous documented collegii in which workingmen joined together for mutual protection, fraternal banqueting and eventual support of their widows throughout the Roman Empire, sometimes associated together as masters of the arcana or "mysteries" of their craft. Each such confraternity was composed of men (never women) located in a single town, and was made up of men of a single craft or those worshipping a single deity, free, freedmen and slaves together, forming a bond very like the image of a city, always under the uneasy surveillance of officialdom.[4] Such, it supposed, were the comacini whose geographical center in the Early Middle Ages originated in Lombardy, in Como and Pavia.

If mason's marks were the sign of the comacini, then evidence of their work has been found in several parts of Europe, as far as the capitals of the crypt in the cathedral of Lund. The "Como-Pavian" architectural sculpture is recognized in the cathedral of Modena and its Torre della Ghirlandina,[5] in central[6] and southern Italy, west across Languedoc to Iberian Peninsula, across southern Germany as far as Hungary, and even in England.[7]

In the Middle Ages, artists did not customarily sign their work, so to detect the work of this corporation, historians look to masons' marks inscribed in the stonework; in this way historians have traced comacine master's influence as far as Sweden and Syria. Freemasons claimed descent from the guilds of comacini.[8]

The efflorescence of a "Como-Pavian" school of sculptural decoration on pulpits and portals that surfaced in the area of Como in the late eleventh century and developed luxuriously to enrich facades in Pavia in the 1130s, then were disseminated more widely in the twelfth and thirteenth century, doubtless by travelling groups of artisans, is traditionally ascribed to a surfacing of a long-buried tradition of comacini sculptors, who were influenced by the animal interlaces of Lombard metalwork.[9] In this corrente comasca that spread on the periphery of Romanesque and Early Gothic art, geometric interlaces are peopled with sleek monsters and figures that seem to synthesize some very disparate and distant influences: barbaric Longobard metalwork, Ottonian illuminations, Byzantine silk patterns, Islamic patterning, Coptic reliefs, have all been compared to the "Como-Pavian" current of sculpture.[10]

Another notable group of medieval stoneworkers were maestri Campionesi from Campione, not far from Como.

Notes

  1. ^ Giuseppe Merzario's I Maestri Comacini: storia artistica di mille due cento anni 600-1800 (Milan 1893) was already received with resistance in professional journals. A review in The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts 9.4 (October 1894), pp. 564-566 complained of "the author's enthusiasm for his subject, combined with his want of discrimination, and his fondness for strained and impossible deductions drawn to suit his purpose." (p 564).
  2. ^ Nikolaus Pevsner, "Terms of Architectural Planning in the Middle Ages", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5 (1942), pp. 232-237 (p 236f).
  3. ^ This hypothesis of the unbroken tradition from Late Roman times was set forth in Giovanni Teresio Rivoira's Origini dell'architettura Lombarda, Rome, 1901, vol.1 and has been incorporated into the lore of Freemasonry.
  4. ^ Paul Veyne, "Confraternities" in A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium (Cambridge:Belknap Press), 1987 pp 189-91.
  5. ^ William Montorsi, La torre della Ghirlandina: Comacini e Campionesi a Modena.
  6. ^ The Casa del Maestri Comacini is still shown to tourists in Assisi.
  7. ^ Serra 1969:353.
  8. ^ According to H.L. Haywood and James E. Craig, A History of Freemasonry, the "Comacine masters" were reportedly the predecessors or "progenitors" of the Freemasons (Freemasonry: "Comacini")
  9. ^ Francovich 1937:51
  10. ^ Joselita Raspi Serra, "English Decorative Sculpture of the Early Twelfth Century and the Como-Pavian Tradition", The Art Bulletin 51.4 (December 1969), pp 352-362.

References

  • Geza de Francovich, "La corrente comasca nella scultura romanica I and II", Rivista dell'Istituto della Storia d'Arte e Archeologia 8 (1936), pp 267–305, 9 (1937) pp 46–129.
  • Joselita Raspi Serra, "English Decorative Sculpture of the Early Twelfth Century and the Como-Pavian Tradition", The Art Bulletin 51.4 (December 1969), pp 352–362.

External links

  • http://www.comacina.it/isola/isle.htm
  • http://www.villadeste.it/t0_thelake_history.html
  • http://www.enec.it/Cripte/Bitonto/Maestri.htm

August 24, 2023
comacine, masters, magistri, comacini, were, early, medieval, lombard, stonemasons, working, region, excellent, building, stone, gave, lombardy, preeminence, stone, architecture, that, preceded, romanesque, style, lion, portal, monastery, church, kaiserdom, kö. The Comacine masters magistri comacini were early medieval Lombard stonemasons working in a region of excellent building stone who gave to Lombardy its preeminence in the stone architecture that preceded Romanesque style Lion portal at the monastery church Kaiserdom in KonigslutterPortion of the carvings of the choir apsis of the church at KonigslutterCapital of a pillar in the transept of the church of KonigslutterStone relief carving of the Italian Master in Kaisersteinbruch Scroll with the names Maderno Ferrethi Regondi della Torre and Passerini while to the upper right is a quotation from Neugebaude Castle Contents 1 Comacini 2 Notes 3 References 4 External linksComacini EditTheir masons marks have suggested arcane meanings for some enthusiasts The name comacini Romantic historians of the nineteenth century traced to the location where they supposedly had their headquarters the minute Isola Comacina in Lake Como alleged to have been a safe haven during the Lombard invasion a more inventive etymology derives from a supposed Latin expression cum machinis referring to their tools 1 The first mention of Comacine masters was in an edict of 643 of the Lombard king Rothari which concerned itself in Lombard fashion mainly with the indemnity that would be due should a house collapse which had been built by a magister comacinus for a patron ad opera dictandi commissioning the works 2 The reference has been interpreted as granting certain privileges to magistri comacini but the context shows that modern readers are correct in interpreting the key word comacini simply as masons Comacini are also mentioned in a passage in the Memoratorium of Liutprand the Lombard The survival of brotherhoods of the comacini are based on the hypothesis 3 that the Roman secrets of masonry construction were never utterly lost in Italy but were passed on by the mason brotherhoods which were supposed to be among the numerous documented collegii in which workingmen joined together for mutual protection fraternal banqueting and eventual support of their widows throughout the Roman Empire sometimes associated together as masters of the arcana or mysteries of their craft Each such confraternity was composed of men never women located in a single town and was made up of men of a single craft or those worshipping a single deity free freedmen and slaves together forming a bond very like the image of a city always under the uneasy surveillance of officialdom 4 Such it supposed were the comacini whose geographical center in the Early Middle Ages originated in Lombardy in Como and Pavia If mason s marks were the sign of the comacini then evidence of their work has been found in several parts of Europe as far as the capitals of the crypt in the cathedral of Lund The Como Pavian architectural sculpture is recognized in the cathedral of Modena and its Torre della Ghirlandina 5 in central 6 and southern Italy west across Languedoc to Iberian Peninsula across southern Germany as far as Hungary and even in England 7 In the Middle Ages artists did not customarily sign their work so to detect the work of this corporation historians look to masons marks inscribed in the stonework in this way historians have traced comacine master s influence as far as Sweden and Syria Freemasons claimed descent from the guilds of comacini 8 The efflorescence of a Como Pavian school of sculptural decoration on pulpits and portals that surfaced in the area of Como in the late eleventh century and developed luxuriously to enrich facades in Pavia in the 1130s then were disseminated more widely in the twelfth and thirteenth century doubtless by travelling groups of artisans is traditionally ascribed to a surfacing of a long buried tradition of comacini sculptors who were influenced by the animal interlaces of Lombard metalwork 9 In this corrente comasca that spread on the periphery of Romanesque and Early Gothic art geometric interlaces are peopled with sleek monsters and figures that seem to synthesize some very disparate and distant influences barbaric Longobard metalwork Ottonian illuminations Byzantine silk patterns Islamic patterning Coptic reliefs have all been compared to the Como Pavian current of sculpture 10 Another notable group of medieval stoneworkers were maestri Campionesi from Campione not far from Como Notes Edit Giuseppe Merzario s I Maestri Comacini storia artistica di mille due cento anni 600 1800 Milan 1893 was already received with resistance in professional journals A review in The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts 9 4 October 1894 pp 564 566 complained of the author s enthusiasm for his subject combined with his want of discrimination and his fondness for strained and impossible deductions drawn to suit his purpose p 564 Nikolaus Pevsner Terms of Architectural Planning in the Middle Ages Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5 1942 pp 232 237 p 236f This hypothesis of the unbroken tradition from Late Roman times was set forth in Giovanni Teresio Rivoira s Origini dell architettura Lombarda Rome 1901 vol 1 and has been incorporated into the lore of Freemasonry Paul Veyne Confraternities in A History of Private Life From Pagan Rome to Byzantium Cambridge Belknap Press 1987 pp 189 91 William Montorsi La torre della Ghirlandina Comacini e Campionesi a Modena The Casa del Maestri Comacini is still shown to tourists in Assisi Serra 1969 353 According to H L Haywood and James E Craig A History of Freemasonry the Comacine masters were reportedly the predecessors or progenitors of the Freemasons Freemasonry Comacini Francovich 1937 51 Joselita Raspi Serra English Decorative Sculpture of the Early Twelfth Century and the Como Pavian Tradition The Art Bulletin 51 4 December 1969 pp 352 362 References EditGeza de Francovich La corrente comasca nella scultura romanica I and II Rivista dell Istituto della Storia d Arte e Archeologia 8 1936 pp 267 305 9 1937 pp 46 129 Joselita Raspi Serra English Decorative Sculpture of the Early Twelfth Century and the Como Pavian Tradition The Art Bulletin 51 4 December 1969 pp 352 362 External links Edithttp www comacina it isola isle htm http www villadeste it t0 thelake history html http www enec it Cripte Bitonto Maestri htm Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Comacine masters amp oldid 1007791347, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.