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Cold sensitive antibodies

January 20, 2023

Cold sensitive antibodies (CSA) are antibodies sensitive to cold temperature. Some cold sensitive antibodies are pathological and can lead to blood disorder. These pathological cold sensitive antibodies include cold agglutinins, Donath–Landsteiner antibodies, and cryoglobulins which are the culprits of cold agglutinin disease, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria in the process of Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia, and vasculitis, respectively.

Cold sensitive antibodies
Other namesCold reactive antibodies, cold reacting antibodies
SpecialtyHematology

Cold agglutinin antibodies

Cold agglutinins are antibodies, typically immunoglobulin M (IgM), that are acquainted with and then binding the antigens on red blood cells, typically antigens "I" or "i" on the RBC surface,[1] in the environment in which the temperatures are lower than normal core body temperature and, thus, ends up leading to agglutinations of the red blood cells and hemolysis reaction occurring outside the vessels (extra-vessels), resulting in anemia without hemoglobinuria in ordinary cases.[2]

Cold agglutinins can cause two pathological conditions, that are, primary cold agglutinin disease (CAD)[3] and secondary cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS),[2] both of which are sole two subtypes of cold agglutinin disease.

Primary cold agglutinin disease is idiopathic, meaning the phenomenons of agglutinations of the red blood cells and hemolysis reaction occurring outside the vessels are absent from any underlying cause.[3] Nevertheless, what is known is, those with idiopathic cold agglutinin disease are susceptible to having or developing mild clonal bone marrow disorder.[3]

Secondary cold agglutinin syndrome refers to cold agglutinin disease that is identified to be caused by viral infection, autoimmune disorder, lymphoid malignancy, or any other underlying disease.[4]

Thermal amplitude

Cold agglutinins (CA) are autoantibodies that agglutinate RBCs with a temperature optimum of 3-4 °C but may also act in a warmer environment, depending on the thermal amplitude of the CA. If the thermal amplitude exceeds 28–30 °C, the CA will be pathogenic. Low-affinity CA also occurs in many healthy individuals; these nonpathogenic CA are polyclonal, have low thermal amplitude, and are present in low titers, not higher than 256 and usually lower than 64. More than 90% of pathogenic CA are of the IgM class and these IgM macromolecules can be pentameric or hexameric.[5]

Donath–Landsteiner antibodies

Donath–Landsteiner antibodies share similarities with cold agglutinin disease in recognition and connection of the antigens on the red blood cells' surface in the presence of relatively lower temperatures compared to core body temperature. Yet, the place where the hemolysis taking place differentiates between D-L antibodies and cold agglutinin.[6][7][8] D-L antibodies rather fix complement system which result in hemolysis in vessels (intra-vessels). Blood vessels are pathways carrying living-required elements to reach everywhere inside the body through circulation. This explains why the clinical manifestations of hemolysis caused by D-L antibodies are in line with representations of hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria. D-L antibodies, typically IgG, are characterized by targeting against red blood cells' on-surface antigens called "P".[9][10]

The pathophysiology of Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia has been entitled as paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria.[citation needed]

Cryoglobulins antibodies

Cryoglobulins are abnormal antibodies that only dissolve/disappear at temperature higher than 37 °C (99 °F) and form solid or gel-like immune complexes in presence of the environment under 37 °C (99 °F),[11][12] which can block blood vessels and cause a variety of health problems[12] including inflammation and organ damage.[13][14]

Many people affected by cryoglobulins will not experience any unusual signs or symptoms. When present, symptoms vary but may include breathing problems; fatigue; glomerulonephritis; joint pain or muscle pain; purpura; Raynaud's phenomenon; skin death; and/or skin ulcers. In some cases, the exact underlying cause is unknown; however, cryoglobulinemia can be associated with a variety of conditions including certain types of infection; chronic inflammatory diseases (such as autoimmune disease); and/or cancers of the blood or immune system. Treatment varies based on the severity of the condition, the symptoms present in each person and the underlying cause.[12]

At least 90% of cases having cryoglobulins in body, hepatitis C is to blame,[11][13] reflecting the importance of preclusion of hepatitis C.[11][13] The presence of cryoglubulins in body satisfies the criterion of the diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia, a disease that inflame the blood vessels and organs like kidney, nerves, joints, lungs and skin.[11] Normally, no cryoglobulins should be found in the body.[11]

Cryoglobulins more than often do not interact with red blood cells, unless it combines the features of cold agglutinin with cryoglobulins, although the chance is deemed rare. Therefore, cryoglobulins don't produce hemolysis effect, however its serious complications such as systemic inflammatory or neoplastic disorders can in turn lead to anemia.[13]

Comparisons between cryoglobulin, cold agglutinin and Donath–Landsteiner antibodies

Although there is some overlap of symptoms, cryoglobulinemia and cold agglutinin disease differ in the process by which blood vessels become blocked.[12] In cryoglobulinemia, antibodies accumulate and block blood vessels.[12][15] In cold agglutinin disease, antibodies (different from those in cryoglobulinemia) attack and kill red blood cells, which then accumulate and block blood vessels.[12][16]

Three types of pathological cold sensitive antibodies can all trigger Raynaud's phenomenon.[17][18][19][20][21][22]

Three types of pathological cold antibodies can all be acquired.[23][24][25][26]

Composition

Type Composition Percent of cases Association with other diseases
Type I Monoclonal IgG, IgM, IgA, or their κ or λ light chains 10–15% Hematological diseases, particularly MGUS, smoldering multiple myeloma, multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia[27]
Type II Monoclonal IgM plus polyclonal IgG or, rarely, IgA 50–60% Infectious diseases, particularly hepatitis C infection, HIV infection, and Hepatitis C and HIV coinfection; hematological diseases particularly B cell disorders; autoimmune diseases[27]
Type III Polyclonal IgM plus polyclonal IgG or IgA 25–30% Autoimmune diseases, particularly Sjögren syndrome and less commonly systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis; infectious diseases particularly HCV infection[27]
Further information: Cryoglobulinemia § Classification

Complement

Complement activation plays a definitive but limited role in warm-antibody AIHA (w-AIHA), whereas primary cold agglutinin disease (CAD), secondary cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS), and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) are entirely complement-dependent disorders.[5]

Hemolysis site

Hemolysis induced by cold agglutinin disease taking place outside the vessels while which of Donath–Landsteiner antibodies is taking place inside the vessels.[10][9]

References

  1. ^ Pascual, V; Victor, K; Spellerberg, M; Hamblin, TJ; Stevenson, FK; Capra, JD (1992-10-01). "VH restriction among human cold agglutinins. The VH4-21 gene segment is required to encode anti-I and anti-i specificities". Journal of Immunology. 149 (7): 2337–44. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 1382098.
  2. ^ a b Berentsen, Sigbjørn (2018-01-24). "How I manage patients with cold agglutinin disease". British Journal of Haematology. Wiley. 181 (3): 320–330. doi:10.1111/bjh.15109. ISSN 0007-1048. PMID 29363757.
  3. ^ a b c Małecka, Agnieszka; Trøen, Gunhild; Tierens, Anne; Østlie, Ingunn; Małecki, Jędrzej; Randen, Ulla; Wang, Junbai; Berentsen, Sigbjørn; Tjønnfjord, Geir E.; Delabie, Jan M. A. (19 December 2017). "Frequent somatic mutations of KMT 2D ( MLL 2 ) and CARD 11 genes in primary cold agglutinin disease". British Journal of Haematology. Wiley. 183 (5): 838–842. doi:10.1111/bjh.15063. ISSN 0007-1048. PMID 29265349.
  4. ^ Randen, U.; Troen, G.; Tierens, A.; Steen, C.; Warsame, A.; Beiske, K.; Tjonnfjord, G. E.; Berentsen, S.; Delabie, J. (18 October 2013). "Primary cold agglutinin-associated lymphoproliferative disease: a B-cell lymphoma of the bone marrow distinct from lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma". Haematologica. Ferrata Storti Foundation (Haematologica). 99 (3): 497–504. doi:10.3324/haematol.2013.091702. ISSN 0390-6078. PMC 3943313. PMID 24143001.
  5. ^ a b Berentsen, Sigbjørn; Sundic, Tatjana (2015-01-29). "Red Blood Cell Destruction in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Role of Complement and Potential New Targets for Therapy". BioMed Research International. Hindawi Limited. 2015: 363278. doi:10.1155/2015/363278. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4326213. PMID 25705656.
  6. ^ Silberstein, LE; Berkman, EM; Schreiber, AD (1987). "Cold hemagglutinin disease associated with IgG cold-reactive antibody". Annals of Internal Medicine. 106 (2): 238–42. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-238. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 3800184.
  7. ^ Rosse, WF; Adams, JP (1980). "The variability of hemolysis in the cold agglutinin syndrome". Blood. 56 (3): 409–16. doi:10.1182/blood.v56.3.409.bloodjournal563409. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 7407408.
  8. ^ Zilow, G; Kirschfink, M; Roelcke, D (1994). "Red cell destruction in cold agglutinin disease". Infusionstherapie und Transfusionsmedizin. 21 (6): 410–5. doi:10.1159/000223021. ISSN 1019-8466. PMID 7873920.
  9. ^ a b Trisha Simone Tavares (2019-02-02). "Donath-Landsteiner Hemolytic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology". Medscape Reference. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  10. ^ a b Barcellini, W (2015), "Pitfalls in the diagnosis of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.", Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue, 13 (1): 3–5, doi:10.2450/2014.0252-14, ISSN 1723-2007, PMC 4317084, PMID 25636128
  11. ^ a b c d e "Cryoglobulins: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". MedlinePlus. 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  12. ^ a b c d e f "Cold agglutinin disease". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program. 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  13. ^ a b c d Ferri, C; Zignego, AL; Pileri, SA (2002). "Cryoglobulins". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 55 (1): 4–13. doi:10.1136/jcp.55.1.4. PMC 1769573. PMID 11825916.
  14. ^ "Cryoglobulinemia". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  15. ^ "Cryoglobulinemia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". MedlinePlus. 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  16. ^ "Cold Agglutinin Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology". Medscape Reference. 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  17. ^ Gaddy, Clifford G. (1958-09-01). "Raynaud's Syndrome Associated with Idiopathic Cryoglobulinemia and Cold Agglutinins". Archives of Internal Medicine. American Medical Association (AMA). 102 (3): 468–77. doi:10.1001/archinte.1958.00030010468020. ISSN 0003-9926. PMID 13570737.
  18. ^ Mitchell, AB; Pergrum, GD; Gill, AM (1974). "Cold agglutinin disease with Raynaud's phenomenon". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 67 (2): 113–5. doi:10.1177/003591577406700212. ISSN 0035-9157. PMC 1645247. PMID 4544972.
  19. ^ C. G. M. KALLENBERG; G. W. PASTOOR; A. A. WOUDA; T. H. THE (1982). "Antinuclear antibodies in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: clinical significance of anticentromere antibodies". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 41 (4): 382–387. doi:10.1136/ard.41.4.382. PMC 1000955. PMID 7051989.
  20. ^ Lodi, Gianluca; Resca, Daniela; Reverberi, Roberto (2010-08-06). "Fatal cold agglutinin-induced haemolytic anaemia: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. Springer Nature. 4 (1): 252. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-4-252. ISSN 1752-1947. PMC 2923177. PMID 20691050.
  21. ^ Gertz, M. A. (2006-01-01). "Cold Hemolytic Syndrome". Hematology. American Society of Hematology. 2006 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2006.1.19. ISSN 1520-4391. PMID 17124034.
  22. ^ J. J. VAN LOGHEM, Jn.; E. MENDES DE LEON, M.D.; HERTA FRENKEL-TIETZ; IIA VAN DER HART (1952). (PDF). Blood. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-14.
  23. ^ WIENER, AS; UNGER, LJ; COHEN, L; FELDMAN, J (1956). "Type-specific cold auto-antibodies as a cause of acquired hemolytic anemia and hemolytic transfusion reactions: biologic test with bovine red cells". Annals of Internal Medicine. 44 (2): 221–40. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-44-2-221. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 13292836.
  24. ^ Mehrotra, TN (1960). "Immunological Identification of the Pathological Cold Auto-Antibodies of Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia as β2M-Globulin". Immunology. 3 (3): 265–271. PMC 1424011.
  25. ^ Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
  26. ^ Allgood, JW; Chaplin, H Jr (1967). "Idiopathic acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia. A review of forty-seven cases treated from 1955 through 1965". The American Journal of Medicine. 43 (2): 254–73. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(67)90168-4. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 6034957.
  27. ^ a b c Tedeschi A, Baratè C, Minola E, Morra E (2007). "Cryoglobulinemia". Blood Reviews. 21 (4): 183–200. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2006.12.002. PMID 17289231.

January 20, 2023
cold, sensitive, antibodies, antibodies, sensitive, cold, temperature, some, cold, sensitive, antibodies, pathological, lead, blood, disorder, these, pathological, cold, sensitive, antibodies, include, cold, agglutinins, donath, landsteiner, antibodies, cryogl. Cold sensitive antibodies CSA are antibodies sensitive to cold temperature Some cold sensitive antibodies are pathological and can lead to blood disorder These pathological cold sensitive antibodies include cold agglutinins Donath Landsteiner antibodies and cryoglobulins which are the culprits of cold agglutinin disease paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria in the process of Donath Landsteiner hemolytic anemia and vasculitis respectively Cold sensitive antibodiesOther namesCold reactive antibodies cold reacting antibodiesSpecialtyHematology Contents 1 Cold agglutinin antibodies 1 1 Thermal amplitude 2 Donath Landsteiner antibodies 3 Cryoglobulins antibodies 4 Comparisons between cryoglobulin cold agglutinin and Donath Landsteiner antibodies 4 1 Composition 4 2 Complement 4 3 Hemolysis site 5 ReferencesCold agglutinin antibodies EditCold agglutinins are antibodies typically immunoglobulin M IgM that are acquainted with and then binding the antigens on red blood cells typically antigens I or i on the RBC surface 1 in the environment in which the temperatures are lower than normal core body temperature and thus ends up leading to agglutinations of the red blood cells and hemolysis reaction occurring outside the vessels extra vessels resulting in anemia without hemoglobinuria in ordinary cases 2 Cold agglutinins can cause two pathological conditions that are primary cold agglutinin disease CAD 3 and secondary cold agglutinin syndrome CAS 2 both of which are sole two subtypes of cold agglutinin disease Primary cold agglutinin disease is idiopathic meaning the phenomenons of agglutinations of the red blood cells and hemolysis reaction occurring outside the vessels are absent from any underlying cause 3 Nevertheless what is known is those with idiopathic cold agglutinin disease are susceptible to having or developing mild clonal bone marrow disorder 3 Secondary cold agglutinin syndrome refers to cold agglutinin disease that is identified to be caused by viral infection autoimmune disorder lymphoid malignancy or any other underlying disease 4 Thermal amplitude Edit Cold agglutinins CA are autoantibodies that agglutinate RBCs with a temperature optimum of 3 4 C but may also act in a warmer environment depending on the thermal amplitude of the CA If the thermal amplitude exceeds 28 30 C the CA will be pathogenic Low affinity CA also occurs in many healthy individuals these nonpathogenic CA are polyclonal have low thermal amplitude and are present in low titers not higher than 256 and usually lower than 64 More than 90 of pathogenic CA are of the IgM class and these IgM macromolecules can be pentameric or hexameric 5 Donath Landsteiner antibodies EditDonath Landsteiner antibodies share similarities with cold agglutinin disease in recognition and connection of the antigens on the red blood cells surface in the presence of relatively lower temperatures compared to core body temperature Yet the place where the hemolysis taking place differentiates between D L antibodies and cold agglutinin 6 7 8 D L antibodies rather fix complement system which result in hemolysis in vessels intra vessels Blood vessels are pathways carrying living required elements to reach everywhere inside the body through circulation This explains why the clinical manifestations of hemolysis caused by D L antibodies are in line with representations of hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria D L antibodies typically IgG are characterized by targeting against red blood cells on surface antigens called P 9 10 The pathophysiology of Donath Landsteiner hemolytic anemia has been entitled as paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria citation needed Cryoglobulins antibodies EditCryoglobulins are abnormal antibodies that only dissolve disappear at temperature higher than 37 C 99 F and form solid or gel like immune complexes in presence of the environment under 37 C 99 F 11 12 which can block blood vessels and cause a variety of health problems 12 including inflammation and organ damage 13 14 Many people affected by cryoglobulins will not experience any unusual signs or symptoms When present symptoms vary but may include breathing problems fatigue glomerulonephritis joint pain or muscle pain purpura Raynaud s phenomenon skin death and or skin ulcers In some cases the exact underlying cause is unknown however cryoglobulinemia can be associated with a variety of conditions including certain types of infection chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune disease and or cancers of the blood or immune system Treatment varies based on the severity of the condition the symptoms present in each person and the underlying cause 12 At least 90 of cases having cryoglobulins in body hepatitis C is to blame 11 13 reflecting the importance of preclusion of hepatitis C 11 13 The presence of cryoglubulins in body satisfies the criterion of the diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia a disease that inflame the blood vessels and organs like kidney nerves joints lungs and skin 11 Normally no cryoglobulins should be found in the body 11 Cryoglobulins more than often do not interact with red blood cells unless it combines the features of cold agglutinin with cryoglobulins although the chance is deemed rare Therefore cryoglobulins don t produce hemolysis effect however its serious complications such as systemic inflammatory or neoplastic disorders can in turn lead to anemia 13 Comparisons between cryoglobulin cold agglutinin and Donath Landsteiner antibodies EditAlthough there is some overlap of symptoms cryoglobulinemia and cold agglutinin disease differ in the process by which blood vessels become blocked 12 In cryoglobulinemia antibodies accumulate and block blood vessels 12 15 In cold agglutinin disease antibodies different from those in cryoglobulinemia attack and kill red blood cells which then accumulate and block blood vessels 12 16 Three types of pathological cold sensitive antibodies can all trigger Raynaud s phenomenon 17 18 19 20 21 22 Three types of pathological cold antibodies can all be acquired 23 24 25 26 Composition Edit Type Composition Percent of cases Association with other diseasesType I Monoclonal IgG IgM IgA or their k or l light chains 10 15 Hematological diseases particularly MGUS smoldering multiple myeloma multiple myeloma Waldenstrom s macroglobulinemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia 27 Type II Monoclonal IgM plus polyclonal IgG or rarely IgA 50 60 Infectious diseases particularly hepatitis C infection HIV infection and Hepatitis C and HIV coinfection hematological diseases particularly B cell disorders autoimmune diseases 27 Type III Polyclonal IgM plus polyclonal IgG or IgA 25 30 Autoimmune diseases particularly Sjogren syndrome and less commonly systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis infectious diseases particularly HCV infection 27 Further information Cryoglobulinemia Classification Complement Edit Complement activation plays a definitive but limited role in warm antibody AIHA w AIHA whereas primary cold agglutinin disease CAD secondary cold agglutinin syndrome CAS and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria PCH are entirely complement dependent disorders 5 Hemolysis site Edit Hemolysis induced by cold agglutinin disease taking place outside the vessels while which of Donath Landsteiner antibodies is taking place inside the vessels 10 9 References Edit Pascual V Victor K Spellerberg M Hamblin TJ Stevenson FK Capra JD 1992 10 01 VH restriction among human cold agglutinins The VH4 21 gene segment is required to encode anti I and anti i specificities Journal of Immunology 149 7 2337 44 ISSN 0022 1767 PMID 1382098 a b Berentsen Sigbjorn 2018 01 24 How I manage patients with cold agglutinin disease British Journal of Haematology Wiley 181 3 320 330 doi 10 1111 bjh 15109 ISSN 0007 1048 PMID 29363757 a b c Malecka Agnieszka Troen Gunhild Tierens Anne Ostlie Ingunn Malecki Jedrzej Randen Ulla Wang Junbai Berentsen Sigbjorn Tjonnfjord Geir E Delabie Jan M A 19 December 2017 Frequent somatic mutations of KMT 2D MLL 2 and CARD 11 genes in primary cold agglutinin disease British Journal of Haematology Wiley 183 5 838 842 doi 10 1111 bjh 15063 ISSN 0007 1048 PMID 29265349 Randen U Troen G Tierens A Steen C Warsame A Beiske K Tjonnfjord G E Berentsen S Delabie J 18 October 2013 Primary cold agglutinin associated lymphoproliferative disease a B cell lymphoma of the bone marrow distinct from lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma Haematologica Ferrata Storti Foundation Haematologica 99 3 497 504 doi 10 3324 haematol 2013 091702 ISSN 0390 6078 PMC 3943313 PMID 24143001 a b Berentsen Sigbjorn Sundic Tatjana 2015 01 29 Red Blood Cell Destruction in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Role of Complement and Potential New Targets for Therapy BioMed Research International Hindawi Limited 2015 363278 doi 10 1155 2015 363278 ISSN 2314 6133 PMC 4326213 PMID 25705656 Silberstein LE Berkman EM Schreiber AD 1987 Cold hemagglutinin disease associated with IgG cold reactive antibody Annals of Internal Medicine 106 2 238 42 doi 10 7326 0003 4819 106 2 238 ISSN 0003 4819 PMID 3800184 Rosse WF Adams JP 1980 The variability of hemolysis in the cold agglutinin syndrome Blood 56 3 409 16 doi 10 1182 blood v56 3 409 bloodjournal563409 ISSN 0006 4971 PMID 7407408 Zilow G Kirschfink M Roelcke D 1994 Red cell destruction in cold agglutinin disease Infusionstherapie und Transfusionsmedizin 21 6 410 5 doi 10 1159 000223021 ISSN 1019 8466 PMID 7873920 a b Trisha Simone Tavares 2019 02 02 Donath Landsteiner Hemolytic Anemia Practice Essentials Pathophysiology Etiology Medscape Reference Retrieved 2019 02 11 a b Barcellini W 2015 Pitfalls in the diagnosis of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia Blood Transfusion Trasfusione del Sangue 13 1 3 5 doi 10 2450 2014 0252 14 ISSN 1723 2007 PMC 4317084 PMID 25636128 a b c d e Cryoglobulins MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia MedlinePlus 2019 01 28 Retrieved 2019 02 13 a b c d e f Cold agglutinin disease Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center GARD an NCATS Program 2015 09 11 Retrieved 2019 02 13 a b c d Ferri C Zignego AL Pileri SA 2002 Cryoglobulins Journal of Clinical Pathology 55 1 4 13 doi 10 1136 jcp 55 1 4 PMC 1769573 PMID 11825916 Cryoglobulinemia Cleveland Clinic Retrieved 2019 02 13 Cryoglobulinemia MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia MedlinePlus 2019 01 28 Retrieved 2019 02 13 Cold Agglutinin Disease Practice Essentials Pathophysiology Etiology Medscape Reference 2019 02 02 Retrieved 2019 02 13 Gaddy Clifford G 1958 09 01 Raynaud s Syndrome Associated with Idiopathic Cryoglobulinemia and Cold Agglutinins Archives of Internal Medicine American Medical Association AMA 102 3 468 77 doi 10 1001 archinte 1958 00030010468020 ISSN 0003 9926 PMID 13570737 Mitchell AB Pergrum GD Gill AM 1974 Cold agglutinin disease with Raynaud s phenomenon Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 67 2 113 5 doi 10 1177 003591577406700212 ISSN 0035 9157 PMC 1645247 PMID 4544972 C G M KALLENBERG G W PASTOOR A A WOUDA T H THE 1982 Antinuclear antibodies in patients with Raynaud s phenomenon clinical significance of anticentromere antibodies Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 41 4 382 387 doi 10 1136 ard 41 4 382 PMC 1000955 PMID 7051989 Lodi Gianluca Resca Daniela Reverberi Roberto 2010 08 06 Fatal cold agglutinin induced haemolytic anaemia a case report Journal of Medical Case Reports Springer Nature 4 1 252 doi 10 1186 1752 1947 4 252 ISSN 1752 1947 PMC 2923177 PMID 20691050 Gertz M A 2006 01 01 Cold Hemolytic Syndrome Hematology American Society of Hematology 2006 1 19 23 doi 10 1182 asheducation 2006 1 19 ISSN 1520 4391 PMID 17124034 J J VAN LOGHEM Jn E MENDES DE LEON M D HERTA FRENKEL TIETZ IIA VAN DER HART 1952 Two Different Serologic Mechanisms of Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria Illustrated by Three Cases PDF Blood Archived from the original PDF on 2019 02 14 WIENER AS UNGER LJ COHEN L FELDMAN J 1956 Type specific cold auto antibodies as a cause of acquired hemolytic anemia and hemolytic transfusion reactions biologic test with bovine red cells Annals of Internal Medicine 44 2 221 40 doi 10 7326 0003 4819 44 2 221 ISSN 0003 4819 PMID 13292836 Mehrotra TN 1960 Immunological Identification of the Pathological Cold Auto Antibodies of Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia as b2M Globulin Immunology 3 3 265 271 PMC 1424011 Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Allgood JW Chaplin H Jr 1967 Idiopathic acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia A review of forty seven cases treated from 1955 through 1965 The American Journal of Medicine 43 2 254 73 doi 10 1016 0002 9343 67 90168 4 ISSN 0002 9343 PMID 6034957 a b c Tedeschi A Barate C Minola E Morra E 2007 Cryoglobulinemia Blood Reviews 21 4 183 200 doi 10 1016 j blre 2006 12 002 PMID 17289231 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cold sensitive antibodies amp oldid 1113484837 Cold agglutinin antibodies, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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