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Clare W. Graves

January 01, 1970

Clare W. Graves (December 21, 1914 – January 3, 1986) was a professor of psychology and originator of the emergent cyclical theory of adult human development, aspects of which were later popularised as Spiral Dynamics. He was born in New Richmond, Indiana.[2]

Clare W. Graves
BornDecember 21, 1914 (1914-12-21)
New Richmond, Indiana, U.S.
DiedJanuary 2, 1986(1986-01-02) (aged 71)
Rexford, New York, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Education
Known forEmergent cyclical levels of existence
SpouseMarian Huff Graves
Children
  • Susan Graves Friday
  • Robert Graves
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology
Institutions
Doctoral advisorCalvin S. Hall, Jr.[1]

Education and academic career edit

Graves graduated from Union College in New York in 1940 and received his master's degree and PhD[3] in psychology in 1943 and 1945, respectively, from Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. He taught at Western Reserve for three years before returning to Union College as an Associate Professor in 1948. He was promoted to full Professor in 1956, and retired in 1978.[4]

In 1975, Don Edward Beck, a professor at North Texas University, sought Graves out on the basis of his 1974 article in The Futurist. By this point, Graves's health was declining, and Beck resolved to record Graves's knowledge.[5] They were later joined by Christopher Cowan, with whom Beck developed Spiral Dynamics as an extension of Graves's work. After Graves's death, Cowan, his consulting partner Natasha Todorovic, and archivist William R. Lee, became custodians of Graves's work, maintaining the official Clare W. Graves website, which provides access to some of those materials.[6]

Emergent cyclical theory edit

Main article: Emergent cyclical theory

In the early mid-twentieth century, Graves decided to conduct experiments that he hoped would reconcile the various approaches to human nature and questions about psychological maturity,[7] as he saw elements of truth and error in all theories known at the time.[8] Rather than construct a hypothesis about how the conflicting systems could be resolved, Graves posed several open-ended questions and looked to see what patterns would emerge from his data. While not typical at the time, these approaches would later become known as grounded theory and inductive thematic analysis.[9]

Based on data collected over the next several decades, Graves observed that the emergence within humans of new bio-psycho-social systems in response to the interplay of external conditions with neurology follows a hierarchy in several dimensions, though without guarantees as to time lines or even direction: both progression and regression are possibilities in his model. Furthermore, each level in the hierarchy alternates as the human is either trying to make the environment adapt to the self, or the human is adapting the self to the existential conditions. He called these 'express self' and 'deny self' systems, and the swing between them is the cyclic aspect of his theory. Graves saw this process of stable plateaus interspersed with change intervals as never ending, up to the limits of the brain of Homo sapiens, something he viewed as far greater than we have yet imagined.[10]

Influence edit

Through his emergent cyclical theory, Graves has primarily been influential in the area of management theory, both during his lifetime and continuing into more recent years.[11] [12] [13] This was both the first major area in which he published,[14] and a major focus in his posthumous book detailing the complete theory.[15]

While sometimes cited in the context of developmental psychology,[16][17] Graves is not broadly influential within developmental psychology academia.[18] Graves has been criticized for not fully publishing his theory and data, with one source observing that by "leaving his legacy in not-quite-finished form, and in cultivating followers who have elaborated his ideas leaving them essentially unquestioned, [Graves] appears to have succeeded in leaving us a provocative and important theory, while so far avoiding anything like a debate about its merits."[19]

Graves's ideas gained a broader audience through non-academic publications, most notably a 1974 article in The Futurist which attracted the attention of those who later created Spiral Dynamics.[20] Graves influenced Ken Wilber's integral philosophy both directly and through Spiral Dynamics.[21][22] Through Spiral Dynamics, he has also influenced metamodernism.[23]

Works edit

Graves worked towards a book describing his theories, but published few articles and gave few public talks on his work during his lifetime. A full chronological bibliography is available online;[24] a selection of his most notable publications is provided below.

Graves was reportedly distressed by the poor reception given to Abraham Maslow at an American Psychological Association seminar in the mid 1950s[25] and determined not to publish his full theory until he was confident he could defend it.[26] Due to a brain injury sustained in 1975,[27] Graves abandoned his book manuscript in 1977.[28] The manuscript, consisting of largely complete drafts of sections describing the derivation of the theory from experimental data, and comparing it to other theories, was edited together with other primary sources to reconstruct the missing section on the nature of the levels, and published posthumously in 2005 as The Never Ending Quest.[29]

Additionally, an edited transcription of a seminar given by Graves at the Washington School of Psychiatry in 1971, along with a reprint of his 1970 article in the Fall 1970 issue of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology, were collected and published in book form in 2004 as Levels of Human Existence.

  • Graves, Clare W. (1966), "Deterioration of Work Standards." Harvard Business Review, September/October 1966, Vol. 44, No. 5, p. 117-126.
  • Graves, Clare W. (1970), "Levels of Existence: An Open System Theory of Values." Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Fall 1970, Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 131-155.
  • Graves, Clare W. (1974), "Human Nature Prepares for a Momentous Leap." The Futurist, April 1974, p. 72-87.
  • Graves, Clare W. (2004). Lee, William R.; Cowan, Christopher C.; Todorovic, Natasha (eds.). Levels of Human Existence. Santa Barbara, CA: ECLET Publishing.
  • Graves, Clare W. (2005). Cowan, Christopher C.; Todorovic, Natasha (eds.). The Never Ending Quest. Santa Barbara, CA: ECLET Publishing.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Lee, William R. "Chronology of Publications and Articles by Dr. Graves". Retrieved 4 Aug 2020.
  2. ^ "In Memoriam..." The Concordiensis. Union College, Schenectady, NY. 16 Jan 1986. Retrieved 2 Aug 2020.
  3. ^ Graves, Clare W. (1945). A Study of the Genesis and Dynamics of Psychopathic Personality as Revealed By Combining The Clinical Case History and Experimental Approaches (PhD). Western Reserve University. OCLC 45432163.
  4. ^ Cowan, Christopher; Todorovic, Natasha; Lee, William R. (eds.). "About Dr. Graves..." Clare W. Graves. Retrieved 2 Aug 2020.
  5. ^ Krumm, Rainer; Parstorfer, Benedikt (10 Oct 2014). Clare W. Graves, Sein Leben sein Werk (in German). Werdewelt Verlag. pp. v, 1–2. ISBN 978-3981531886.
  6. ^ Butters (2015), p. 71
  7. ^ Rice (2018), para. 5
  8. ^ Graves (2005), pp. 14, 32-42
  9. ^ Rice (2018), paras. 5, 7
  10. ^ Graves (2005), pp. 184-191
  11. ^ Beck, Arthur C.; et al. (Staff of the Institute for Business and Community Development, University of Richmond) (June 1972). "Clare W. Graves Theory of Levels of Human Existence and Suggested Managerial Systems for Each Level". In Beck, Arthur C.; Hillmar, Ellis D. (eds.). A Practical Approach to Organization Development Through MBO/Selected Readings. Addison-Wesley. pp. 168–181. ISBN 978-0-2010044-7-2.
  12. ^ Lynch, Dudley; Kordis, Paul L. (1989). Strategy of the Dolphin: Scoring a Win in a Chaotic World. William Morrow & Co. ISBN 978-0688084813.
  13. ^ Burnes, Bernard; Jackson, Philip (2011). "Success and Failure In Organizational Change: An Exploration of the Role of Values". Journal of Change Management. 11 (2): 133–162. doi:10.1080/14697017.2010.524655.
  14. ^ Lee, William R. (2002). "Preface". In Lee, William R.; Cowan, Christopher; Todorovic, Natasha (eds.). Levels of Human Existence: Edited Transcription of a Seminar at the Washington School of Psychiatry, October 16, 1971. Santa Barbara, CA: ECLET Publishing. p. vii. ISBN 0-9724742-0-X.
  15. ^ Reitter (2018), p 5
  16. ^ Cook‐Greuter, Susanne R. (1 December 2004). "Making the Case for a Developmental Perspective". Industrial and Commercial Training. 36 (7): 275–276. doi:10.1108/00197850410563902.
  17. ^ Loevinger, Jane (1993). "Ego Development: Questions of Method and Theory". Psychological Inquiry. 4 (1): 58. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0401_12.
  18. ^ Reitter (2018), pp. 43–44
  19. ^ Reitter (2018), p. 1
  20. ^ Beck, Don (29 May 2018). "Preface". In Beck, Don (ed.). Spiral Dynamics in Action: Humanity's Master Code. Chester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. p. viii. ISBN 978-1119387183.
  21. ^ Reitter (2018), pp. 42–43
  22. ^ MacDonald, Copthorne. "Review Of: A Theory of Everything". Integralis: Journal of Integral Consciousness, Culture, and Science. 1. Retrieved 12 Aug 2020.
  23. ^ Freinacht, Hanzi (10 Mar 2017). The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics, Book One. Metamoderna. p. 171. ISBN 978-8799973903.
  24. ^ Lee, William R.; Cowan, Christopher C.; Todorovic, Natasha (eds.). "Chronology of Publications and Articles by Dr. Graves". Retrieved 3 Aug 2020.
  25. ^ Cowan and Todorovic (2005), p. iv
  26. ^ Graves (2005), pp. 5-6
  27. ^ Graves (2005), p. 5
  28. ^ Cowan and Todorovic (2005), p. v
  29. ^ Cowan and Todorovic (2005), pp. v-x

References edit

  • Beck, Don Edward; Cowan, Christopher C. (8 May 1996). Spiral Dynamics: Mastering Values, Leadership, and Change. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1557869401.
  • Butters, Albion (17 Nov 2015). "A Brief History of Spiral Dynamics". Approaching Religion. 5 (2): 67–78. doi:10.30664/ar.67574.
  • Cowan, Christopher C.; Todorovic, Natasha (2005). "Editors' Foreword". In Cowan, Christopher C.; Todorovic, Natasha (eds.). The Never Ending Quest. Santa Barbara, CA: ECLET Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9724742-1-4.
  • Graves, Clare W. (September–October 1966). "Deterioration of Work Standards". Harvard Business Review. 44 (5): 117–126.
  • Graves, Clare W. (October 22–24, 1969). A Systems View of Values Problems. Systems Science & Cybernetics Conference. IEEE No. 69-C37-SSC.
  • Graves, Clare W. (Fall 1970). "Levels of Existence: An Open System Theory of Values". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 10 (2): 131–155. doi:10.1177/002216787001000205. S2CID 144532391.
  • Graves, Clare W. (April 1974). "Human Nature Prepares for a Momentous Leap". The Futurist. pp. 72–87.
  • Graves, Clare W. (2005). Cowan, Christopher C.; Todorovic, Natasha (eds.). The Never Ending Quest. Santa Barbara, CA: ECLET Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9724742-1-4.
  • Reitter, Nicholas (Jun 2018). "Clare W. Graves and the Turn of Our Times". Journal of Conscious Evolution. 11 (11). California Institute of Integral Studies. Article 5. Retrieved 5 Aug 2020.
  • Rice, Keith E. (12 Jun 2018). "Clare W Graves' Research". Retrieved 3 Aug 2020.

External links edit

  • Official website

January 01, 1970
clare, graves, december, 1914, january, 1986, professor, psychology, originator, emergent, cyclical, theory, adult, human, development, aspects, which, were, later, popularised, spiral, dynamics, born, richmond, indiana, borndecember, 1914, 1914, richmond, ind. Clare W Graves December 21 1914 January 3 1986 was a professor of psychology and originator of the emergent cyclical theory of adult human development aspects of which were later popularised as Spiral Dynamics He was born in New Richmond Indiana 2 Clare W GravesBornDecember 21 1914 1914 12 21 New Richmond Indiana U S DiedJanuary 2 1986 1986 01 02 aged 71 Rexford New York U S NationalityAmericanEducationB A Union College Math and Sciences 1940M A Western Reserve University Psychology 1943Ph D Western Reserve University Psychology 1945Known forEmergent cyclical levels of existenceSpouseMarian Huff GravesChildrenSusan Graves FridayRobert GravesScientific careerFieldsPsychologyInstitutionsWestern Reserve University 1945 48 Union College 1948 86 Doctoral advisorCalvin S Hall Jr 1 Contents 1 Education and academic career 2 Emergent cyclical theory 3 Influence 4 Works 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksEducation and academic career editGraves graduated from Union College in New York in 1940 and received his master s degree and PhD 3 in psychology in 1943 and 1945 respectively from Western Reserve University in Cleveland Ohio He taught at Western Reserve for three years before returning to Union College as an Associate Professor in 1948 He was promoted to full Professor in 1956 and retired in 1978 4 In 1975 Don Edward Beck a professor at North Texas University sought Graves out on the basis of his 1974 article in The Futurist By this point Graves s health was declining and Beck resolved to record Graves s knowledge 5 They were later joined by Christopher Cowan with whom Beck developed Spiral Dynamics as an extension of Graves s work After Graves s death Cowan his consulting partner Natasha Todorovic and archivist William R Lee became custodians of Graves s work maintaining the official Clare W Graves website which provides access to some of those materials 6 Emergent cyclical theory editMain article Emergent cyclical theory In the early mid twentieth century Graves decided to conduct experiments that he hoped would reconcile the various approaches to human nature and questions about psychological maturity 7 as he saw elements of truth and error in all theories known at the time 8 Rather than construct a hypothesis about how the conflicting systems could be resolved Graves posed several open ended questions and looked to see what patterns would emerge from his data While not typical at the time these approaches would later become known as grounded theory and inductive thematic analysis 9 Based on data collected over the next several decades Graves observed that the emergence within humans of new bio psycho social systems in response to the interplay of external conditions with neurology follows a hierarchy in several dimensions though without guarantees as to time lines or even direction both progression and regression are possibilities in his model Furthermore each level in the hierarchy alternates as the human is either trying to make the environment adapt to the self or the human is adapting the self to the existential conditions He called these express self and deny self systems and the swing between them is the cyclic aspect of his theory Graves saw this process of stable plateaus interspersed with change intervals as never ending up to the limits of the brain of Homo sapiens something he viewed as far greater than we have yet imagined 10 Influence editThrough his emergent cyclical theory Graves has primarily been influential in the area of management theory both during his lifetime and continuing into more recent years 11 12 13 This was both the first major area in which he published 14 and a major focus in his posthumous book detailing the complete theory 15 While sometimes cited in the context of developmental psychology 16 17 Graves is not broadly influential within developmental psychology academia 18 Graves has been criticized for not fully publishing his theory and data with one source observing that by leaving his legacy in not quite finished form and in cultivating followers who have elaborated his ideas leaving them essentially unquestioned Graves appears to have succeeded in leaving us a provocative and important theory while so far avoiding anything like a debate about its merits 19 Graves s ideas gained a broader audience through non academic publications most notably a 1974 article in The Futurist which attracted the attention of those who later created Spiral Dynamics 20 Graves influenced Ken Wilber s integral philosophy both directly and through Spiral Dynamics 21 22 Through Spiral Dynamics he has also influenced metamodernism 23 Works editGraves worked towards a book describing his theories but published few articles and gave few public talks on his work during his lifetime A full chronological bibliography is available online 24 a selection of his most notable publications is provided below Graves was reportedly distressed by the poor reception given to Abraham Maslow at an American Psychological Association seminar in the mid 1950s 25 and determined not to publish his full theory until he was confident he could defend it 26 Due to a brain injury sustained in 1975 27 Graves abandoned his book manuscript in 1977 28 The manuscript consisting of largely complete drafts of sections describing the derivation of the theory from experimental data and comparing it to other theories was edited together with other primary sources to reconstruct the missing section on the nature of the levels and published posthumously in 2005 as The Never Ending Quest 29 Additionally an edited transcription of a seminar given by Graves at the Washington School of Psychiatry in 1971 along with a reprint of his 1970 article in the Fall 1970 issue of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology were collected and published in book form in 2004 as Levels of Human Existence Graves Clare W 1966 Deterioration of Work Standards Harvard Business Review September October 1966 Vol 44 No 5 p 117 126 Graves Clare W 1970 Levels of Existence An Open System Theory of Values Journal of Humanistic Psychology Fall 1970 Vol 10 No 2 p 131 155 Graves Clare W 1974 Human Nature Prepares for a Momentous Leap The Futurist April 1974 p 72 87 Graves Clare W 2004 Lee William R Cowan Christopher C Todorovic Natasha eds Levels of Human Existence Santa Barbara CA ECLET Publishing Graves Clare W 2005 Cowan Christopher C Todorovic Natasha eds The Never Ending Quest Santa Barbara CA ECLET Publishing See also editAbraham Maslow Cognitive psychology Complex adaptive systems Don Edward Beck Evolutionary psychology Kohlberg s stages of moral development Jane Loevinger s stages of ego development Metamodernism Neuroendocrinology Teal organisationNotes edit Lee William R Chronology of Publications and Articles by Dr Graves Retrieved 4 Aug 2020 In Memoriam The Concordiensis Union College Schenectady NY 16 Jan 1986 Retrieved 2 Aug 2020 Graves Clare W 1945 A Study of the Genesis and Dynamics of Psychopathic Personality as Revealed By Combining The Clinical Case History and Experimental Approaches PhD Western Reserve University OCLC 45432163 Cowan Christopher Todorovic Natasha Lee William R eds About Dr Graves Clare W Graves Retrieved 2 Aug 2020 Krumm Rainer Parstorfer Benedikt 10 Oct 2014 Clare W Graves Sein Leben sein Werk in German Werdewelt Verlag pp v 1 2 ISBN 978 3981531886 Butters 2015 p 71 Rice 2018 para 5 Graves 2005 pp 14 32 42 Rice 2018 paras 5 7 Graves 2005 pp 184 191 Beck Arthur C et al Staff of the Institute for Business and Community Development University of Richmond June 1972 Clare W Graves Theory of Levels of Human Existence and Suggested Managerial Systems for Each Level In Beck Arthur C Hillmar Ellis D eds A Practical Approach to Organization Development Through MBO Selected Readings Addison Wesley pp 168 181 ISBN 978 0 2010044 7 2 Lynch Dudley Kordis Paul L 1989 Strategy of the Dolphin Scoring a Win in a Chaotic World William Morrow amp Co ISBN 978 0688084813 Burnes Bernard Jackson Philip 2011 Success and Failure In Organizational Change An Exploration of the Role of Values Journal of Change Management 11 2 133 162 doi 10 1080 14697017 2010 524655 Lee William R 2002 Preface In Lee William R Cowan Christopher Todorovic Natasha eds Levels of Human Existence Edited Transcription of a Seminar at the Washington School of Psychiatry October 16 1971 Santa Barbara CA ECLET Publishing p vii ISBN 0 9724742 0 X Reitter 2018 p 5 Cook Greuter Susanne R 1 December 2004 Making the Case for a Developmental Perspective Industrial and Commercial Training 36 7 275 276 doi 10 1108 00197850410563902 Loevinger Jane 1993 Ego Development Questions of Method and Theory Psychological Inquiry 4 1 58 doi 10 1207 s15327965pli0401 12 Reitter 2018 pp 43 44 Reitter 2018 p 1 Beck Don 29 May 2018 Preface In Beck Don ed Spiral Dynamics in Action Humanity s Master Code Chester United Kingdom John Wiley amp Sons p viii ISBN 978 1119387183 Reitter 2018 pp 42 43 MacDonald Copthorne Review Of A Theory of Everything Integralis Journal of Integral Consciousness Culture and Science 1 Retrieved 12 Aug 2020 Freinacht Hanzi 10 Mar 2017 The Listening Society A Metamodern Guide to Politics Book One Metamoderna p 171 ISBN 978 8799973903 Lee William R Cowan Christopher C Todorovic Natasha eds Chronology of Publications and Articles by Dr Graves Retrieved 3 Aug 2020 Cowan and Todorovic 2005 p iv Graves 2005 pp 5 6 Graves 2005 p 5 Cowan and Todorovic 2005 p v Cowan and Todorovic 2005 pp v xReferences editBeck Don Edward Cowan Christopher C 8 May 1996 Spiral Dynamics Mastering Values Leadership and Change Blackwell Publishing ISBN 978 1557869401 Butters Albion 17 Nov 2015 A Brief History of Spiral Dynamics Approaching Religion 5 2 67 78 doi 10 30664 ar 67574 Cowan Christopher C Todorovic Natasha 2005 Editors Foreword In Cowan Christopher C Todorovic Natasha eds The Never Ending Quest Santa Barbara CA ECLET Publishing ISBN 978 0 9724742 1 4 Graves Clare W September October 1966 Deterioration of Work Standards Harvard Business Review 44 5 117 126 Graves Clare W October 22 24 1969 A Systems View of Values Problems Systems Science amp Cybernetics Conference IEEE No 69 C37 SSC Graves Clare W Fall 1970 Levels of Existence An Open System Theory of Values Journal of Humanistic Psychology 10 2 131 155 doi 10 1177 002216787001000205 S2CID 144532391 Graves Clare W April 1974 Human Nature Prepares for a Momentous Leap The Futurist pp 72 87 Graves Clare W 2005 Cowan Christopher C Todorovic Natasha eds The Never Ending Quest Santa Barbara CA ECLET Publishing ISBN 978 0 9724742 1 4 Reitter Nicholas Jun 2018 Clare W Graves and the Turn of Our Times Journal of Conscious Evolution 11 11 California Institute of Integral Studies Article 5 Retrieved 5 Aug 2020 Rice Keith E 12 Jun 2018 Clare W Graves Research Retrieved 3 Aug 2020 External links editOfficial website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Clare W Graves amp oldid 1219037559, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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