The Cishan culture (6500–5000 BC) was a Neolithicculture in northern China, on the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains.[1] The Cishan culture was based on the farming of broomcorn millet, the cultivation of which on one site has been dated back 10,000 years.[2] The people at Cishan also began to cultivate foxtail millet around 8700 years ago.[3] However, these early dates have been questioned by some archaeologists due to sampling issues and lack of systematic surveying.[4]
Common artifacts from the Cishan culture include stone grinders, stone sickles and tripod pottery. The sickle blades feature fairly uniform serrations, which made the harvesting of grain easier. Cord markings, used as decorations on the pottery, was more common compared to neighboring cultures. Also, the Cishan potters created a broader variety of pottery forms such as basins, pot supports, serving stands, and drinking cups.
Since the culture shared many similarities with its southern neighbor, the Peiligang culture, both cultures were sometimes previously referred to together as the Cishan-Peiligang culture or Peiligang-Cishan culture. The Cishan culture also shared several similarities with its eastern neighbor, the Beixin culture. However, the contemporary consensus among archaeologists is that the Cishan people were members of a distinct culture that shared many characteristics with its neighbors.[5]
This culture has been linked to the origin of the Sino-Tibetan language family.[6]
Red oval is the late Cishan and the early Yangshao cultures. After applying the linguistic comparative method to the database of comparative linguistic data developed by Laurent Sagart in 2019 to identify sound correspondences and establish cognates, phylogenetic methods are used to infer relationships among these languages and estimate the age of their origin and homeland.[6]
The type site at Cishan is located in Wu'an, Hebei, China on a low elevation mesa. The site covers an area of around 80,000 m2 (861,113 sq ft). The houses at Cishan were semi-subterranean and round. The site showed evidence of domesticated pigs, dogs and chickens, with pigs providing the primary source of meat. The Cishan people hunted deer and wild boar. Nuts (Juglans regia and Corylus heterophylla), Celtis bungeana,[7] wild apricots and pears, and various roots and tubers were foraged from the surrounding forests. Fish was also an important part of the diet at Cishan, specifically carp and herring from the nearby river; fishing nets made from hemp fibers were used.
Over 500 subterranean storage pits were discovered at Cishan. These pits were used to store millet. The largest pits were 5 meters deep and capable of storing up to 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) of millet.
^Lu, H.; Zhang, J.; Liu, K. -B.; Wu, N.; Li, Y.; Zhou, K.; Ye, M.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, H.; Yang, X.; Shen, L.; Xu, D.; Li, Q. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (18): 7367–7372. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.7367L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC2678631. PMID 19383791.
Zhu, Yanping (2013). "The Early Neolithic in the Central Yellow River Valley, c. 7000–4000 BC". In Underhill, Anne P. (ed.). A Companion to Chinese Archaeology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 171–193. ISBN978-1-4443-3529-3.
Sagart, Laurent; Jacques, Guillaume; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis (2019), "Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116 (21): 10317–10322, doi:10.1073/pnas.1817972116, PMC6534992, PMID 31061123.
"Origin of Sino-Tibetan language family revealed by new research". ScienceDaily (Press release). May 6, 2019.
May 04, 2023
cishan, culture, 6500, 5000, neolithic, culture, northern, china, eastern, foothills, taihang, mountains, based, farming, broomcorn, millet, cultivation, which, site, been, dated, back, years, people, cishan, also, began, cultivate, foxtail, millet, around, 87. The Cishan culture 6500 5000 BC was a Neolithic culture in northern China on the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains 1 The Cishan culture was based on the farming of broomcorn millet the cultivation of which on one site has been dated back 10 000 years 2 The people at Cishan also began to cultivate foxtail millet around 8700 years ago 3 However these early dates have been questioned by some archaeologists due to sampling issues and lack of systematic surveying 4 Cishan cultureGeographical rangeHebei HenanPeriodNeolithic ChinaDates6500 5000 BCType siteCishanPreceded byNanzhuangtouFollowed byYangshao cultureChinese nameChinese磁山文化TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinCishan wenhuaCoordinates 36 42 N 114 12 E 36 7 N 114 2 E 36 7 114 2Common artifacts from the Cishan culture include stone grinders stone sickles and tripod pottery The sickle blades feature fairly uniform serrations which made the harvesting of grain easier Cord markings used as decorations on the pottery was more common compared to neighboring cultures Also the Cishan potters created a broader variety of pottery forms such as basins pot supports serving stands and drinking cups Since the culture shared many similarities with its southern neighbor the Peiligang culture both cultures were sometimes previously referred to together as the Cishan Peiligang culture or Peiligang Cishan culture The Cishan culture also shared several similarities with its eastern neighbor the Beixin culture However the contemporary consensus among archaeologists is that the Cishan people were members of a distinct culture that shared many characteristics with its neighbors 5 This culture has been linked to the origin of the Sino Tibetan language family 6 Red oval is the late Cishan and the early Yangshao cultures After applying the linguistic comparative method to the database of comparative linguistic data developed by Laurent Sagart in 2019 to identify sound correspondences and establish cognates phylogenetic methods are used to infer relationships among these languages and estimate the age of their origin and homeland 6 Contents 1 Cishan type site 2 See also 3 Notes 4 ReferencesCishan type site EditThe type site at Cishan is located in Wu an Hebei China on a low elevation mesa The site covers an area of around 80 000 m2 861 113 sq ft The houses at Cishan were semi subterranean and round The site showed evidence of domesticated pigs dogs and chickens with pigs providing the primary source of meat The Cishan people hunted deer and wild boar Nuts Juglans regia and Corylus heterophylla Celtis bungeana 7 wild apricots and pears and various roots and tubers were foraged from the surrounding forests Fish was also an important part of the diet at Cishan specifically carp and herring from the nearby river fishing nets made from hemp fibers were used Over 500 subterranean storage pits were discovered at Cishan These pits were used to store millet The largest pits were 5 meters deep and capable of storing up to 1 000 kg 2 205 lb of millet See also EditList of Neolithic cultures of China Dadiwan culture Prehistoric Beifudi siteNotes Edit Liu amp Chen 2012 p 133 Lu H Zhang J Liu K B Wu N Li Y Zhou K Ye M Zhang T Zhang H Yang X Shen L Xu D Li Q 2009 Earliest domestication of common millet Panicum miliaceum in East Asia extended to 10 000 years ago Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 18 7367 7372 Bibcode 2009PNAS 106 7367L doi 10 1073 pnas 0900158106 PMC 2678631 PMID 19383791 Liu amp Chen 2012 p 84 Liu amp Chen 2012 pp 84 133 134 Zhu 2013 a b Sagart et al 2019 pp 10319 10320 Liu amp Chen 2012 p 134 References EditAllan Sarah ed The Formation of Chinese Civilization An Archaeological Perspective ISBN 0 300 09382 9 Higham Charles The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia ISBN 0 521 56505 7 Liu Li Chen Xingcan 2012 The Archaeology of China From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 64310 8 Zhu Yanping 2013 The Early Neolithic in the Central Yellow River Valley c 7000 4000 BC In Underhill Anne P ed A Companion to Chinese Archaeology John Wiley amp Sons pp 171 193 ISBN 978 1 4443 3529 3 Sagart Laurent Jacques Guillaume Lai Yunfan Ryder Robin Thouzeau Valentin Greenhill Simon J List Johann Mattis 2019 Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino Tibetan Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 21 10317 10322 doi 10 1073 pnas 1817972116 PMC 6534992 PMID 31061123 Origin of Sino Tibetan language family revealed by new research ScienceDaily Press release May 6 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cishan culture amp oldid 1120470705, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
