Ciguatoxins do not harm the fish that carry them, but they are poisonous to humans. They cannot be smelled or tasted and cannot be destroyed by cooking.[1] Rapid testing for this toxin in food is not standard.
Some ciguatoxins lower the threshold for opening excitatory voltage-gated sodium channels in the nervous system. Opening a sodium channel causes depolarization, which could sequentially cause paralysis, heart contraction, and changing the senses of heat and cold. Such poisoning from ciguatoxins is known as ciguatera.
Ciguatoxins are lipophillic, able to cross the blood brain barrier, and can cause both central and peripheral neurologic symptoms.
The major symptoms will develop within 1-3 hours of toxin ingestion: vomiting, diarrhea, numbness of extremities, mouth and lips, reversal of hot and cold sensation, muscle and joint aches. The symptoms may last from days to weeks or even months depending on each individual situation. There is no known antidote, though several therapeutic targets have been identified.[2][3] The LD50 of ciguatoxin is 0.25 μg/kg.[4]
^Swift AE, Swift TR (2008). "Ciguatera". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 31 (1): 1–29. doi:10.3109/15563659309000371. PMID 8433404.
^Vetter I, Touska F, Hess A, Hinsbey R, Sattler S, Lampert A, Sergejeva M, Sharov A, Collins LS, Eberhardt M, Engel M, Cabot PJ, Wood JN, Vlachová V, Reeh PW, Lewis RJ, Zimmermann K (October 2012). "Ciguatoxins activate specific cold pain pathways to elicit burning pain from cooling". The EMBO Journal. 31 (19): 3795–808. doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.207. PMC3463840. PMID 22850668.
^Patel R, Brice NL, Lewis RJ, Dickenson AH (December 2015). "Ionic mechanisms of spinal neuronal cold hypersensitivity in ciguatera". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 42 (11): 3004–11. doi:10.1111/ejn.13098. PMC4744673. PMID 26454262.
^Fusetani, Nobuhiro; Kem, William (2009-01-31). Marine Toxins as Research Tools. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN978-3-540-87895-7.
^Yong, Shin Jie (2020-04-19). "Fishes Carrying This Incurable Poison Are on the Rise". Medium. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
ciguatoxin, confused, with, cicutoxin, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scho. Not to be confused with Cicutoxin This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ciguatoxin news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Ciguatoxins are a class of toxic polycyclic polyethers found in fish that cause ciguatera Chemical structure of the ciguatoxin CTX1B There are several different chemicals in this class CTX is often used as an abbreviation CID 5311333 from PubChem Ciguatoxin 1 CID 6441260 from PubChem Ciguatoxin 2 CID 6444399 from PubChem Ciguatoxin 3 CID 6450530 from PubChem Ciguatoxin 4B Gambiertoxin 4b Contents 1 Toxic effect on humans 2 Bioaccumulation 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksToxic effect on humans EditCiguatoxins do not harm the fish that carry them but they are poisonous to humans They cannot be smelled or tasted and cannot be destroyed by cooking 1 Rapid testing for this toxin in food is not standard Some ciguatoxins lower the threshold for opening excitatory voltage gated sodium channels in the nervous system Opening a sodium channel causes depolarization which could sequentially cause paralysis heart contraction and changing the senses of heat and cold Such poisoning from ciguatoxins is known as ciguatera Ciguatoxins are lipophillic able to cross the blood brain barrier and can cause both central and peripheral neurologic symptoms The major symptoms will develop within 1 3 hours of toxin ingestion vomiting diarrhea numbness of extremities mouth and lips reversal of hot and cold sensation muscle and joint aches The symptoms may last from days to weeks or even months depending on each individual situation There is no known antidote though several therapeutic targets have been identified 2 3 The LD50 of ciguatoxin is 0 25 mg kg 4 Bioaccumulation EditCiguatoxin is produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus a type of dinoflagellate The phenomenon occurs in the Caribbean Sea Hawaii and coastal Central America The toxin usually accumulates in the skin head viscera and roe of big reef fish like grouper wrasse triggerfish lionfish and amberjack It also affects barracuda snapper hogfish king mackerel and sea bass 5 See also EditBrevetoxin Domoic acid Okadaic acid Saxitoxin TetrodotoxinReferences Edit Swift AE Swift TR 2008 Ciguatera Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology 31 1 1 29 doi 10 3109 15563659309000371 PMID 8433404 Vetter I Touska F Hess A Hinsbey R Sattler S Lampert A Sergejeva M Sharov A Collins LS Eberhardt M Engel M Cabot PJ Wood JN Vlachova V Reeh PW Lewis RJ Zimmermann K October 2012 Ciguatoxins activate specific cold pain pathways to elicit burning pain from cooling The EMBO Journal 31 19 3795 808 doi 10 1038 emboj 2012 207 PMC 3463840 PMID 22850668 Patel R Brice NL Lewis RJ Dickenson AH December 2015 Ionic mechanisms of spinal neuronal cold hypersensitivity in ciguatera The European Journal of Neuroscience 42 11 3004 11 doi 10 1111 ejn 13098 PMC 4744673 PMID 26454262 Fusetani Nobuhiro Kem William 2009 01 31 Marine Toxins as Research Tools Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 978 3 540 87895 7 Yong Shin Jie 2020 04 19 Fishes Carrying This Incurable Poison Are on the Rise Medium Retrieved 2020 05 25 External links EditCiguatoxins at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ciguatoxin amp oldid 1128391549, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
