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Christophe Fraser

December 15, 2023

Christophe Fraser is a professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology in the Big Data Institute, part of the Nuffield Department of Medicine at the University of Oxford.[1]

Professor

Christophe Fraser
Born1973 (age 49–50)
Academic background
EducationEdinburgh University BSc,
Swansea University PhD
ThesisSupersymmetric Monopoles and Duality in Non-Abelian Gauge Theories (1997)
Academic work
DisciplineEpidemiology
Infectious diseases
InstitutionsBig Data Institute
Main interestsMathematical modelling of infectious diseases, Viral evolution, Antimicrobial resistance, Emerging infectious disease
Websitehttps://www.bdi.ox.ac.uk/Team/christophe-fraser

Fraser's PhD and initial postdoctoral research were in theoretical particle physics. He converted to infectious disease epidemiology in 1998, based first at the University of Oxford then at Imperial College London, where he became Chair of Theoretical Epidemiology and served as deputy director of the MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling under director Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist).[2] He returned to the University of Oxford in 2016 as Senior Group Leader in Pathogen Dynamics at the Big Data Institute.[1] In 2022 he was appointed Moh Family Foundation Professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology as part of the University of Oxford's newly created Pandemic Sciences Institute.[3]

Research on HIV edit

Fraser and colleagues were among the first to hypothesise that the large variability in virulence observed between individuals living with HIV could be partly due to genetic variation in the virus.[4] In other words they hypothesised that virulence, considered as a phenotype of the virus, has appreciable heritability. They[5][6][7] and others[8][9][10][11] later provided evidence for this. Fraser was principal investigator of the BEEHIVE project to investigate the mechanism of this heritability,[12] which discovered the 'VB variant': a highly virulent strain within the B subtype of HIV found in 107 individuals living with HIV in the Netherlands.[13][14] UNAIDS stated that the discovery "provides evidence of urgency to halt the pandemic and reach all with testing and treatment".[15]

Research on the COVID-19 pandemic edit

In March 2020 Fraser and his research group published epidemiological modelling supporting 'digital contact tracing' using COVID-19 apps to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.[16] Fraser provided advice to the British government[17] and more broadly[18] about implementing such apps, including designing a risk evaluation algorithm with Anthony Finkelstein and others.[19] Fraser's team developed the OpenABM-Covid-19 agent-based model,[20] used by the NHS to model the pandemic, winning the 2021 Analysis in Government award for Innovative methods.[21]

Research on other outbreaks edit

Fraser worked on the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak,[22] the 2009 swine flu pandemic,[23] the 2012 MERS outbreak[24] and the Western African Ebola virus epidemic.[25]

Methodological research edit

Fraser's publications[26] include "Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable",[27] 2004, which argued that in addition to the basic reproduction number   a second key parameter of an infectious disease is the proportion of transmission that occurs before the onset of symptoms. This proportion being large for SARS-CoV-2 was a key difficulty in infection control for the COVID-19 pandemic.

Fraser's 2007 analysis "Estimating Individual and Household Reproduction Numbers in an Emerging Epidemic"[28] first defined an estimator for the instantaneous (time-varying) reproduction number   that was subsequently widely used.[29] The definition was obtained by inverting the standard relationship between the reproduction number, the generation time distribution and the parameter   of the Malthusian growth model that is implied by the renewal equation for epidemic dynamics[30] (or the Euler-Lotka equation as it is known in demography; the two are equivalent due to actual births being analogous to infectious disease transmissions as 'epidemiological births', giving rise to a new infected individual).

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Christophe Fraser, Oxford Big Data Institute". www.bdi.ox.ac.uk.
  2. ^ "Christophe Fraser, Imperial College London". www.imperial.ac.uk.
  3. ^ "University of Oxford News".
  4. ^ Fraser, Christophe; Hollingsworth, T. Déirdre; Chapman, Ruth; De Wolf, Frank; Hanage, William P. (2007). "Variation in HIV-1 set-point viral load: epidemiological analysis and an evolutionary hypothesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (44): 17441–17446. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708559104. PMC 2077275. PMID 17954909.
  5. ^ "HIV-1 Transmitting Couples Have Similar Viral Load Set-Points in Rakai, Uganda". 2010. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000876. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Fraser, Christophe; Lythgoe, Katrina; Leventhal, Gabriel E.; Shirreff, George; Hollingsworth, T. Déirdre; Alizon, Samuel; Bonhoeffer, Sebastian (2014). "Virulence and pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection: an evolutionary perspective". Science. 343 (6177). doi:10.1126/science.1243727. PMC 5034889. PMID 24653038.
  7. ^ "Viral genetic variation accounts for a third of variability in HIV-1 set-point viral load in Europe". 2017. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001855. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Bertels, Frederic; Marzel, Alex; Leventhal, Gabriel; Mitov, Venelin; Fellay, Jacques; Günthard, Huldrych F.; Böni, Jürg; Yerly, Sabine; Klimkait, Thomas; Aubert, Vincent; Battegay, Manuel; Rauch, Andri; Cavassini, Matthias; Calmy, Alexandra; Bernasconi, Enos; Schmid, Patrick; Scherrer, Alexandra U.; Müller, Viktor; Bonhoeffer, Sebastian; Kouyos, Roger; Regoes, Roland R.; the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (2018). "Dissecting HIV Virulence: Heritability of Setpoint Viral Load, CD4+ T-Cell Decline, and Per-Parasite Pathogenicity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35: 27–37. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx246. PMC 5850767. PMID 29029206.
  9. ^ Mitov, Venelin; Stadler, Tanja (2018). "A Practical Guide to Estimating the Heritability of Pathogen Traits". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35 (3): 756–772. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx328. PMC 5850476. PMID 29329426.
  10. ^ "Potential Pitfalls in Estimating Viral Load Heritability". 2016. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.04.008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ "Estimating the Respective Contributions of Human and Viral Genetic Variation to HIV Control". 2017. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005339. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ "BEEHIVE".
  13. ^ AP (3 February 2022). "Study identifies virulent HIV variant unrecognized for years".
  14. ^ Wymant, Chris; et al. (2022). "A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands". Science. 375 (6580): 540–545. Bibcode:2022Sci...375..540T. doi:10.1126/science.abk1688. PMID 35113714.
  15. ^ UNAIDS (7 February 2022). "Identification of fast-spreading HIV variant provides evidence of urgency to halt the pandemic and reach all with testing and treatment".
  16. ^ Ferretti, Luca; Wymant, Chris; Kendall, Michelle; Zhao, Lele; Nurtay, Anel; Abeler-Dörner, Lucie; Parker, Michael; Bonsall, David; Fraser, Christophe (31 March 2020). "Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing". Science. 368 (6491): eabb6936. doi:10.1126/science.abb6936. PMC 7164555. PMID 32234805.
  17. ^ "Coronavirus: NHS contact tracing app to target 80% of smartphone users". BBC News. 16 April 2020.
  18. ^ "REF 2021 Impact Case Study".
  19. ^ "Defining an epidemiologically meaningful contact from phone proximity events: uses for digital contact tracing" (PDF).
  20. ^ Hinch, Robert; Probert, William J. M.; Nurtay, Anel; Kendall, Michelle; Wymant, Chris; Hall, Matthew; Lythgoe, Katrina; Bulas Cruz, Ana; Zhao, Lele; Stewart, Andrea; Ferretti, Luca; Montero, Daniel; Warren, James; Mather, Nicole; Abueg, Matthew; Wu, Neo; Legat, Olivier; Bentley, Katie; Mead, Thomas; Van-Vuuren, Kelvin; Feldner-Busztin, Dylan; Ristori, Tommaso; Finkelstein, Anthony; Bonsall, David G.; Abeler-Dörner, Lucie; Fraser, Christophe (2021). "OpenABM-Covid19—An agent-based model for non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 including contact tracing". PLOS Computational Biology. 17 (7): e1009146. Bibcode:2021PLSCB..17E9146H. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009146. PMC 8328312. PMID 34252083.
  21. ^ "2021 Analysis in Government awards".
  22. ^ Riley, Steven; Fraser, Christophe; Donnelly, Christl A.; Ghani, Azra C.; Abu-Raddad, Laith J.; Hedley, Anthony J.; Leung, Gabriel M.; Ho, Lai-Ming; Lam, Tai-Hing; Thach, Thuan Q.; Chau, Patsy; Chan, King-Pan; Lo, Su-Vui; Leung, Pak-Yin; Tsang, Thomas; Ho, William; Lee, Koon-Hung; Lau, Edith M. C.; Ferguson, Neil M.; Anderson, Roy M. (2003). "Transmission dynamics of the etiological agent of SARS in Hong Kong: impact of public health interventions". Science. 300 (5627): 1961–1966. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1961R. doi:10.1126/science.1086478. PMID 12766206. S2CID 6429913.
  23. ^ Fraser, Christophe; Donnelly, Christl A.; Cauchemez, Simon; Hanage, William P.; Van Kerkhove, Maria D.; Hollingsworth, T. Déirdre; Griffin, Jamie; Baggaley, Rebecca F.; Jenkins, Helen E.; Lyons, Emily J.; Jombart, Thibaut; Hinsley, Wes R.; Grassly, Nicholas C.; Balloux, Francois; Ghani, Azra C.; Ferguson, Neil M.; Rambaut, Andrew; Pybus, Oliver G.; Lopez-Gatell, Hugo; Alpuche-Aranda, Celia M.; Chapela, Ietza Bojorquez; Zavala, Ethel Palacios; Guevara, Dulce Ma. Espejo; Checchi, Francesco; Garcia, Erika; Hugonnet, Stephane; Roth, Cathy; The WHO Rapid Pandemic Assessment Collaboration (2009). "Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): early findings". Science. 324 (5934): 1557–1561. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1557F. doi:10.1126/science.1176062. PMC 3735127. PMID 19433588.
  24. ^ Cauchemez, Simon; Fraser, Christophe; Van Kerkhove, Maria D.; Donnelly, Christl A.; Riley, Steven; Rambaut, Andrew; Enouf, Vincent; Van Der Werf, Sylvie; Ferguson, Neil M. (2014). "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 14 (1): 50–56. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70304-9. PMC 3895322. PMID 24239323.
  25. ^ Agua-Agum, Junerlyn; et al. (2016). "Exposure Patterns Driving Ebola Transmission in West Africa: A Retrospective Observational Study". PLOS Medicine. 13 (11): e1002170. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002170. PMC 5112802. PMID 27846234.
  26. ^ Christophe Fraser publications indexed by Google Scholar  
  27. ^ Fraser, Christophe; Riley, Steven; Anderson, Roy M.; Ferguson, Neil M. (2004). "Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (16): 6146–6151. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.6146F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0307506101. PMC 395937. PMID 15071187.
  28. ^ Fraser, Christophe (2007). "Estimating Individual and Household Reproduction Numbers in an Emerging Epidemic". PLOS ONE. 2 (8): e758. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..758F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000758. PMC 1950082. PMID 17712406.
  29. ^ Cori, Anne; Ferguson, Neil M.; Fraser, Christophe; Cauchemez, Simon (2013). "A New Framework and Software to Estimate Time-Varying Reproduction Numbers During Epidemics". American Journal of Epidemiology. 178 (9): 1505–1512. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt133. PMC 3816335. PMID 24043437.
  30. ^ Wallinga, J.; Lipsitch, M. (2007). "How generation intervals shape the relationship between growth rates and reproductive numbers". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1609): 599–604. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3754. PMC 1766383. PMID 17476782.

December 15, 2023
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This article is an orphan as no other articles link to it Please introduce links to this page from related articles try the Find link tool for suggestions April 2020 Christophe Fraser is a professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology in the Big Data Institute part of the Nuffield Department of Medicine at the University of Oxford 1 ProfessorChristophe FraserBorn1973 age 49 50 Academic backgroundEducationEdinburgh University BSc Swansea University PhDThesisSupersymmetric Monopoles and Duality in Non Abelian Gauge Theories 1997 Academic workDisciplineEpidemiologyInfectious diseasesInstitutionsBig Data InstituteMain interestsMathematical modelling of infectious diseases Viral evolution Antimicrobial resistance Emerging infectious diseaseWebsitehttps www bdi ox ac uk Team christophe fraserFraser s PhD and initial postdoctoral research were in theoretical particle physics He converted to infectious disease epidemiology in 1998 based first at the University of Oxford then at Imperial College London where he became Chair of Theoretical Epidemiology and served as deputy director of the MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling under director Neil Ferguson epidemiologist 2 He returned to the University of Oxford in 2016 as Senior Group Leader in Pathogen Dynamics at the Big Data Institute 1 In 2022 he was appointed Moh Family Foundation Professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology as part of the University of Oxford s newly created Pandemic Sciences Institute 3 Contents 1 Research on HIV 2 Research on the COVID 19 pandemic 3 Research on other outbreaks 4 Methodological research 5 ReferencesResearch on HIV editFraser and colleagues were among the first to hypothesise that the large variability in virulence observed between individuals living with HIV could be partly due to genetic variation in the virus 4 In other words they hypothesised that virulence considered as a phenotype of the virus has appreciable heritability They 5 6 7 and others 8 9 10 11 later provided evidence for this Fraser was principal investigator of the BEEHIVE project to investigate the mechanism of this heritability 12 which discovered the VB variant a highly virulent strain within the B subtype of HIV found in 107 individuals living with HIV in the Netherlands 13 14 UNAIDS stated that the discovery provides evidence of urgency to halt the pandemic and reach all with testing and treatment 15 Research on the COVID 19 pandemic editIn March 2020 Fraser and his research group published epidemiological modelling supporting digital contact tracing using COVID 19 apps to reduce the spread of SARS CoV 2 16 Fraser provided advice to the British government 17 and more broadly 18 about implementing such apps including designing a risk evaluation algorithm with Anthony Finkelstein and others 19 Fraser s team developed the OpenABM Covid 19 agent based model 20 used by the NHS to model the pandemic winning the 2021 Analysis in Government award for Innovative methods 21 Research on other outbreaks editFraser worked on the 2002 2004 SARS outbreak 22 the 2009 swine flu pandemic 23 the 2012 MERS outbreak 24 and the Western African Ebola virus epidemic 25 Methodological research editFraser s publications 26 include Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable 27 2004 which argued that in addition to the basic reproduction number R 0 displaystyle R 0 nbsp a second key parameter of an infectious disease is the proportion of transmission that occurs before the onset of symptoms This proportion being large for SARS CoV 2 was a key difficulty in infection control for the COVID 19 pandemic Fraser s 2007 analysis Estimating Individual and Household Reproduction Numbers in an Emerging Epidemic 28 first defined an estimator for the instantaneous time varying reproduction number R t displaystyle R t nbsp that was subsequently widely used 29 The definition was obtained by inverting the standard relationship between the reproduction number the generation time distribution and the parameter r displaystyle r nbsp of the Malthusian growth model that is implied by the renewal equation for epidemic dynamics 30 or the Euler Lotka equation as it is known in demography the two are equivalent due to actual births being analogous to infectious disease transmissions as epidemiological births giving rise to a new infected individual References edit a b Christophe Fraser Oxford Big Data Institute www bdi ox ac uk Christophe Fraser Imperial College London www imperial ac uk University of Oxford News Fraser Christophe Hollingsworth T Deirdre Chapman Ruth De Wolf Frank Hanage William P 2007 Variation in HIV 1 set point viral load epidemiological analysis and an evolutionary hypothesis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 44 17441 17446 doi 10 1073 pnas 0708559104 PMC 2077275 PMID 17954909 HIV 1 Transmitting Couples Have Similar Viral Load Set Points in Rakai Uganda 2010 doi 10 1371 journal ppat 1000876 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Fraser Christophe Lythgoe Katrina Leventhal Gabriel E Shirreff George Hollingsworth T Deirdre Alizon Samuel Bonhoeffer Sebastian 2014 Virulence and pathogenesis of HIV 1 infection an evolutionary perspective Science 343 6177 doi 10 1126 science 1243727 PMC 5034889 PMID 24653038 Viral genetic variation accounts for a third of variability in HIV 1 set point viral load in Europe 2017 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 2001855 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Bertels Frederic Marzel Alex Leventhal Gabriel Mitov Venelin Fellay Jacques Gunthard Huldrych F Boni Jurg Yerly Sabine Klimkait Thomas Aubert Vincent Battegay Manuel Rauch Andri Cavassini Matthias Calmy Alexandra Bernasconi Enos Schmid Patrick Scherrer Alexandra U Muller Viktor Bonhoeffer Sebastian Kouyos Roger Regoes Roland R the Swiss HIV Cohort Study 2018 Dissecting HIV Virulence Heritability of Setpoint Viral Load CD4 T Cell Decline and Per Parasite Pathogenicity Molecular Biology and Evolution 35 27 37 doi 10 1093 molbev msx246 PMC 5850767 PMID 29029206 Mitov Venelin Stadler Tanja 2018 A Practical Guide to Estimating the Heritability of Pathogen Traits Molecular Biology and Evolution 35 3 756 772 doi 10 1093 molbev msx328 PMC 5850476 PMID 29329426 Potential Pitfalls in Estimating Viral Load Heritability 2016 doi 10 1016 j tim 2016 04 008 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Estimating the Respective Contributions of Human and Viral Genetic Variation to HIV Control 2017 doi 10 1371 journal pcbi 1005339 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help BEEHIVE AP 3 February 2022 Study identifies virulent HIV variant unrecognized for years Wymant Chris et al 2022 A highly virulent variant of HIV 1 circulating in the Netherlands Science 375 6580 540 545 Bibcode 2022Sci 375 540T doi 10 1126 science abk1688 PMID 35113714 UNAIDS 7 February 2022 Identification of fast spreading HIV variant provides evidence of urgency to halt the pandemic and reach all with testing and treatment Ferretti Luca Wymant Chris Kendall Michelle Zhao Lele Nurtay Anel Abeler Dorner Lucie Parker Michael Bonsall David Fraser Christophe 31 March 2020 Quantifying SARS CoV 2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing Science 368 6491 eabb6936 doi 10 1126 science abb6936 PMC 7164555 PMID 32234805 Coronavirus NHS contact tracing app to target 80 of smartphone users BBC News 16 April 2020 REF 2021 Impact Case Study Defining an epidemiologically meaningful contact from phone proximity events uses for digital contact tracing PDF Hinch Robert Probert William J M Nurtay Anel Kendall Michelle Wymant Chris Hall Matthew Lythgoe Katrina Bulas Cruz Ana Zhao Lele Stewart Andrea Ferretti Luca Montero Daniel Warren James Mather Nicole Abueg Matthew Wu Neo Legat Olivier Bentley Katie Mead Thomas Van Vuuren Kelvin Feldner Busztin Dylan Ristori Tommaso Finkelstein Anthony Bonsall David G Abeler Dorner Lucie Fraser Christophe 2021 OpenABM Covid19 An agent based model for non pharmaceutical interventions against COVID 19 including contact tracing PLOS Computational Biology 17 7 e1009146 Bibcode 2021PLSCB 17E9146H doi 10 1371 journal pcbi 1009146 PMC 8328312 PMID 34252083 2021 Analysis in Government awards Riley Steven Fraser Christophe Donnelly Christl A Ghani Azra C Abu Raddad Laith J Hedley Anthony J Leung Gabriel M Ho Lai Ming Lam Tai Hing Thach Thuan Q Chau Patsy Chan King Pan Lo Su Vui Leung Pak Yin Tsang Thomas Ho William Lee Koon Hung Lau Edith M C Ferguson Neil M Anderson Roy M 2003 Transmission dynamics of the etiological agent of SARS in Hong Kong impact of public health interventions Science 300 5627 1961 1966 Bibcode 2003Sci 300 1961R doi 10 1126 science 1086478 PMID 12766206 S2CID 6429913 Fraser Christophe Donnelly Christl A Cauchemez Simon Hanage William P Van Kerkhove Maria D Hollingsworth T Deirdre Griffin Jamie Baggaley Rebecca F Jenkins Helen E Lyons Emily J Jombart Thibaut Hinsley Wes R Grassly Nicholas C Balloux Francois Ghani Azra C Ferguson Neil M Rambaut Andrew Pybus Oliver G Lopez Gatell Hugo Alpuche Aranda Celia M Chapela Ietza Bojorquez Zavala Ethel Palacios Guevara Dulce Ma Espejo Checchi Francesco Garcia Erika Hugonnet Stephane Roth Cathy The WHO Rapid Pandemic Assessment Collaboration 2009 Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A H1N1 early findings Science 324 5934 1557 1561 Bibcode 2009Sci 324 1557F doi 10 1126 science 1176062 PMC 3735127 PMID 19433588 Cauchemez Simon Fraser Christophe Van Kerkhove Maria D Donnelly Christl A Riley Steven Rambaut Andrew Enouf Vincent Van Der Werf Sylvie Ferguson Neil M 2014 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus quantification of the extent of the epidemic surveillance biases and transmissibility The Lancet Infectious Diseases 14 1 50 56 doi 10 1016 S1473 3099 13 70304 9 PMC 3895322 PMID 24239323 Agua Agum Junerlyn et al 2016 Exposure Patterns Driving Ebola Transmission in West Africa A Retrospective Observational Study PLOS Medicine 13 11 e1002170 doi 10 1371 journal pmed 1002170 PMC 5112802 PMID 27846234 Christophe Fraser publications indexed by Google Scholar nbsp Fraser Christophe Riley Steven Anderson Roy M Ferguson Neil M 2004 Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 16 6146 6151 Bibcode 2004PNAS 101 6146F doi 10 1073 pnas 0307506101 PMC 395937 PMID 15071187 Fraser Christophe 2007 Estimating Individual and Household Reproduction Numbers in an Emerging Epidemic PLOS ONE 2 8 e758 Bibcode 2007PLoSO 2 758F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0000758 PMC 1950082 PMID 17712406 Cori Anne Ferguson Neil M Fraser Christophe Cauchemez Simon 2013 A New Framework and Software to Estimate Time Varying Reproduction Numbers During Epidemics American Journal of Epidemiology 178 9 1505 1512 doi 10 1093 aje kwt133 PMC 3816335 PMID 24043437 Wallinga J Lipsitch M 2007 How generation intervals shape the relationship between growth rates and reproductive numbers Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 274 1609 599 604 doi 10 1098 rspb 2006 3754 PMC 1766383 PMID 17476782 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Christophe Fraser amp oldid 1187149541, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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