Christianity in Myanmar
Christianity in Myanmar has a history dating to the early 18th century. According to the 2016 census, Christianity is the country's second largest religion, practiced by 6.3% of the population,[1] primarily among the Kachin, Chin and Kayin, and Eurasians because of missionary work in their respective areas.[2] In 2023, almost 8% of the population is Christian; about two-thirds of the country's Christians are Protestants,[3] in particular Baptists of the Myanmar Baptist Convention. One in six Christians are Roman Catholics.[4]
Christians have faced some hostility or even persecution since the 1920s. Christians have not moved to the higher echelons of power. A small number of foreign Christian missionary organisations have been permitted to enter the country to conduct religious conversion work, such as World Vision following Cyclone Nargis. A long-standing ban on the free entry of missionaries and religious materials has persisted since independence in 1948, which is seen as hostile to Christianity. The burning of Christian churches is reported in South Eastern Myanmar.
Roman Catholicism in Burma edit
In the 17th century, Portuguese missionaries arrived. 1925, there were two priests. Several Catholic missionaries arrived in the 1830s from Europe, and by 1841, there were 4500 Catholics. The first nuns arrived in 1847–52. By 1862, the Catholics had one bishop, 11 missionaries, one native priest, one college, and about 6000 members. 1992. Membership was about 27,000, with 66 missionaries, and 12 native priests. The Catholics operated two seminaries and 73 schools with 3900 students. Today there is a small Roman Catholic element.[5] The Catholic element reached 121,000 population by 1933.[6]
Protestantism in Burma edit
The Protestant churches of Burma were begun in the early 19th century by Adoniram Judson (1788–1850), an American Baptist missionary. It took years of intensive preaching before he reached his first convert, but the numbers grew rapidly, reaching 10,000 by 1851. He translated the Bible into Burmese in 1834.[7]
In 1865 the Myanmar Baptist Convention was established and in 1927, the Willis and Orlinda Pierce Divinity School was founded in Rangoon as a Baptist seminary. It is still operating as the Myanmar Institute of Theology, catering to students of many Protestant denominations. The majority of converts came from the Karen's ethnic group in the mountainous areas, and not from the Buddhists. By the census of 1921 Christians totalled 257,000, or two percent of the total population. This included about 50,000 Christians of Indian, English or Eurasian heritage; and 69% were Karens.[8]
After 1914, the Buddhist element became much more nationalistic, and highly resistant to Christianity. There was hostility toward the Christian Karens, and toward Indian immigrants as well. The Protestant population reached 192,000 in 1926, with the Baptists in the forefront, with over 200 missionaries. Increasingly, the native community took control of the Protestant organizations.[9]
When the Japanese seized Burma in 1942, the British and American missionaries fled, but they returned in 1945. Independence from Britain came in 1947, and for years there was simmering tension and sometimes military action by the government against the Karens. This strengthened the Christian religiosity of the Karens minority, and deepened the hostility of the majority Buddhist population toward Christianity. In 1959 the Catholics numbered 184,000, and Protestants were 225,000; most of the Protestants were Baptists. The Catholics began transferring control from the missionaries to local elements in 1959, with the appointment of the Archbishop of Mandalay who is a descendant of Portuguese who arrived in the 17th century. Likewise, the Protestants transferred control to locals in the 1950s.[10]
Recent edit
In 1966 all foreign missionaries were expelled by the Burmese government, but the Burmese Protestant church has become a vibrant missionary-sending movement, despite financial limitations and geographic isolation. The growth in conversions to Christianity can also be attributed to changes in generations of minority groups from animism to Christianity, or as a reaction to Buddhist nationalism, generally associated with the Burmese majority,[11] although this has also been happening in nearby parts of northeastern India as well, where the states of Nagaland and Mizoram, both of which border Myanmar, are now majority Christian. The percentage of Christians in the Chin minority group grew from 35% in 1966 to 90% in 2010 and in the Kachin minority group, it grew from 40% in 1966 to 90~95% in 2010.[11]
Generally speaking, most Christians are from the minority ethnic groups such as the Chin, Karen, Lisu, Kachin, and Lahu. Baptists, Assemblies of God, Methodists and Anglicans form the strongest denominations in Burma. The CIA World Factbook[1] mentions that 4% of the population of Myanmar is Christian (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%). The Anglican Communion is represented in Burma by the Church of the Province of Myanmar. As of 2006[update], it has about 62,000 members.[12]
Henry Van Thio has been Second Vice President of Myanmar since 2016. He is an ethnic Chin and a member of the United Pentecostal Church International, making him the first non-Buddhist, as well as the first Christian, to hold the office of the Vice President of Myanmar. His faith has been the subject of controversy, as after his appointment nationalist monks protested saying that only Buddhists should hold political positions.[13]
In 2015, the U.S. Embassy in Myanmar announced that it gave an award of $125,000 to World Monuments Fund (WMF) to restore the historic First Baptist Church in Mawlamyine (Moulmein) through the Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation.[14] First Baptist Church in Mawlamyine is Myanmar's first Baptist church and it was initially built in 1827 by Adoniram Judson.
Oriental Orthodox Christianity in Myanmar edit
There is a small Armenian Orthodox Christian minority in Burma[15] centred on St. John the Baptist Armenian Apostolic Church in Yangon.[16]
Christianity by state edit
The 2020 Population and Housing Census Report gives the following statistics of Christianity in Myanmar.
| State | Population | Christianity (2020 Census) | % of State Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ayeyawady | 6,184,829 | 388,348 | 6.3% |
| Bago | 4,867,373 | 142,528 | 2.9% |
| Chin State | 478,801 | 408,730 | 85.4% |
| Kachin State | 1,642,841 | 555,037 | 33.8% |
| Kayah State | 286,627 | 131,237 | 45.8% |
| Kayin State | 1,504,326 | 142,875 | 9.5% |
| Magway | 3,917,055 | 27,015 | 0.7% |
| Mandalay | 6,165,723 | 65,061 | 1.1% |
| Mon State | 2,054,393 | 10,800 | 0.5% |
| Nay Pyi Taw | 1,160,242 | 12,293 | 1.1% |
| Rakhine State | 2,098,807 | 36,791 | 1.8% |
| Sagaing | 5,325,347 | 349,377 | 6.5% |
| Shan State | 5,824,432 | 569,389 | 9.8% |
| Tanintharyi | 1,408,401 | 100,758 | 7.2% |
| Yangon | 7,360,703 | 232,249 | 3.2% |
| Myanmar | 50,279,900 | 3,172,479 | 6.3% |
Freedom of religion edit
In 2023, the country was scored 1 out of 4 for religious freedom;[17] it was noted that the authorities do not allow proselytizing or building work.
In the same year, the country was ranked as the 14th worst place in the world to be a Christian.[18]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Burma. CIA World Factbook.
- ^ Mang, Pum Za (August 2016). "Buddhist Nationalism and Burmese Christianity". Studies in World Christianity. 22 (2): 148–167. doi:10.3366/swc.2016.0147. ISSN 1354-9901.
- ^ ARDA website, Retrieved 2023-07-20
- ^ Catholics and Culture website, Retrieved 2023-07-20
- ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette, A history of the expansion of Christianity. 6, The great century in Northern Africa and Asia: A.D. 1800 - A.D. 1914 (1944), pp 226-27.
- ^ Latourette, A history of expansion of Christianity. 7. Advance through storm: AD 1914 and after (1945), pp 320
- ^ Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (1986) pp 293-95
- ^ Latourette, A history of the expansion of Christianity. 6, The great century in Northern Africa and Asia: A.D. 1800 - A.D. 1914 (1944), pp 227-35.
- ^ Latourette, A history of expansion of Christianity. 7. Advance through storm: AD 1914 and after (1945), pp 319-23
- ^ Latourette, Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, Vol. V: The twentieth century outside Europe: the Americas, the Pacific, Asia, and Africa: the emerging world Christian community (1962) pp 340-42
- ^ a b Mang, Pum Za (July 2016). "Buddhist Nationalism and Burmese Christianity". Studies in World Christianity. 22 (2): 148–167. doi:10.3366/swc.2016.0147.
- ^ World Council of Churches, 2006-01-01, Church of the Province of Myanmar 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
- ^ Aung Kyaw Min (5 April 2016). "Nationalists rally against both vice presidents". Myanmar Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ^ "U.S. Embassy Announces Project to Restore the Historic First Baptist Church in Mawlamyine [Burmese] [Mon]".
- ^ Whitehead, Andrew. (27 August 2014) BBC News: The last Armenians of Myanmar. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2015-06-11.
- ^ BBC News: The preacher refusing to give up the keys to a Yangon church. Bbc.co.uk (7 October 2014). Retrieved on 2015-06-11.
- ^ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
- ^ Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08
Further reading edit
- Latourette, Kenneth Scott. Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, Vol. V: The twentieth century outside Europe: the Americas, the Pacific, Asia, and Africa : the emerging world Christian community (1962) pp 339–42
- Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A history of expansion of christianity. 3. Three centuries of advance: A.D. 1500-A.D. 1800 (1939) pp 293–94
- Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A history of the expansion of Christianity. 6, The great century in Northern Africa and Asia: A.D. 1800 - A.D. 1914 (1944), pp 225–35
- Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A history of expansion of Christianity. 7. Advance through storm: AD 1914 and after (1945), pp 319–23
- Neill, Stephen. A History of Christian Missions (Penguin Books, 1986), pp 293, 347, 417, 477–8.