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Chitlin' Circuit

January 01, 1970

The Chitlin' Circuit was a collection of performance venues found throughout the eastern, southern, and upper Midwest areas of the United States. They provided commercial and cultural acceptance for African-American musicians, comedians, and other entertainers following the era of venues run by the "white-owned-and-operated Theatre Owners Booking Association (TOBA)...formed in 1921."[1] The Chitlin Circuit sustained black musicians and dancers during the era of racial segregation in the United States from the 1930s through the '60s.[2][1]

Etymology edit

The name derives from the soul food dish chitterlings (boiled pig intestines).[1] It is also a play on the term "Borscht Belt", which referred to particular resort venues (primarily in New York State's Catskill Mountains) that were popular with Jewish performers and audiences during the 1940s through the 1960s.[3] Chitterlings are part of the culinary history of African Americans, who were often limited to the intestines of the pig to eat as opposed to the bacon or ham. Henry Louis Gates Jr. suggests the food symbolizes acquiring a taste out of necessity and eventually coming to like it.[4]

The term "Chitlin' Circuit" did not appear in print until a 1972 article on Ike & Tina Turner in The Chicago Defender.[5] In the 21st century, the term is applied to the venues, especially in the South, where contemporary African-American blues singers such as Bobby Rush, Denise LaSalle, and O.B. Buchana continue to appear regularly.

Contemporary use edit

Ebony magazine prefers the term "urban theater circuit" for recent work like that of playwright and actor Tyler Perry. In a January 2004 interview with Perry, the genre's leading practitioner, Ebony wrote that his work marked "a new chapter in the urban theater circuit as a whole—a genre that has been dogged by criticism from some Blacks in the traditional theater. Perry, as the most visibly recognized player in the circuit, has felt the brunt of this criticism." "They say that Tyler Perry has set the Black race back some 500 years with these types of "Chitlin' Circuit" shows. The problem with the naysayers is that they don't take the opportunity to see my shows,' Perry argued. "With my shows, I try to build a bridge that marries what's deemed 'legitimate theater' and so-called 'chitlin' circuit theater,' and I think I've done pretty well with that, in bringing people in to enjoy a more elevated level of theater.'"[6]

Origins edit

Leading figures in establishing the Chitlin' Circuit were the Black Indianapolis entrepreneurs Sea and Denver D. Ferguson.[1] After the collapse of the Theatre Owners Booking Association (TOBA) in 1930, the Ferguson brothers drew on bandleader and influential columnist Walter Barnes and his contacts to bring top Black entertainers to Indianapolis in the 1930s.[7] When their businesses' licenses were revoked in 1940, they opened Ferguson Brothers, a booking agency, which grew rapidly and became the most powerful Black-owned talent agency in the country.[8] They helped various orchestras, bands, and vaudeville shows book gigs, including Jay McShann, King Kolax, Tiny Bradshaw, Roosevelt Sykes, Claude Trenier, the Bama State Collegians, Carolina Cotton Pickers, Snookum Russell, Milton Larkin, Clarence Love, Gene Pope, and the International Sweethearts of Rhythm, and organised tours around the South playing to Black audiences.[9] Musician Sax Kari described Denver Ferguson as "the man who invented the chitlin’ circuit".[10]

Reach edit

The Chitlin' Circuit was primarily by, for, and about black people.[1] There are discrepancies among different sources about when the Circuit peaked, whether it was the 1930s, after World War II, or during the heyday of the blues.[11] Several definitive books reviewed on NPR's Fresh Air have recognized "the names and careers of men and women — and, yes, some of the toughest of these people were women — who ran bars, booking agencies and clubs, where traveling musicians could come into a black community, play, make money and go to the next town."[12]

The exclusionary systems of racial segregation necessitated the creation of a touring circuit for numerous African American, then Negro or Colored, musicians to make a living in U.S. cities from Indianapolis, Indiana and Clarksdale, Mississippi to "unlikely places like North Dakota and Minnesota"[1] and more:

[V]enues ranged from rudimentary juke joints in rural areas to nightclubs, restaurants, and higher-end theaters in larger cities. For decades, the circuit was strongly associated with blues, jazz, rock, and soul musicians and singers such as Billie Holiday, B.B. King, Denise LaSalle, and James Brown. Entertainers felt they had “made it” if they performed at one of the highly coveted venues: Atlanta’s Royal Peacock, Baltimore’s Royal Theater, Chicago’s Regal Theater, Detroit’s Paradise Theatre, Harlem’s Apollo Theater, and Washington, D.C.’s Howard and Lincoln Theaters.

The Chitlin' Circuit "eventually brought about the birth of rock 'n' roll" in the 1950s as the Civil Rights Movement emerged.[12]

Notable venues edit

Noted theaters, nightclubs, and dance halls on the Chitlin' Circuit included:

Seasonal venues included the still-standing auditorium at John Brown's Farm (also known as "the Kennedy Farm") outside Sharpsburg, Maryland;[24] Carr's and Sparrow's Beach in Anne Arundel County, Maryland; and Rosedale Beach in Millsboro, Delaware.

According to Ruth Brown, an artist needed to play at four specific theaters to prove they had made it: the Regal in Chicago, the Howard in Washington D.C., the Uptown in Philadelphia, and the Apollo in New York City. This was called the "litchman chain".[25][1]

The song "Tuxedo Junction" was written about a stop along the Chitlin' Circuit in Birmingham. Once the performance was over, the band would leave for the next stop on the circuit. After composing the music, Erskine Hawkins explained the reason for the title to Buddy Feyne, who created lyrics to express the concept.[26]

Notable performers edit

Notable 20th-century performers who worked on the Chitlin' Circuit included:

Mississippi Blues Trail marker edit

A historic marker designated by the Mississippi Blues Commission on the Mississippi Blues Trail was placed in front of the 100 Men Hall in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. The 100 Men Hall is one of the rare still standing, still active blues venues on the trail. The second historic marker designated by the Mississippi Blues Commission on the Mississippi Blues Trail was placed in front of the Southern Whispers Restaurant on Nelson Street in Greenville, Mississippi, a stop on the Chitlin' Circuit in the early days of the blues. The marker commemorates the importance of this site in the history of the blues in Mississippi.[27][28] In the 1940s and 1950s, this historic strip drew crowds to the flourishing club scene to hear Delta blues, big band, jump blues, and jazz.

Musical references edit

  • 1976: The Kudzu Band – Chitlin' Circuit
  • 1995: Wentus Blues Band – Chitlin' Circuit
  • 2005: North Carolina hip-hop group Little Brother named their mixtape Chittlin Circuit 1.5

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Miller, Adrian (June 28, 2022). "Inside the 'Chitlin Circuit,' a Jim Crow-Era Safe Space for Black Performers". Gastro Obscura. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  2. ^ Englehardt, Sheree (August 27, 2015). "Musicians trying to save Legendary Blues Joint". Bay New 9. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
  3. ^ Frederick Douglass Opie, Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America (Columbia University Press 2008), Chapter 7.
  4. ^ Henry Louis Gates Jr. (February 3, 1997). "The Chitlin Circuit". The New Yorker. p. 49.
  5. ^ "Chitlin'". The Commercial Appeal. July 24, 2011 – via PressReader.
  6. ^ Hughes, Zondra (January 2004). "How Tyler Perry rose from homelessness to a $5 million mansion". Ebony.
  7. ^ Lauterbach, Preston (2011). The Chitlin' Circuit and the Road to Rock'n'Roll. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 31–42. ISBN 978-0-393-34294-9.
  8. ^ "Denver D. Ferguson". Prestonlauterbach.com.
  9. ^ a b Morthland, John, "The Chitlin’ Circuit: Celebrating a Secret History of American Music", WonderingSound.com, 1 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2019
  10. ^ Lauterbach, Preston (July 18, 2011). The Chitlin' Circuit: And the Road to Rock 'n' Roll: And the Road to Rock 'n' Roll. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393082258 – via Internet Archive. Denver D Ferguson.
  11. ^ Stober, Karl H. "The Chitlin Circuit Revisited". Cadence Magazine, the Independent Journal of Creative Improvised Music, October 2014: 61–4. ProQuest. September 20, 2018.
  12. ^ a b Ward, Ed (December 20, 2011). "Review: The Story Of The Chitlin' Circuit's Great Performers". NPR's Fresh Air. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  13. ^ "Remembering Carr's Beach". www.visitannapolis.org. March 26, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  14. ^ "Little Richard and James Brown cut their teeth at the Royal Peacock". Atlanatamagazine.com. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  15. ^ "Victory Grill". Texas Historic Sites Atlas. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
  16. ^ "Henry's Palace Archive". read.cv. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  17. ^ "Tina Turner Visited Hopkinsville As Part of Famous Chitlin' Circuit". WKDZ Radio. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
  18. ^ Love, Berna J (2012). Temple of Dreams: Taborian Hall and its Dreamland Ballroom. Arkansas Flag & Banner, Incorporated. ISBN 9780989049207.
  19. ^ "Jazz & Blues". PHOENIX magazine. September 1, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  20. ^ Karla Peterson, "Eastwood Country Club", Handbook of Texas Online, accessed March 2, 2018.
  21. ^ Corcoran, Michael (April 14, 2018). "Poplar Street venue has a rich musical past". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  22. ^ "West End Park". Texas Historic Sites Atlas. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
  23. ^ "Frenchtown Tallahassee - Florida Music Tour". Floridamusictours.com. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  24. ^ Maliskas, Ed. John Brown to James Brown - The Little Farm Where Liberty Budded, Blossomed, and Boogied, Hagerstown, MD: Hamilton Run Press, 2016
  25. ^ "Why We Should Build the R&B Music Hall of Fame Museum". YouTube. December 10, 2013. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
  26. ^ "Buddy Feyne — Tuxedo Junction page". Retrieved August 29, 2008.
  27. ^ "Blues Matters! - Delta sites to be included on new blues trail". bluesmatters.com. Retrieved May 28, 2008.[dead link]
  28. ^ "Mississippi Blues Commission - Blues Trail". msbluestrail.org. Retrieved May 28, 2008.

Further reading edit

  • Lauterbach, Preston. The Chitlin' Circuit: And the Road to Rock 'N' Roll. New York: W. W. Norton, 2011. ISBN 978-0-393-07652-3
  • Preston Lauterbach, "Chitlin' Circuit", Memphis Magazine, July 1, 2006
  • John M. Brewer, Jr, Pittsburgh Jazz, part of the Images of America: Pennsylvania series

External links edit

  • Flickr Photo Set: Historic Chitlin' Circuit Clubs

January 01, 1970
chitlin, circuit, collection, performance, venues, found, throughout, eastern, southern, upper, midwest, areas, united, states, they, provided, commercial, cultural, acceptance, african, american, musicians, comedians, other, entertainers, following, venues, w. The Chitlin Circuit was a collection of performance venues found throughout the eastern southern and upper Midwest areas of the United States They provided commercial and cultural acceptance for African American musicians comedians and other entertainers following the era of venues run by the white owned and operated Theatre Owners Booking Association TOBA formed in 1921 1 The Chitlin Circuit sustained black musicians and dancers during the era of racial segregation in the United States from the 1930s through the 60s 2 1 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Contemporary use 3 Origins 4 Reach 5 Notable venues 6 Notable performers 7 Mississippi Blues Trail marker 8 Musical references 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksEtymology editThe name derives from the soul food dish chitterlings boiled pig intestines 1 It is also a play on the term Borscht Belt which referred to particular resort venues primarily in New York State s Catskill Mountains that were popular with Jewish performers and audiences during the 1940s through the 1960s 3 Chitterlings are part of the culinary history of African Americans who were often limited to the intestines of the pig to eat as opposed to the bacon or ham Henry Louis Gates Jr suggests the food symbolizes acquiring a taste out of necessity and eventually coming to like it 4 The term Chitlin Circuit did not appear in print until a 1972 article on Ike amp Tina Turner in The Chicago Defender 5 In the 21st century the term is applied to the venues especially in the South where contemporary African American blues singers such as Bobby Rush Denise LaSalle and O B Buchana continue to appear regularly Contemporary use editEbony magazine prefers the term urban theater circuit for recent work like that of playwright and actor Tyler Perry In a January 2004 interview with Perry the genre s leading practitioner Ebony wrote that his work marked a new chapter in the urban theater circuit as a whole a genre that has been dogged by criticism from some Blacks in the traditional theater Perry as the most visibly recognized player in the circuit has felt the brunt of this criticism They say that Tyler Perry has set the Black race back some 500 years with these types of Chitlin Circuit shows The problem with the naysayers is that they don t take the opportunity to see my shows Perry argued With my shows I try to build a bridge that marries what s deemed legitimate theater and so called chitlin circuit theater and I think I ve done pretty well with that in bringing people in to enjoy a more elevated level of theater 6 Origins editLeading figures in establishing the Chitlin Circuit were the Black Indianapolis entrepreneurs Sea and Denver D Ferguson 1 After the collapse of the Theatre Owners Booking Association TOBA in 1930 the Ferguson brothers drew on bandleader and influential columnist Walter Barnes and his contacts to bring top Black entertainers to Indianapolis in the 1930s 7 When their businesses licenses were revoked in 1940 they opened Ferguson Brothers a booking agency which grew rapidly and became the most powerful Black owned talent agency in the country 8 They helped various orchestras bands and vaudeville shows book gigs including Jay McShann King Kolax Tiny Bradshaw Roosevelt Sykes Claude Trenier the Bama State Collegians Carolina Cotton Pickers Snookum Russell Milton Larkin Clarence Love Gene Pope and the International Sweethearts of Rhythm and organised tours around the South playing to Black audiences 9 Musician Sax Kari described Denver Ferguson as the man who invented the chitlin circuit 10 Reach editThe Chitlin Circuit was primarily by for and about black people 1 There are discrepancies among different sources about when the Circuit peaked whether it was the 1930s after World War II or during the heyday of the blues 11 Several definitive books reviewed on NPR s Fresh Air have recognized the names and careers of men and women and yes some of the toughest of these people were women who ran bars booking agencies and clubs where traveling musicians could come into a black community play make money and go to the next town 12 The exclusionary systems of racial segregation necessitated the creation of a touring circuit for numerous African American then Negro or Colored musicians to make a living in U S cities from Indianapolis Indiana and Clarksdale Mississippi to unlikely places like North Dakota and Minnesota 1 and more V enues ranged from rudimentary juke joints in rural areas to nightclubs restaurants and higher end theaters in larger cities For decades the circuit was strongly associated with blues jazz rock and soul musicians and singers such as Billie Holiday B B King Denise LaSalle and James Brown Entertainers felt they had made it if they performed at one of the highly coveted venues Atlanta s Royal Peacock Baltimore s Royal Theater Chicago s Regal Theater Detroit s Paradise Theatre Harlem s Apollo Theater and Washington D C s Howard and Lincoln Theaters The Chitlin Circuit eventually brought about the birth of rock n roll in the 1950s as the Civil Rights Movement emerged 12 Notable venues editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2024 Learn how and when to remove this message Noted theaters nightclubs and dance halls on the Chitlin Circuit included Annapolis Maryland Carr s Beach 13 Atlanta Georgia The Royal Peacock originally The Top Hat 14 Austin Texas The Victory Grill 15 Baltimore Maryland The Royal Theatre Bay St Louis Mississippi The 100 Men Hall Beaumont Texas The Raven Club Birmingham Alabama The Carver Theatre Bowling Green Kentucky The Quanset Chicago Illinois Robert s Show Lounge Club DeLisa and the Regal Theatre Detroit Michigan The Fox Theatre Henry s Palace 16 Dothan Alabama Club Capri Eatonville Florida Club Eaton Gaithersburg Maryland The Du Drop Inn Emory Grove Harlem New York Cotton Club Smalls Paradise and the Apollo Theater Hobson City Alabama The Men s Club Holloway s Night Club Hopkinsville Kentucky The Skylark and The Chesterfield 17 Indianapolis Indiana The Madam C J Walker Theatre Jacksonville Florida The Ritz Theatre Lebanon Kentucky Club Cherry Lexington Kentucky The Lyric Theatre Little Rock Arkansas Dreamland Ballroom 18 Memphis Tennessee The Hippodrome Club Handy Club Paradise Norfolk Virginia Attucks Theatre The Apollo of the South Pensacola Florida Abe s 506 Club Philadelphia Pennsylvania Uptown Theatre Phoenix Arizona Calderon Ballroom 19 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania New Granada Prichard Alabama The Harlem Duke Social Club Richmond Virginia The Hippodrome Theatre Rochester New York The Pythodd Room on Clarissa Street San Antonio Texas Eastwood Country Club 20 San Antonio Texas Keyhole Club 1619 West Poplar 21 Smithville Texas West End Park 22 St Petersburg Florida The Manhattan Casino Taylor Texas Chicken Shack Hidalgo Park amp One Acre Club Tampa Florida The Blue Note Tallahassee Florida The Red Bird Cafe 23 Tulsa Oklahoma The Big 10 Ballroom Waco Texas Walker s Auditorium Washington D C Howard Theatre Seasonal venues included the still standing auditorium at John Brown s Farm also known as the Kennedy Farm outside Sharpsburg Maryland 24 Carr s and Sparrow s Beach in Anne Arundel County Maryland and Rosedale Beach in Millsboro Delaware According to Ruth Brown an artist needed to play at four specific theaters to prove they had made it the Regal in Chicago the Howard in Washington D C the Uptown in Philadelphia and the Apollo in New York City This was called the litchman chain 25 1 The song Tuxedo Junction was written about a stop along the Chitlin Circuit in Birmingham Once the performance was over the band would leave for the next stop on the circuit After composing the music Erskine Hawkins explained the reason for the title to Buddy Feyne who created lyrics to express the concept 26 Notable performers editNotable 20th century performers who worked on the Chitlin Circuit included This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2024 Learn how and when to remove this message Albert King Aretha Franklin B B King Billie Holiday Bobby Blue Bland Bobby Rush 1 Cab Calloway Count Basie Diana Ross and The Supremes Dionne Warwick Dorothy Dandridge Duke Ellington Ella Fitzgerald Etta James Fats Domino Flip Wilson Freddy King Gladys Knight amp the Pips Howlin Wolf Ike amp Tina Turner Jackie Wilson James Brown amp The Famous Flames Jay McShann Jimi Hendrix Joe Tex John Lee Hooker Johnnie Taylor Lena Horne Little Richard Little Milton 1 Louis Jordan Lucky Millinder Marvin Gaye amp Tammi Terrell Moms Mabley Muddy Waters Nona Hendryx Otis Redding Patti LaBelle and Labelle Peg Leg Bates Ray Charles Redd Foxx Richard Pryor Roosevelt Sykes Roy Hamilton Rudy Ray Moore Sam Cooke Sammy Davis Jr Soul Children Teddy Wilson The Dramatics The Four Tops The Isley Brothers The Jackson 5 The Miracles The Temptations Tiny Bradshaw 9 Tyrone Davis Willie Hightower Wilson PickettMississippi Blues Trail marker editA historic marker designated by the Mississippi Blues Commission on the Mississippi Blues Trail was placed in front of the 100 Men Hall in Bay St Louis Mississippi The 100 Men Hall is one of the rare still standing still active blues venues on the trail The second historic marker designated by the Mississippi Blues Commission on the Mississippi Blues Trail was placed in front of the Southern Whispers Restaurant on Nelson Street in Greenville Mississippi a stop on the Chitlin Circuit in the early days of the blues The marker commemorates the importance of this site in the history of the blues in Mississippi 27 28 In the 1940s and 1950s this historic strip drew crowds to the flourishing club scene to hear Delta blues big band jump blues and jazz Musical references editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2024 Learn how and when to remove this message 1976 The Kudzu Band Chitlin Circuit 1995 Wentus Blues Band Chitlin Circuit 2005 North Carolina hip hop group Little Brother named their mixtape Chittlin Circuit 1 5See also editBorscht Belt Imperial Hotel Thomasville Georgia The Negro Motorist Green Book Sawdust trail Theatre Owners Booking AssociationReferences edit a b c d e f g h i Miller Adrian June 28 2022 Inside the Chitlin Circuit a Jim Crow Era Safe Space for Black Performers Gastro Obscura Atlas Obscura Retrieved July 6 2022 Englehardt Sheree August 27 2015 Musicians trying to save Legendary Blues Joint Bay New 9 Retrieved August 29 2015 Frederick Douglass Opie Hog and Hominy Soul Food from Africa to America Columbia University Press 2008 Chapter 7 Henry Louis Gates Jr February 3 1997 The Chitlin Circuit The New Yorker p 49 Chitlin The Commercial Appeal July 24 2011 via PressReader Hughes Zondra January 2004 How Tyler Perry rose from homelessness to a 5 million mansion Ebony Lauterbach Preston 2011 The Chitlin Circuit and the Road to Rock n Roll New York W W Norton pp 31 42 ISBN 978 0 393 34294 9 Denver D Ferguson Prestonlauterbach com a b Morthland John The Chitlin Circuit Celebrating a Secret History of American Music WonderingSound com 1 November 2011 Retrieved 25 November 2019 Lauterbach Preston July 18 2011 The Chitlin Circuit And the Road to Rock n Roll And the Road to Rock n Roll W W Norton amp Company ISBN 9780393082258 via Internet Archive Denver D Ferguson Stober Karl H The Chitlin Circuit Revisited Cadence Magazine the Independent Journal of Creative Improvised Music October 2014 61 4 ProQuest September 20 2018 a b Ward Ed December 20 2011 Review The Story Of The Chitlin Circuit s Great Performers NPR s Fresh Air Retrieved January 31 2024 Remembering Carr s Beach www visitannapolis org March 26 2021 Retrieved November 17 2023 Little Richard and James Brown cut their teeth at the Royal Peacock Atlanatamagazine com Retrieved April 2 2021 Victory Grill Texas Historic Sites Atlas Texas Historical Commission Retrieved December 6 2021 Henry s Palace Archive read cv Retrieved July 17 2023 Tina Turner Visited Hopkinsville As Part of Famous Chitlin Circuit WKDZ Radio Retrieved May 28 2023 Love Berna J 2012 Temple of Dreams Taborian Hall and its Dreamland Ballroom Arkansas Flag amp Banner Incorporated ISBN 9780989049207 Jazz amp Blues PHOENIX magazine September 1 2013 Retrieved October 10 2023 Karla Peterson Eastwood Country Club Handbook of Texas Online accessed March 2 2018 Corcoran Michael April 14 2018 Poplar Street venue has a rich musical past San Antonio Express News Retrieved November 18 2021 West End Park Texas Historic Sites Atlas Texas Historical Commission Retrieved December 6 2021 Frenchtown Tallahassee Florida Music Tour Floridamusictours com Retrieved April 2 2021 Maliskas Ed John Brown to James Brown The Little Farm Where Liberty Budded Blossomed and Boogied Hagerstown MD Hamilton Run Press 2016 Why We Should Build the R amp B Music Hall of Fame Museum YouTube December 10 2013 Archived from the original on December 21 2021 Retrieved October 26 2015 Buddy Feyne Tuxedo Junction page Retrieved August 29 2008 Blues Matters Delta sites to be included on new blues trail bluesmatters com Retrieved May 28 2008 dead link Mississippi Blues Commission Blues Trail msbluestrail org Retrieved May 28 2008 Further reading editLauterbach Preston The Chitlin Circuit And the Road to Rock N Roll New York W W Norton 2011 ISBN 978 0 393 07652 3 Preston Lauterbach Chitlin Circuit Memphis Magazine July 1 2006 John M Brewer Jr Pittsburgh Jazz part of the Images of America Pennsylvania seriesExternal links editJimi Hendrix and the Chitlin Circuit Flickr Photo Set Historic Chitlin Circuit Clubs Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chitlin 27 Circuit amp oldid 1220350708, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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