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Paulina (Paiute leader)

January 01, 1970

Chief Paulina or Pahninee was a Northern Paiute war leader noted for his successful guerrilla tactics.[1] He is known to have been active from 1859 until his death in 1867.

Chief Paulina
Pahninee
Chief Paulina, circa 1865
Northern Paiute leader
Personal details
Bornc. 1833
Location unknown
Died25 April 1867
Jefferson County, Oregon
Cause of deathShot by Howard Maupin or James Clark
Resting placeUnmarked location

Resistance against colonization edit

During the late 1850s and 1860s, Paulina led the Hunipuitoka band, a band of Northern Paiutes that violently resisted encroachment on their lands.[2] The band refused to relocate to a Native American reservation[3] and attacked settler communities traveling through or living on Paiute lands in central[4] and eastern Oregon and the Klamath Basin.

Paulina became the most notorious war leader in those raids. He was known for the swiftness of his attacks and his ability to evade capture by both volunteer regiments and U.S. Army detachments under General George Crook. He led a small band (including his brother Wahveveh) that raided and stole livestock and horses, causing fear within nearby communities. The band also attacked Indians living on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. There has been some speculation that Paulina's hatred for the Warm Springs Indians and white settlers occurred in April 1859 when Dr. Thomas Fitch led Native Americans from the Warm Springs Indian Reservation to attack a band of Paiutes in the valley of the John Day River. The party killed 10 Paiute warriors, capturing the women and children and the rest of the band. Among those captured were Paulina and Wahveveh, both of whom were later sent to Fort Dalles only to be imprisoned for a short time.[5]

Captain John M. Drake led one of the first military campaigns into the area. Paulina defeated an army attack on his camp near Juniper Butte, and the conflicts increased. The Paiute threat was broken up into two bands led by Paulina, of the Walpapi band, and Weahwewa, of the Kidutokado band.[6] In one particular incident, Paulina arranged peace talks with the Chief of the Wascos, Queapama. However, under that guise, Paulina had one of his braves murder Queapama.[7] While predatory bands such as Paulina’s certainly profited from these attacks, they ultimately contributed to the climate of hostility that increased the level of violence and the death toll in the region. All the resident groups—settlers, native communities at Warm Springs and Umatilla, and the Northern Paiute—engaged in retaliatory actions that resulted in the deaths of dozens of people, including women and children.

After U.S. Army forces captured Paiute hostages and held them prisoner at Ft. Klamath,[8] including Paulina's sister, wife and son,[9] Paulina and the other leaders of the Hunipuitöka Paiute agreed to sign a treaty in early 1865. To avoid starvation,[10] Paulina and his group left the Klamath Reservation on April 22, 1866, in spite of the treaty agreement they considered unfair.[11] When they left, Howluck contacted him looking for aid to exact revenge for the killing of his followers by California troops in the Guano Valley.[12]

Burnt Ranch edit

On September 15, 1866, Paulina and his band of fourteen Paiutes attacked the ranch of James N. Clark near the junction of Bridge Creek and the John Day River. The raiders burned the house, stables, 40 short tons (36,000 kg) of hay, 1,000 imperial bushels (36 kl) of oats and barley, and stole two horses and a cow, causing an estimated $6,494 of damage. Clark's wife was visiting her parents in the Willamette Valley at the time, but an unarmed Clark and his 18-year-old brother-in-law were collecting driftwood on the John Day when they saw the Paiutes. Paulina and his band spotted them and gave chase, but Clark managed to escape, and his brother-in-law hid in the river with only his nose out of the water for several hours undetected, although nearing hypothermia.[13]

Clark was able to gather a posse to try to salvage some of his stolen property. One year after Paulina left the Klamath Reservation on April 25, 1867, Clark shot and scalped Paulina in a retaliatory attack [14] led by settlers and Howard Maupin.[15] Paulina’s last engagement took place at a cove later named Paulina Basin, located in northeastern Jefferson County near the town of Ashwood, Oregon.[8] Maupin took credit for killing Paulina[16] and nailed Paulina's scalp to the wall of his barn as a trophy.[11]

References edit

  1. ^ "Settlement: Hostilities Erupt." National Park Service: John Day Fossil Beds. 25 April 2002 (retrieved 7 April 2010)
  2. ^ Treaty with the Snake (Northern Paiute), 1865. Oregon History Project, reprinted from Kappler, Charles. Indian Affairs: Law & Treaties. vol. 2. Washington D.C., 1904: 876-878. Accessed 10 December 2014.
  3. ^ Garrett J. Keeton. The Burnt Ranch. Accessed 10 December 2014.
  4. ^ Ward Tonsfeldt & Paul G. Claeyssens. Wars with the Northern Paiute. 2004. Accessed 10 December 2014.
  5. ^ Braly, David. Crooked River Country: Wranglers, Rogues, and Barons. Pullman, WA: Washington State University Press. 2007, p. 31.
  6. ^ Michno, Gregory. The Deadliest Indian War in the West; The Snake Conflict, 1864-1868. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press, 2007. 25
  7. ^ Braly (2007).
  8. ^ a b Oregon Historical Society. Chief Paulina. Accessed 7 April 2010.
  9. ^ Bill Miller. Chief Paulina, master tactician. Mail Tribune. Accessed 10 December 2014.
  10. ^ Robert H. Ruby, John A. Brown and Cary C Collins. A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 2010. p. 414
  11. ^ a b Some Antelope Oregon History. 2014-05-09 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 10 December 2014.
  12. ^ Michno, Gregory. The Deadliest Indian War in the West; The Snake Conflict, 1864-1868. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press. 2007, p. 141.
  13. ^ Michno (2007), p. 169.
  14. ^ Howard Maupin and the death of Chief Paulina. The Oregonian. 13 February 1966. Accessed 10 December 2014.
  15. ^ MacArthur, Lewis. "Oregon Geographical Names" Oregon Historical Quarterly Vol. 27, 1926. 440
  16. ^ Eric Flowers. Who Killed Paulina? Bend Bulletin. 13 February 2008. Accessed 10 December 2010.

Further reading edit

  • Andrew Gale Ontko The Gathering Storm (Thunder Over the Ochoco Vol. 1) 1993.

January 01, 1970
paulina, paiute, leader, chief, paulina, pahninee, northern, paiute, leader, noted, successful, guerrilla, tactics, known, have, been, active, from, 1859, until, death, 1867, chief, paulinapahnineechief, paulina, circa, 1865northern, paiute, leaderpersonal, de. Chief Paulina or Pahninee was a Northern Paiute war leader noted for his successful guerrilla tactics 1 He is known to have been active from 1859 until his death in 1867 Chief PaulinaPahnineeChief Paulina circa 1865Northern Paiute leaderPersonal detailsBornc 1833Location unknownDied25 April 1867Jefferson County OregonCause of deathShot by Howard Maupin or James ClarkResting placeUnmarked location Contents 1 Resistance against colonization 2 Burnt Ranch 3 References 4 Further readingResistance against colonization editDuring the late 1850s and 1860s Paulina led the Hunipuitoka band a band of Northern Paiutes that violently resisted encroachment on their lands 2 The band refused to relocate to a Native American reservation 3 and attacked settler communities traveling through or living on Paiute lands in central 4 and eastern Oregon and the Klamath Basin Paulina became the most notorious war leader in those raids He was known for the swiftness of his attacks and his ability to evade capture by both volunteer regiments and U S Army detachments under General George Crook He led a small band including his brother Wahveveh that raided and stole livestock and horses causing fear within nearby communities The band also attacked Indians living on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation There has been some speculation that Paulina s hatred for the Warm Springs Indians and white settlers occurred in April 1859 when Dr Thomas Fitch led Native Americans from the Warm Springs Indian Reservation to attack a band of Paiutes in the valley of the John Day River The party killed 10 Paiute warriors capturing the women and children and the rest of the band Among those captured were Paulina and Wahveveh both of whom were later sent to Fort Dalles only to be imprisoned for a short time 5 Captain John M Drake led one of the first military campaigns into the area Paulina defeated an army attack on his camp near Juniper Butte and the conflicts increased The Paiute threat was broken up into two bands led by Paulina of the Walpapi band and Weahwewa of the Kidutokado band 6 In one particular incident Paulina arranged peace talks with the Chief of the Wascos Queapama However under that guise Paulina had one of his braves murder Queapama 7 While predatory bands such as Paulina s certainly profited from these attacks they ultimately contributed to the climate of hostility that increased the level of violence and the death toll in the region All the resident groups settlers native communities at Warm Springs and Umatilla and the Northern Paiute engaged in retaliatory actions that resulted in the deaths of dozens of people including women and children After U S Army forces captured Paiute hostages and held them prisoner at Ft Klamath 8 including Paulina s sister wife and son 9 Paulina and the other leaders of the Hunipuitoka Paiute agreed to sign a treaty in early 1865 To avoid starvation 10 Paulina and his group left the Klamath Reservation on April 22 1866 in spite of the treaty agreement they considered unfair 11 When they left Howluck contacted him looking for aid to exact revenge for the killing of his followers by California troops in the Guano Valley 12 Burnt Ranch editOn September 15 1866 Paulina and his band of fourteen Paiutes attacked the ranch of James N Clark near the junction of Bridge Creek and the John Day River The raiders burned the house stables 40 short tons 36 000 kg of hay 1 000 imperial bushels 36 kl of oats and barley and stole two horses and a cow causing an estimated 6 494 of damage Clark s wife was visiting her parents in the Willamette Valley at the time but an unarmed Clark and his 18 year old brother in law were collecting driftwood on the John Day when they saw the Paiutes Paulina and his band spotted them and gave chase but Clark managed to escape and his brother in law hid in the river with only his nose out of the water for several hours undetected although nearing hypothermia 13 Clark was able to gather a posse to try to salvage some of his stolen property One year after Paulina left the Klamath Reservation on April 25 1867 Clark shot and scalped Paulina in a retaliatory attack 14 led by settlers and Howard Maupin 15 Paulina s last engagement took place at a cove later named Paulina Basin located in northeastern Jefferson County near the town of Ashwood Oregon 8 Maupin took credit for killing Paulina 16 and nailed Paulina s scalp to the wall of his barn as a trophy 11 References edit Settlement Hostilities Erupt National Park Service John Day Fossil Beds 25 April 2002 retrieved 7 April 2010 Treaty with the Snake Northern Paiute 1865 Oregon History Project reprinted from Kappler Charles Indian Affairs Law amp Treaties vol 2 Washington D C 1904 876 878 Accessed 10 December 2014 Garrett J Keeton The Burnt Ranch Accessed 10 December 2014 Ward Tonsfeldt amp Paul G Claeyssens Wars with the Northern Paiute 2004 Accessed 10 December 2014 Braly David Crooked River Country Wranglers Rogues and Barons Pullman WA Washington State University Press 2007 p 31 Michno Gregory The Deadliest Indian War in the West The Snake Conflict 1864 1868 Caldwell Idaho Caxton Press 2007 25 Braly 2007 a b Oregon Historical Society Chief Paulina Accessed 7 April 2010 Bill Miller Chief Paulina master tactician Mail Tribune Accessed 10 December 2014 Robert H Ruby John A Brown and Cary C Collins A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest Norman OK University of Oklahoma Press 2010 p 414 a b Some Antelope Oregon History Archived 2014 05 09 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 10 December 2014 Michno Gregory The Deadliest Indian War in the West The Snake Conflict 1864 1868 Caldwell Idaho Caxton Press 2007 p 141 Michno 2007 p 169 Howard Maupin and the death of Chief Paulina The Oregonian 13 February 1966 Accessed 10 December 2014 MacArthur Lewis Oregon Geographical Names Oregon Historical Quarterly Vol 27 1926 440 Eric Flowers Who Killed Paulina Bend Bulletin 13 February 2008 Accessed 10 December 2010 Further reading editAndrew Gale Ontko The Gathering Storm Thunder Over the Ochoco Vol 1 1993 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paulina Paiute leader amp oldid 1218067704, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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