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Laetiporus

April 10, 2023

Laetiporus is a genus of edible mushrooms found throughout much of the world. Some species, especially Laetiporus sulphureus, are commonly known as sulphur shelf, chicken of the woods, the chicken mushroom, or the chicken fungus because it is often described as tasting like and having a texture similar to that of chicken meat. The name "chicken of the woods" is not to be confused with another edible polypore, Maitake (Grifola frondosa) known as "hen of the woods/rams head” or with Lyophyllum decastes, known as the "fried chicken mushroom". The name Laetiporus means "with bright pores".[1]

Laetiporus
Laetiporus sulphureus on an oak in Belgium
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Fomitopsidaceae
Genus: Laetiporus
Murr. (1904)
Type species
Laetiporus speciosus
Battarra ex Murrill (1904)

Description

 
Laetiporus sp. from Anamalai Hills, Southern Western Ghats, India

Individual "shelves" range from 5 to 25 cm (2 to 10 inches) across. These shelves are made up of many tiny tubular filaments (hyphae). The mushroom grows in large brackets – some have been found that weigh over 45 kg (100 pounds). It is most commonly found on wounds of trees, mostly oak, though it is also frequently found on eucalyptus, yew, sweet chestnut, and willow, as well as conifers in some species. Laetiporus species are parasitic and produce brown rot in the host on which they grow.

Young fruiting bodies are characterized by a moist, rubbery, sulphur-yellow to orange body sometimes with bright orange tips. Older brackets become pale and brittle almost chalk-like, mildly pungent, and are often dotted with beetle or slug/woodlouse holes. Similar species include Laetiporus gilbertsonii (fluorescent pink, more amorphous) and L. coniferica (common in the western United States, especially on red fir trees).[2] Edibility traits for the different species have not been well documented, although all are generally considered edible with caution.[citation needed]

The sulphur shelf mushroom sometimes comes back year after year when the weather suits its sporulation preferences. From late spring to early autumn, the sulphur shelf thrives, making it a boon to mushroom hunters and a bane to those concerned about the health of their trees. This fungus causes a brown cubical rot and embrittlement which in later stages ends in the collapse of the host tree, as it can no longer flex and bend in the wind.[citation needed]

 
Chicken of the Woods (Laetiporus cincinnatus) in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York on October 5, 2012.

Chicken of the woods is found growing on or at the base of dead or dying hardwood trees; most commonly on oak but also cherry or beech. It can also be found on dead conifer stumps. Chicken of the woods has been known to fruit on living trees as well. It typically grows from spring to early fall.

Phylogenetics

 
L. cincinnatus, Ohio, US

Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, nuclear large subunit and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA sequences from a variety of North American species have delineated five distinct clades within the core Laetiporus clade:[3]

In addition, phylogenetic clades have been identified from Japan, Hawaii, South America, Europe, and South Africa.[4]

Edibility

The mushroom can be prepared in most ways that one can prepare chicken meat. It can also be used as a substitute for chicken in a vegetarian diet. Additionally, it can be frozen for long periods of time and retain its edibility. In certain parts of Germany and North America, it is considered a delicacy.

 
L. sulphureus prepared dish

In some cases eating the mushroom "causes mild reactions ... for example, "swollen lips" or in rare cases "nausea, vomiting, dizziness and disorientation" to those who are sensitive.[5] This is believed to be due to a number of factors that include allergies to the mushroom's protein or toxins which are only somewhat stable at high temperatures. As such, many field guides[who?] request that those who eat Laetiporus exercise caution by only eating fresh, young brackets and begin with small quantities to see how well it sits in their stomach.

Laetiporus sulphureus has a potent ability to inhibit staph bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), as well as moderate ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis.[6]

Species

See also

References

  1. ^ Smith, Alexander H.; Smith Weber, Nancy (1980). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. University of Michigan Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-472-85610-7.
  2. ^ Burdsall Jr., Harold H.; Banik, Mark T. (2001). "The genus Laetiporus in North America" (PDF). Harvard Papers in Botany. 6 (1): 43–55.
  3. ^ Lindner, D.L.; Banik, M.T. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of Laetiporus and other brown rot polypore genera in North America". Mycologia. 100 (3): 417–430. doi:10.3852/07-124R2. PMID 18751549. S2CID 25173644.
  4. ^ Banik, Mark T.; Lindner, Daniel L.; Ota, Yuko; Hattori, Tsutomu (2010). "Relationships among North American and Japanese Laetiporus isolates inferred from molecular phylogenetics and single-spore incompatibility reactions". Mycologia. 102 (4): 911–917. doi:10.3852/09-044. PMID 20648757. S2CID 9711234.
  5. ^ Michael W. Beug. "Poisonous and hallucinogenic mushrooms". Retrieved Feb 21, 2013.
  6. ^ Suay I, Arenal F, Asensio FJ, Basilio A, Cabello MA, Díez MT, García JB, del Val AG, Gorrochategui J, Hernández P, Peláez F, Vicente MF (Aug 2000). "Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 78 (2): 129–139. doi:10.1023/A:1026552024021. PMID 11204765. S2CID 23654559.
  7. ^ a b Song, Jie; Chen, yuanyuan; Cui, Baokai (2014). "Morphological and molecular evidence for two new species of Laetiporus (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) from southwestern China". Mycologia. 106 (5): 1039–1050. doi:10.3852/13-402. PMID 24987130. S2CID 22823127.
  8. ^ Pires, Ricardo Matheus; Motato-Vásquez, Viviana; de Mello Gugliotta, Adriana (2016). "A new species of Laetiporus (Basidiomycota) and occurrence of L. gilbertsonii Burds. in Brazil". Nova Hedwigia. 102 (3–4): 477–490. doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2016/0320.

External links

  •   Media related to Laetiporus at Wikimedia Commons
  • Mushroom-Collecting.com - Laetiporus

April 10, 2023
laetiporus, genus, edible, mushrooms, found, throughout, much, world, some, species, especially, sulphureus, commonly, known, sulphur, shelf, chicken, woods, chicken, mushroom, chicken, fungus, because, often, described, tasting, like, having, texture, similar. Laetiporus is a genus of edible mushrooms found throughout much of the world Some species especially Laetiporus sulphureus are commonly known as sulphur shelf chicken of the woods the chicken mushroom or the chicken fungus because it is often described as tasting like and having a texture similar to that of chicken meat The name chicken of the woods is not to be confused with another edible polypore Maitake Grifola frondosa known as hen of the woods rams head or with Lyophyllum decastes known as the fried chicken mushroom The name Laetiporus means with bright pores 1 LaetiporusLaetiporus sulphureus on an oak in BelgiumScientific classificationKingdom FungiDivision BasidiomycotaClass AgaricomycetesOrder PolyporalesFamily FomitopsidaceaeGenus LaetiporusMurr 1904 Type speciesLaetiporus speciosusBattarra ex Murrill 1904 Contents 1 Description 2 Phylogenetics 3 Edibility 4 Species 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDescription Edit Laetiporus sp from Anamalai Hills Southern Western Ghats IndiaIndividual shelves range from 5 to 25 cm 2 to 10 inches across These shelves are made up of many tiny tubular filaments hyphae The mushroom grows in large brackets some have been found that weigh over 45 kg 100 pounds It is most commonly found on wounds of trees mostly oak though it is also frequently found on eucalyptus yew sweet chestnut and willow as well as conifers in some species Laetiporus species are parasitic and produce brown rot in the host on which they grow Young fruiting bodies are characterized by a moist rubbery sulphur yellow to orange body sometimes with bright orange tips Older brackets become pale and brittle almost chalk like mildly pungent and are often dotted with beetle or slug woodlouse holes Similar species include Laetiporus gilbertsonii fluorescent pink more amorphous and L coniferica common in the western United States especially on red fir trees 2 Edibility traits for the different species have not been well documented although all are generally considered edible with caution citation needed The sulphur shelf mushroom sometimes comes back year after year when the weather suits its sporulation preferences From late spring to early autumn the sulphur shelf thrives making it a boon to mushroom hunters and a bane to those concerned about the health of their trees This fungus causes a brown cubical rot and embrittlement which in later stages ends in the collapse of the host tree as it can no longer flex and bend in the wind citation needed Chicken of the Woods Laetiporus cincinnatus in Prospect Park Brooklyn New York on October 5 2012 Chicken of the woods is found growing on or at the base of dead or dying hardwood trees most commonly on oak but also cherry or beech It can also be found on dead conifer stumps Chicken of the woods has been known to fruit on living trees as well It typically grows from spring to early fall Phylogenetics Edit L cincinnatus Ohio US Phylogenetic analyses of ITS nuclear large subunit and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA sequences from a variety of North American species have delineated five distinct clades within the core Laetiporus clade 3 Conifericola clade contains species that live on conifers such as L conifericola and L huroniensis All of the other tested species grow on angiosperms Cincinnatus clade contains L cincinnatus Sulphureus clade I contains white pored L sulphureus isolates Sulphureus clade II contains yellow pored L sulphureus isolates Gilbertsonii clade contains L gilbertsonii and unidentified Caribbean isolates In addition phylogenetic clades have been identified from Japan Hawaii South America Europe and South Africa 4 Edibility EditThe mushroom can be prepared in most ways that one can prepare chicken meat It can also be used as a substitute for chicken in a vegetarian diet Additionally it can be frozen for long periods of time and retain its edibility In certain parts of Germany and North America it is considered a delicacy L sulphureus prepared dish In some cases eating the mushroom causes mild reactions for example swollen lips or in rare cases nausea vomiting dizziness and disorientation to those who are sensitive 5 This is believed to be due to a number of factors that include allergies to the mushroom s protein or toxins which are only somewhat stable at high temperatures As such many field guides who request that those who eat Laetiporus exercise caution by only eating fresh young brackets and begin with small quantities to see how well it sits in their stomach Laetiporus sulphureus has a potent ability to inhibit staph bacteria Staphylococcus aureus as well as moderate ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis 6 Species EditLaetiporus ailaoshanensis 7 B K Cui amp J Song 2014 Laetiporus baudonii Pat Ryvarden 1991 Laetiporus caribensis Banik amp D L Lindner 2012 Laetiporus cincinnatus Morgan Burds Banik amp T J Volk 1998 Laetiporus conifericola Burds amp Banik 2001 Laetiporus cremeiporus Y Ota amp T Hatt 2010 Laetiporus discolor Klotzsch Corner 1984 Laetiporus flos musae Overeem 1927 Laetiporus gilbertsonii Burds 2001 Laetiporus huroniensis Burds amp Banik 2001 Laetiporus miniatus P Karst Overeem 1925 Laetiporus montanus Cerny ex Tomsovsky amp Jankovsky 2009 Laetiporus persicinus Berk amp M A Curtis Gilb 1981 Laetiporus portentosus Berk Rajchenb 1995 Laetiporus squalidus R M Pires Motato Vasq amp Gugliotta 2016 8 Laetiporus sulphureus Bull Murrill 1920 Laetiporus versisporus Lloyd Imazeki 1943 Laetiporus zonatus 7 B K Cui amp J Song 2014 See also EditList of meat substitutesReferences Edit Smith Alexander H Smith Weber Nancy 1980 The Mushroom Hunter s Field Guide University of Michigan Press p 64 ISBN 978 0 472 85610 7 Burdsall Jr Harold H Banik Mark T 2001 The genus Laetiporus in North America PDF Harvard Papers in Botany 6 1 43 55 Lindner D L Banik M T 2008 Molecular phylogeny of Laetiporus and other brown rot polypore genera in North America Mycologia 100 3 417 430 doi 10 3852 07 124R2 PMID 18751549 S2CID 25173644 Banik Mark T Lindner Daniel L Ota Yuko Hattori Tsutomu 2010 Relationships among North American and Japanese Laetiporus isolates inferred from molecular phylogenetics and single spore incompatibility reactions Mycologia 102 4 911 917 doi 10 3852 09 044 PMID 20648757 S2CID 9711234 Michael W Beug Poisonous and hallucinogenic mushrooms Retrieved Feb 21 2013 Suay I Arenal F Asensio FJ Basilio A Cabello MA Diez MT Garcia JB del Val AG Gorrochategui J Hernandez P Pelaez F Vicente MF Aug 2000 Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 78 2 129 139 doi 10 1023 A 1026552024021 PMID 11204765 S2CID 23654559 a b Song Jie Chen yuanyuan Cui Baokai 2014 Morphological and molecular evidence for two new species of Laetiporus Basidiomycota Polyporales from southwestern China Mycologia 106 5 1039 1050 doi 10 3852 13 402 PMID 24987130 S2CID 22823127 Pires Ricardo Matheus Motato Vasquez Viviana de Mello Gugliotta Adriana 2016 A new species of Laetiporus Basidiomycota and occurrence of L gilbertsonii Burds in Brazil Nova Hedwigia 102 3 4 477 490 doi 10 1127 nova hedwigia 2016 0320 External links Edit Media related to Laetiporus at Wikimedia Commons Mushroom Collecting com Laetiporus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Laetiporus amp oldid 1128722136, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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