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Chemical field-effect transistor

April 10, 2024

A ChemFET is a chemically-sensitive field-effect transistor, that is a field-effect transistor used as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution.[1] When the target analyte concentration changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly.[2] Here, the analyte solution separates the source and gate electrodes.[3] A concentration gradient between the solution and the gate electrode arises due to a semi-permeable membrane on the FET surface containing receptor moieties that preferentially bind the target analyte.[3] This concentration gradient of charged analyte ions creates a chemical potential between the source and gate, which is in turn measured by the FET.[4]

Construction edit

See also: ISFET
 
The schematic view of a ChemFET. Source, drain, and gate are the three electrodes used in a FET system. The electron flow takes place in a channel between the drain and source. The gate potential controls the current between the source and drain electrodes.

A ChemFET's source and drain are constructed as for an ISFET, with the gate electrode separated from the source electrode by a solution.[4] The gate electrode's interface with the solution is a semi-permeable membrane containing the receptors, and a gap to allow the substance under test to come in contact with the sensitive receptor moieties.[5] A ChemFET's threshold voltage depends on the concentration gradient between the analyte in solution and the analyte in contact with its receptor-embedded semi-permeable barrier.[5]

Often, ionophores are used to facilitate analyte ion mobility through the substrate to the receptor.[6] For example, when targeting anions, quaternary ammonium salts (such as tetraoctylammonium bromide) are used to provide cationic nature to the membrane, facilitating anion mobility through the substrate to the receptor moieties.[7]

Applications edit

ChemFETs can be utilized in either liquid or gas phase to detect target analyte, requiring reversible binding of analyte with a receptor located in the gate electrode membrane.[8][3] There is a wide range of applications of ChemFETs, including most notably anion or cation selective sensing.[5] More work has been done with cation-sensing ChemFETs than anion-sensing ChemFETs.[5] Anion-sensing is more complicated than cation-sensing in ChemFETs due to many factors, including the size, shape, geometry, polarity, and pH of the species of interest.[5]

Practical limitations edit

The body of a ChemFET is generally found to be robust.[9][4] However, the unavoidable requirement for a separate reference electrode makes the system more bulky overall and potentially more fragile.

History edit

Dutch engineer Piet Bergveld studied the MOSFET and realized it could be adapted into a sensor for chemical and biological applications.[10]

In 1970, Bergveld invented the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET).[11] He described the ISFET as "a special type of MOSFET with a gate at a certain distance".[10] In the ISFET structure, the metal gate of a standard MOSFET is replaced by an ion-sensitive membrane, electrolyte solution and reference electrode.[12]

ChemFETs are based on a modified ISFET, a concept developed by Bergveld in the 1970s.[4] There is some confusion as to the relationship between ChemFETs and ISFETs. Whereas an ISFET only detects ions, a ChemFET detects any chemical (including ions).

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Reinhoudt, David N. (1992). "Application of supramolecular chemistry in the development of ion-selective CHEMFETs". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 6 (1–3): 179–185. doi:10.1016/0925-4005(92)80052-y.
  2. ^ Lugtenberg, Ronny J. W.; Antonisse, Martijn M. G.; Egberink, Richard J. M.; Engbersen, Johan F. J.; Reinhoudt, David N. (1 January 1996). "Polysiloxane based CHEMFETs for the detection of heavy metal ions". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 (9): 1937. doi:10.1039/p29960001937. ISSN 1364-5471.
  3. ^ a b c Janata, Jiri (1 November 2004). "Thirty Years of CHEMFETs – A Personal View". Electroanalysis. 16 (22): 1831–1835. doi:10.1002/elan.200403070. ISSN 1521-4109.
  4. ^ a b c d Bergveld, P. (2003). "Thirty years of ISFETOLOGY". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 88 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/s0925-4005(02)00301-5.
  5. ^ a b c d e Antonisse, Martijn M. G.; Reinhoudt, David N. (1 October 1999). "Potentiometric Anion Selective Sensors". Electroanalysis. 11 (14): 1035. doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199910)11:14<1035::aid-elan1035>3.0.co;2-i. ISSN 1521-4109.
  6. ^ Wróblewski, Wojciech; Wojciechowski, Kamil; Dybko, Artur; Brzózka, Zbigniew; Egberink, Richard J.M; Snellink-Ruël, Bianca H.M; Reinhoudt, David N (2001). "Durability of phosphate-selective CHEMFETs". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 78 (1–3): 315–319. doi:10.1016/s0925-4005(01)00832-2.
  7. ^ Antonisse, Martijn M. G.; Snellink-Ruël, Bianca H. M.; Engbersen, Johan F. J.; Reinhoudt, David N. (1 January 1998). "Chemically modified field effect transistors with nitrite or fluoride selectivity". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 (4): 775. doi:10.1039/a709076e. ISSN 1364-5471.
  8. ^ Han, Jin-Woo; Rim, Taiuk; Baek, Chang-Ki; Meyyappan, M. (30 September 2015). "Chemical Gated Field Effect Transistor by Hybrid Integration of One-Dimensional Silicon Nanowire and Two-Dimensional Tin Oxide Thin Film for Low Power Gas Sensor". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 7 (38): 21263–9. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b05479. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 26381613.
  9. ^ Jimenez-Jorquera, Cecilia; Orozco, Jahir; Baldi, Antoni (24 December 2009). "ISFET Based Microsensors for Environmental Monitoring". Sensors. 10 (1): 66. Bibcode:2009Senso..10...61J. doi:10.3390/s100100061. PMC 3270828. PMID 22315527.
  10. ^ a b Bergveld, Piet (October 1985). (PDF). Sensors and Actuators. 8 (2): 109–127. Bibcode:1985SeAc....8..109B. doi:10.1016/0250-6874(85)87009-8. ISSN 0250-6874. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  11. ^ Chris Toumazou; Pantelis Georgiou (December 2011). "40 years of ISFET technology: From neuronal sensing to DNA sequencing". Electronics Letters. doi:10.1049/el.2011.3231. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  12. ^ Schöning, Michael J.; Poghossian, Arshak (10 September 2002). "Recent advances in biologically sensitive field-effect transistors (BioFETs)" (PDF). Analyst. 127 (9): 1137–1151. Bibcode:2002Ana...127.1137S. doi:10.1039/B204444G. ISSN 1364-5528. PMID 12375833.

April 10, 2024
chemical, field, effect, transistor, chemfet, chemically, sensitive, field, effect, transistor, that, field, effect, transistor, used, sensor, measuring, chemical, concentrations, solution, when, target, analyte, concentration, changes, current, through, trans. A ChemFET is a chemically sensitive field effect transistor that is a field effect transistor used as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution 1 When the target analyte concentration changes the current through the transistor will change accordingly 2 Here the analyte solution separates the source and gate electrodes 3 A concentration gradient between the solution and the gate electrode arises due to a semi permeable membrane on the FET surface containing receptor moieties that preferentially bind the target analyte 3 This concentration gradient of charged analyte ions creates a chemical potential between the source and gate which is in turn measured by the FET 4 Contents 1 Construction 2 Applications 3 Practical limitations 4 History 5 See also 6 ReferencesConstruction editSee also ISFET nbsp The schematic view of a ChemFET Source drain and gate are the three electrodes used in a FET system The electron flow takes place in a channel between the drain and source The gate potential controls the current between the source and drain electrodes A ChemFET s source and drain are constructed as for an ISFET with the gate electrode separated from the source electrode by a solution 4 The gate electrode s interface with the solution is a semi permeable membrane containing the receptors and a gap to allow the substance under test to come in contact with the sensitive receptor moieties 5 A ChemFET s threshold voltage depends on the concentration gradient between the analyte in solution and the analyte in contact with its receptor embedded semi permeable barrier 5 Often ionophores are used to facilitate analyte ion mobility through the substrate to the receptor 6 For example when targeting anions quaternary ammonium salts such as tetraoctylammonium bromide are used to provide cationic nature to the membrane facilitating anion mobility through the substrate to the receptor moieties 7 Applications editChemFETs can be utilized in either liquid or gas phase to detect target analyte requiring reversible binding of analyte with a receptor located in the gate electrode membrane 8 3 There is a wide range of applications of ChemFETs including most notably anion or cation selective sensing 5 More work has been done with cation sensing ChemFETs than anion sensing ChemFETs 5 Anion sensing is more complicated than cation sensing in ChemFETs due to many factors including the size shape geometry polarity and pH of the species of interest 5 Practical limitations editThe body of a ChemFET is generally found to be robust 9 4 However the unavoidable requirement for a separate reference electrode makes the system more bulky overall and potentially more fragile History editDutch engineer Piet Bergveld studied the MOSFET and realized it could be adapted into a sensor for chemical and biological applications 10 In 1970 Bergveld invented the ion sensitive field effect transistor ISFET 11 He described the ISFET as a special type of MOSFET with a gate at a certain distance 10 In the ISFET structure the metal gate of a standard MOSFET is replaced by an ion sensitive membrane electrolyte solution and reference electrode 12 ChemFETs are based on a modified ISFET a concept developed by Bergveld in the 1970s 4 There is some confusion as to the relationship between ChemFETs and ISFETs Whereas an ISFET only detects ions a ChemFET detects any chemical including ions See also editChemiresistor EOSFET Electronic noseReferences edit Reinhoudt David N 1992 Application of supramolecular chemistry in the development of ion selective CHEMFETs Sensors and Actuators B Chemical 6 1 3 179 185 doi 10 1016 0925 4005 92 80052 y Lugtenberg Ronny J W Antonisse Martijn M G Egberink Richard J M Engbersen Johan F J Reinhoudt David N 1 January 1996 Polysiloxane based CHEMFETs for the detection of heavy metal ions Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 2 9 1937 doi 10 1039 p29960001937 ISSN 1364 5471 a b c Janata Jiri 1 November 2004 Thirty Years of CHEMFETs A Personal View Electroanalysis 16 22 1831 1835 doi 10 1002 elan 200403070 ISSN 1521 4109 a b c d Bergveld P 2003 Thirty years of ISFETOLOGY Sensors and Actuators B Chemical 88 1 1 20 doi 10 1016 s0925 4005 02 00301 5 a b c d e Antonisse Martijn M G Reinhoudt David N 1 October 1999 Potentiometric Anion Selective Sensors Electroanalysis 11 14 1035 doi 10 1002 sici 1521 4109 199910 11 14 lt 1035 aid elan1035 gt 3 0 co 2 i ISSN 1521 4109 Wroblewski Wojciech Wojciechowski Kamil Dybko Artur Brzozka Zbigniew Egberink Richard J M Snellink Ruel Bianca H M Reinhoudt David N 2001 Durability of phosphate selective CHEMFETs Sensors and Actuators B Chemical 78 1 3 315 319 doi 10 1016 s0925 4005 01 00832 2 Antonisse Martijn M G Snellink Ruel Bianca H M Engbersen Johan F J Reinhoudt David N 1 January 1998 Chemically modified field effect transistors with nitrite or fluoride selectivity Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 2 4 775 doi 10 1039 a709076e ISSN 1364 5471 Han Jin Woo Rim Taiuk Baek Chang Ki Meyyappan M 30 September 2015 Chemical Gated Field Effect Transistor by Hybrid Integration of One Dimensional Silicon Nanowire and Two Dimensional Tin Oxide Thin Film for Low Power Gas Sensor ACS Applied Materials amp Interfaces 7 38 21263 9 doi 10 1021 acsami 5b05479 ISSN 1944 8244 PMID 26381613 Jimenez Jorquera Cecilia Orozco Jahir Baldi Antoni 24 December 2009 ISFET Based Microsensors for Environmental Monitoring Sensors 10 1 66 Bibcode 2009Senso 10 61J doi 10 3390 s100100061 PMC 3270828 PMID 22315527 a b Bergveld Piet October 1985 The impact of MOSFET based sensors PDF Sensors and Actuators 8 2 109 127 Bibcode 1985SeAc 8 109B doi 10 1016 0250 6874 85 87009 8 ISSN 0250 6874 Archived from the original PDF on 26 April 2021 Retrieved 7 October 2019 Chris Toumazou Pantelis Georgiou December 2011 40 years of ISFET technology From neuronal sensing to DNA sequencing Electronics Letters doi 10 1049 el 2011 3231 Retrieved 13 May 2016 Schoning Michael J Poghossian Arshak 10 September 2002 Recent advances in biologically sensitive field effect transistors BioFETs PDF Analyst 127 9 1137 1151 Bibcode 2002Ana 127 1137S doi 10 1039 B204444G ISSN 1364 5528 PMID 12375833 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chemical field effect transistor amp oldid 1187589300, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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