fbpx
Wikipedia

Charles C. Richardson

August 31, 2023

Charles Clifton Richardson (born May 7, 1935) is an American biochemist and professor at Harvard University. Richardson received his undergraduate education at Duke University, where he majored in medicine. He received his M.D. at Duke Medical School in 1960. Richardson works as a professor at Harvard Medical School, and he served as editor/associate editor of the Annual Review of Biochemistry from 1972 to 2003.[1] Richardson received the American Chemical Society Award in Biological Chemistry in 1968, as well as numerous other accolades.[2]

Charles C. Richardson
Born(1935-05-07)May 7, 1935
Wilson, NC, United States
Alma materDuke Medical School
Duke University
SpouseIngrid Hanssum (1961; 2 children)
Scientific career
FieldsMolecular biology
InstitutionsHarvard University

Early life and education Edit

Charles Richardson was born on May 7, 1935, in Wilson, North Carolina.[1] His father, Barney Clifton Richardson, was an accountant at a local automobile dealership. His mother, Elizabeth Barefoot, was a housewife. At 11 years old, Richardson and his family moved to Columbia, South Carolina. Richardson graduated from Dreher High School and received a full scholarship to Duke University in 1953. Without completing a bachelor's degree, Richardson enrolled in Duke Medical School in 1956. In 1959, Richardson completed a Bachelor of Science degree in medicine from Duke through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) United States Public Health Service Post-Sophomore Research Fellowship. Richardson graduated from Duke Medical School and began residency at Duke University Hospital in 1960. On July 29, 1961, Richardson married Ingrid Hanssum at the Gothic Duke Chapel. They have two children.[1]

Career and research Edit

In 1961, Richardson obtained a Public Health Service fellowship under Arthur Kornberg in his biochemistry laboratory at Stanford Medical School. As a result, Richardson and Ingrid Hanssum moved to Palo Alto. In Kornberg's lab, Richardson focused on improving the purification technique of DNA polymerase from E. coli. In Kornberg's lab, Richardson worked alongside Paul Berg, Reiji and Tsunko Okazaki, and several others. In 1964, Richardson left Kornberg's lab and began a faculty position at Harvard Medical School, where he was promoted to tenure in 1967. Richardson served as chairman of the department of biological chemistry from 1978 to 1987. Additionally, Richardson served as editor or associate editor of the Annual Review of Biochemistry from 1972 to 2003. As of 2020, Richardson continues his position as professor at Harvard Medical School.[1] Richardson taught four doctoral students: Dennis M. Livingston, David N. Frick, Richard D. Colodner, and Paul L. Modrich.[3]

Throughout Richardson's career, Richardson used bacteriophages in order to investigate DNA replication. Richardson discovered and researched several enzymes throughout his career: E. coli exonuclease III[4] in 1964, T4 DNA ligase[5] in 1967, T7 DNA polymerase[6] in 1971, E. coli exonuclease VII[7][8] in 1974, E. coli DNA polymerase III[9][10] in 1975, T4 polynucleotide kinase[11] in 1981, T7 DNA primase[12][13] in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and T7 DNA helicase[14] in 2004. Richardson used these enzymes to further analyze DNA, develop sequencing reagents, and characterize the mechanisms of DNA replication.[15]

Richardson's most highly-cited accomplishment was made while working with bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in 1985. Richardson used the T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system to control the expression of a phage T7 gene 5 protein (gp5), which is a subunit of T7 DNA polymerase. By combining the specificity of T7 RNA polymerase for its own promoters with rifampicin's ability to selectively inhibit the host RNA polymerase, Richardson established a method to exclusively express genes, specifically the phage T7 gene 5 protein, under the control of the T7 RNA polymerase promoter. During this process, Richardson constructed a T7 phage with deletions in gene 1 that propagate in E. coli cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase. Richardson proposed the T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system as an "attractive alternative" to the mini- or maxicell.[16]

A couple years later, Richardson researched a self-made DNA polymerase for potential use in DNA sequencing. This highly processive DNA polymerase was composed of an 84-kDa T7 gene 5 protein and 12-kDa E. coli thioredoxin at a one-to-one stoichiometric ratio.[17] In his study, Richardson demonstrated that this modified DNA polymerase would be ideal for DNA sequencing by the chain-termination method. Richardson based this finding off of three main factors: high processivity and lack of associated exonuclease activity, ability to use low concentrations of radioactive nucleotides for preparation of DNA probes, and lack of background pause sites and uniform distribution of dideoxy-terminated fragments.[18]

In 1998, Richardson examined the crystal structure of a bacteriophage T7 DNA replication complex at 2.2 Å resolution. Before imaging, Richardson complexed the T7 bacteriophage DNA polymerase with a primer-template and a nucleoside triphosphate in the polymerase active site. Through analysis of the crystal structure, Richardson determined how the replication complex selects nucleotides in a template-directed manner. Furthermore, Richardson established an understanding of the basis for phosphoryl transfer by related polymerases with metal.[19]

More recently in 2011, Richardson developed a single-molecule assay to measure the activity of the replisome with fluorescently-labeled DNA polymerases. Richardson then used this assay to quantify the process of polymerase exchange. Richardson determined that soluble polymerases are recruited to an actively synthesizing replisome, which leads to a polymerase exchange event between the excess polymerases and the synthesizing polymerase after about 50 seconds. This supports the belief that replisomes are highly dynamic complexes.[20]

Awards and honors Edit

Memberships Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Richardson, Charles C. (June 2, 2015). "It Seems Like Only Yesterday". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 84 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033850. ISSN 0066-4154. PMID 26034887.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Richardson, Charles. "Curriculum Vitae". Charles C. Richardson Laboratory. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  3. ^ "Chemistry Tree - Charles C. Richardson Family Tree". academictree.org. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  4. ^ Richardson, Charles C.; Lehman, I. R.; Kornberg, Arthur (January 1, 1964). "A Deoxyribonucleic Acid Phosphatase-Exonuclease from Escherichia coli II. Characterization of the Exonuclease Activity". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 239 (1): 251–258. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51775-0. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 14114851.
  5. ^ Fareed, G C; Richardson, C C (1967). "Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid. II. The structural gene for polynucleotide ligase in bacteriophage T4". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 58 (2): 665–672. Bibcode:1967PNAS...58..665F. doi:10.1073/pnas.58.2.665. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 335686. PMID 5234326.
  6. ^ Grippo, Pasquale; Richardson, Charles C. (November 25, 1971). "Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase of Bacteriophage T7". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 246 (22): 6867–6873. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)45926-7. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 4942327.
  7. ^ Chase, John W.; Richardson, Charles C. (July 25, 1974). "Exonuclease VII of Escherichia coli Purification and Properties". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (14): 4545–4552. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42453-8. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 4602029.
  8. ^ Chase, John W.; Richardson, Charles C. (July 25, 1974). "Exonuclease VII of Escherichia coli Mechanism of Action". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (14): 4553–4561. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42454-X. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 4602030.
  9. ^ Livingston, D. M.; Hinkle, D. C.; Richardson, C. C. (January 25, 1975). "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III of Escherichia coli. Purification and properties". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (2): 461–469. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41920-0. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 1089643.
  10. ^ Livingston, D. M.; Richardson, C. C. (January 25, 1975). "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III of Escherichia coli. Characterization of associated exonuclease activities". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (2): 470–478. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41921-2. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 163228.
  11. ^ Richardson, Charles C. (January 1, 1981), Boyer, Paul D. (ed.), 16 Bacteriophage T4 Polynucleotide Kinase, The Enzymes, vol. 14, Academic Press, pp. 299–314, doi:10.1016/S1874-6047(08)60342-X, ISBN 9780121227142, retrieved April 17, 2020
  12. ^ Bernstein, J. A.; Richardson, C. C. (August 5, 1989). "Characterization of the helicase and primase activities of the 63-kDa component of the bacteriophage T7 gene 4 protein". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (22): 13066–13073. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51596-9. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 2546945.
  13. ^ Mendelman, L. V.; Notarnicola, S. M.; Richardson, C. C. (December 25, 1993). "Evidence for distinct primase and helicase domains in the 63-kDa gene 4 protein of bacteriophage T7. Characterization of nucleotide binding site mutant". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (36): 27208–27213. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)74239-2. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8262962.
  14. ^ Crampton, Donald J.; Richardson, Charles C. (January 1, 2003). "Bacteriophage T7 gene 4 protein: A hexameric DNA helicase". In Hackney, David D.; Tamanoi, Fuyuhiko (eds.). Energy Coupling and Molecular Motors. pp. 277–302. doi:10.1016/S1874-6047(04)80007-6. ISBN 9780121227241. Retrieved April 17, 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Kresge, Nicole; Simoni, Robert D.; Hill, Robert L. (July 13, 2007). "DNA Replication in Bacteriophage: the Work of Charles C. Richardson". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (28): e22. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)78070-3. ISSN 0021-9258.
  16. ^ Tabor, S.; Richardson, C. C. (February 1, 1985). "A bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system for controlled exclusive expression of specific genes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 82 (4): 1074–1078. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.1074T. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.4.1074. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 397196. PMID 3156376.
  17. ^ Mark, D. F.; Richardson, C. C. (March 1, 1976). "Escherichia coli thioredoxin: a subunit of bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 73 (3): 780–784. Bibcode:1976PNAS...73..780M. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.3.780. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 336002. PMID 768986.
  18. ^ Tabor, S.; Richardson, C. C. (July 1, 1987). "DNA sequence analysis with a modified bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 84 (14): 4767–4771. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.4767T. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.14.4767. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 305186. PMID 3474623.
  19. ^ Doublié, Sylvie; Tabor, Stanley; Long, Alexander M.; Richardson, Charles C.; Ellenberger, Tom (1998). "Crystal structure of a bacteriophage T7 DNA replication complex at 2.2 Å resolution". Nature. 391 (6664): 251–258. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..251D. doi:10.1038/34593. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 9440688. S2CID 4384241.
  20. ^ Loparo, Joseph J.; Kulczyk, Arkadiusz W.; Richardson, Charles C.; van Oijen, Antoine M. (January 18, 2011). "Simultaneous single-molecule measurements of phage T7 replisome composition and function reveal the mechanism of polymerase exchange". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (9): 3584–3589. doi:10.1073/pnas.1018824108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3048139. PMID 21245349.

Further reading Edit

External links Edit

  • Charles C. Richardson Laboratory

August 31, 2023
charles, richardson, charles, clifton, richardson, born, 1935, american, biochemist, professor, harvard, university, richardson, received, undergraduate, education, duke, university, where, majored, medicine, received, duke, medical, school, 1960, richardson, . Charles Clifton Richardson born May 7 1935 is an American biochemist and professor at Harvard University Richardson received his undergraduate education at Duke University where he majored in medicine He received his M D at Duke Medical School in 1960 Richardson works as a professor at Harvard Medical School and he served as editor associate editor of the Annual Review of Biochemistry from 1972 to 2003 1 Richardson received the American Chemical Society Award in Biological Chemistry in 1968 as well as numerous other accolades 2 Charles C RichardsonBorn 1935 05 07 May 7 1935Wilson NC United StatesAlma materDuke Medical SchoolDuke UniversitySpouseIngrid Hanssum 1961 2 children Scientific careerFieldsMolecular biologyInstitutionsHarvard University Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career and research 3 Awards and honors 4 Memberships 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEarly life and education EditCharles Richardson was born on May 7 1935 in Wilson North Carolina 1 His father Barney Clifton Richardson was an accountant at a local automobile dealership His mother Elizabeth Barefoot was a housewife At 11 years old Richardson and his family moved to Columbia South Carolina Richardson graduated from Dreher High School and received a full scholarship to Duke University in 1953 Without completing a bachelor s degree Richardson enrolled in Duke Medical School in 1956 In 1959 Richardson completed a Bachelor of Science degree in medicine from Duke through the National Institutes of Health NIH United States Public Health Service Post Sophomore Research Fellowship Richardson graduated from Duke Medical School and began residency at Duke University Hospital in 1960 On July 29 1961 Richardson married Ingrid Hanssum at the Gothic Duke Chapel They have two children 1 Career and research EditIn 1961 Richardson obtained a Public Health Service fellowship under Arthur Kornberg in his biochemistry laboratory at Stanford Medical School As a result Richardson and Ingrid Hanssum moved to Palo Alto In Kornberg s lab Richardson focused on improving the purification technique of DNA polymerase from E coli In Kornberg s lab Richardson worked alongside Paul Berg Reiji and Tsunko Okazaki and several others In 1964 Richardson left Kornberg s lab and began a faculty position at Harvard Medical School where he was promoted to tenure in 1967 Richardson served as chairman of the department of biological chemistry from 1978 to 1987 Additionally Richardson served as editor or associate editor of the Annual Review of Biochemistry from 1972 to 2003 As of 2020 Richardson continues his position as professor at Harvard Medical School 1 Richardson taught four doctoral students Dennis M Livingston David N Frick Richard D Colodner and Paul L Modrich 3 Throughout Richardson s career Richardson used bacteriophages in order to investigate DNA replication Richardson discovered and researched several enzymes throughout his career E coli exonuclease III 4 in 1964 T4 DNA ligase 5 in 1967 T7 DNA polymerase 6 in 1971 E coli exonuclease VII 7 8 in 1974 E coli DNA polymerase III 9 10 in 1975 T4 polynucleotide kinase 11 in 1981 T7 DNA primase 12 13 in the late 1980s and early 1990s and T7 DNA helicase 14 in 2004 Richardson used these enzymes to further analyze DNA develop sequencing reagents and characterize the mechanisms of DNA replication 15 Richardson s most highly cited accomplishment was made while working with bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in 1985 Richardson used the T7 RNA polymerase promoter system to control the expression of a phage T7 gene 5 protein gp5 which is a subunit of T7 DNA polymerase By combining the specificity of T7 RNA polymerase for its own promoters with rifampicin s ability to selectively inhibit the host RNA polymerase Richardson established a method to exclusively express genes specifically the phage T7 gene 5 protein under the control of the T7 RNA polymerase promoter During this process Richardson constructed a T7 phage with deletions in gene 1 that propagate in E coli cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase Richardson proposed the T7 RNA polymerase promoter system as an attractive alternative to the mini or maxicell 16 A couple years later Richardson researched a self made DNA polymerase for potential use in DNA sequencing This highly processive DNA polymerase was composed of an 84 kDa T7 gene 5 protein and 12 kDa E coli thioredoxin at a one to one stoichiometric ratio 17 In his study Richardson demonstrated that this modified DNA polymerase would be ideal for DNA sequencing by the chain termination method Richardson based this finding off of three main factors high processivity and lack of associated exonuclease activity ability to use low concentrations of radioactive nucleotides for preparation of DNA probes and lack of background pause sites and uniform distribution of dideoxy terminated fragments 18 In 1998 Richardson examined the crystal structure of a bacteriophage T7 DNA replication complex at 2 2 A resolution Before imaging Richardson complexed the T7 bacteriophage DNA polymerase with a primer template and a nucleoside triphosphate in the polymerase active site Through analysis of the crystal structure Richardson determined how the replication complex selects nucleotides in a template directed manner Furthermore Richardson established an understanding of the basis for phosphoryl transfer by related polymerases with metal 19 More recently in 2011 Richardson developed a single molecule assay to measure the activity of the replisome with fluorescently labeled DNA polymerases Richardson then used this assay to quantify the process of polymerase exchange Richardson determined that soluble polymerases are recruited to an actively synthesizing replisome which leads to a polymerase exchange event between the excess polymerases and the synthesizing polymerase after about 50 seconds This supports the belief that replisomes are highly dynamic complexes 20 Awards and honors EditNational Institutes of Health NIH United States Public Health Service Post Sophomore Research Fellowship 1958 1959 1 Career Development Award National Institutes of Health 1967 1976 2 American Chemical Society Award in Biological Chemistry sponsored by Eli Lily amp Co 1968 2 Duke Medical Center Alumni Award 1972 2 National Institutes of Health MERIT award 1986 1995 2 American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Merck 2 Award in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1996 2 Herbert Tabor Journal of Biological Chemistry Lectureship Award 2006 2 Weinhouse 2007 Lecturer Thomas Jefferson University 2 Memberships EditPhi Beta Kappa Alpha Omega Alpha Pi Mu Epsilon A M Hon Harvard University 1967 2 Elected Fellow American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1975 2 Elected Member National Academy of Sciences 1983 2 Elected Member Institute of Medicine 1986 2 References Edit a b c d e Richardson Charles C June 2 2015 It Seems Like Only Yesterday Annual Review of Biochemistry 84 1 1 34 doi 10 1146 annurev biochem 060614 033850 ISSN 0066 4154 PMID 26034887 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Richardson Charles Curriculum Vitae Charles C Richardson Laboratory Retrieved March 8 2020 Chemistry Tree Charles C Richardson Family Tree academictree org Retrieved April 19 2020 Richardson Charles C Lehman I R Kornberg Arthur January 1 1964 A Deoxyribonucleic Acid Phosphatase Exonuclease from Escherichia coli II Characterization of the Exonuclease Activity Journal of Biological Chemistry 239 1 251 258 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 18 51775 0 ISSN 0021 9258 PMID 14114851 Fareed G C Richardson C C 1967 Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid II The structural gene for polynucleotide ligase in bacteriophage T4 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 58 2 665 672 Bibcode 1967PNAS 58 665F doi 10 1073 pnas 58 2 665 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 335686 PMID 5234326 Grippo Pasquale Richardson Charles C November 25 1971 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase of Bacteriophage T7 Journal of Biological Chemistry 246 22 6867 6873 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 19 45926 7 ISSN 0021 9258 PMID 4942327 Chase John W Richardson Charles C July 25 1974 Exonuclease VII of Escherichia coli Purification and Properties Journal of Biological Chemistry 249 14 4545 4552 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 19 42453 8 ISSN 0021 9258 PMID 4602029 Chase John W Richardson Charles C July 25 1974 Exonuclease VII of Escherichia coli Mechanism of Action Journal of Biological Chemistry 249 14 4553 4561 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 19 42454 X ISSN 0021 9258 PMID 4602030 Livingston D M Hinkle D C Richardson C C January 25 1975 Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III of Escherichia coli Purification and properties Journal of Biological Chemistry 250 2 461 469 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 19 41920 0 ISSN 0021 9258 PMID 1089643 Livingston D M Richardson C C January 25 1975 Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III of Escherichia coli Characterization of associated exonuclease activities Journal of Biological Chemistry 250 2 470 478 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 19 41921 2 ISSN 0021 9258 PMID 163228 Richardson Charles C January 1 1981 Boyer Paul D ed 16 Bacteriophage T4 Polynucleotide Kinase The Enzymes vol 14 Academic Press pp 299 314 doi 10 1016 S1874 6047 08 60342 X ISBN 9780121227142 retrieved April 17 2020 Bernstein J A Richardson C C August 5 1989 Characterization of the helicase and primase activities of the 63 kDa component of the bacteriophage T7 gene 4 protein Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 22 13066 13073 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 18 51596 9 ISSN 0021 9258 PMID 2546945 Mendelman L V Notarnicola S M Richardson C C December 25 1993 Evidence for distinct primase and helicase domains in the 63 kDa gene 4 protein of bacteriophage T7 Characterization of nucleotide binding site mutant Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 36 27208 27213 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 19 74239 2 ISSN 0021 9258 PMID 8262962 Crampton Donald J Richardson Charles C January 1 2003 Bacteriophage T7 gene 4 protein A hexameric DNA helicase In Hackney David D Tamanoi Fuyuhiko eds Energy Coupling and Molecular Motors pp 277 302 doi 10 1016 S1874 6047 04 80007 6 ISBN 9780121227241 Retrieved April 17 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Kresge Nicole Simoni Robert D Hill Robert L July 13 2007 DNA Replication in Bacteriophage the Work of Charles C Richardson Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 28 e22 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 19 78070 3 ISSN 0021 9258 Tabor S Richardson C C February 1 1985 A bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter system for controlled exclusive expression of specific genes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82 4 1074 1078 Bibcode 1985PNAS 82 1074T doi 10 1073 pnas 82 4 1074 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 397196 PMID 3156376 Mark D F Richardson C C March 1 1976 Escherichia coli thioredoxin a subunit of bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 73 3 780 784 Bibcode 1976PNAS 73 780M doi 10 1073 pnas 73 3 780 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 336002 PMID 768986 Tabor S Richardson C C July 1 1987 DNA sequence analysis with a modified bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84 14 4767 4771 Bibcode 1987PNAS 84 4767T doi 10 1073 pnas 84 14 4767 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 305186 PMID 3474623 Doublie Sylvie Tabor Stanley Long Alexander M Richardson Charles C Ellenberger Tom 1998 Crystal structure of a bacteriophage T7 DNA replication complex at 2 2 A resolution Nature 391 6664 251 258 Bibcode 1998Natur 391 251D doi 10 1038 34593 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 9440688 S2CID 4384241 Loparo Joseph J Kulczyk Arkadiusz W Richardson Charles C van Oijen Antoine M January 18 2011 Simultaneous single molecule measurements of phage T7 replisome composition and function reveal the mechanism of polymerase exchange Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 9 3584 3589 doi 10 1073 pnas 1018824108 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 3048139 PMID 21245349 Further reading EditRichardson Charles C June 2 2015 It Seems Like Only Yesterday Annual Review of Biochemistry 84 1 1 34 doi 10 1146 annurev biochem 060614 033850 Kresge N Simoni R D and Hill R L July 13 2007 DNA Replication in Bacteriophage the Work of Charles C Richardson Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 e22 Tabor S and Richardson C C February 2 1985 A bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter system for controlled exclusive expression of specific genes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82 4 1074 1078 doi 10 1073 pnas 82 4 1074 ISSN 0027 8424 PMID 3156376 Tabor S Richardson C C July 1 1987 DNA sequence analysis with a modified bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84 14 4767 4771 doi 10 1073 pnas 84 14 4767 ISSN 0027 8424 PMID 3474623 External links EditCharles C Richardson Laboratory Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Charles C Richardson amp oldid 1163025352, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.