Charlemagne Masséna Péralte (1886 – 1 November 1919) was a Haitiannationalist leader who opposed the United States occupation of Haiti in 1915. Leading guerrilla fighters called the Cacos, he posed such a challenge to the US forces in Haiti that the occupying forces had to upgrade their presence in the country;[1]: 213 he was eventually killed by American troops. Péralte remains a highly praised hero in Haiti.
Péralte was born October 10th 1885 (or 1886) in the city of Hinche. His father was General Remi Massena Peralte. His sister was the second wife of General/President of Haiti Oreste Zamor
Refusing to surrender to foreign troops without fighting, Péralte resigned from his position and returned to his native town of Hinche to take care of his family's land. In 1917, he was arrested for a botched raid on the Hinche gendarmerie payroll, and was sentenced to five years of forced labor.[1]: 212 Escaping his captivity, Charlemagne Péralte gathered a group of nationalist rebels and started guerrilla warfare against the US troops.
The troops led by Péralte were called "Cacos", a name that harked back to rural troops that historically took part in the political turmoil of late 19th century Haiti. The guerrilla warriors of the Cacos were such strong adversaries that the United States upgraded the US Marine contingent in Haiti and even employed airplanes for counter-guerrilla warfare.[1]: 213 His forces attacked Port-au-Prince in 1919, but were driven off.
Death and aftermath
The body of Charlemagne Péralte
After two years of guerrilla warfare, leading Péralte to declare a provisional government in the north of Haiti, Charlemagne Péralte was betrayed by one of his officers, Jean-Baptiste Conzé, who led disguised US Marines Sergeant Herman H. Hanneken (later meritoriously promoted to Second Lieutenant for his exploits) and Corporal William Button into the rebels camp, near Grande-Rivière-du-Nord.[1]: 215–217
Péralte was shot in the heart at close range.[1]: 217 Hanneken and his men then fled with Peralte's body strapped onto a mule.[1]: 218
In order to discourage rebel support from the Haitian population, the US troops took a picture of Charlemagne Péralte's body tied to a door, and distributed it in the country.[1]: 218 However, it had the opposite effect, with the image's resemblance to a crucifixion making it an icon of the resistance and establishing Péralte as a martyr.[2]
Charlemagne Péralte's remains were unearthed after the end of the US occupation in 1935. A national funeral, attended by the then-President of Haiti, Sténio Vincent, was held in Cap-Haïtien, where his grave can still be seen today.
A portrait of Charlemagne Péralte can now be seen on the Haitian coins issued by the government of Jean-Bertrand Aristide after his 1994 return under the protection of US troops.
Consequently, for their daring exploit, Corporal Button (1895–1921) and Sergeant Hanneken (1893–1986) were both awarded the Medal of Honor for killing the "supreme bandit of Haiti". Hanneken later served in World War II, notably at Guadalcanal and ended his career as a brigadier general. In his later days, he constantly declined to comment on his exploits in Haiti, notably to Haitian journalists asking for interviews on the 100th anniversary of Péralte's birth, in 1986.[citation needed]
References
^ abcdefgMusicant, I, The Banana Wars, 1990, New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., ISBN0025882104
^"An Iconic Image of Haitian Liberty". The New Yorker. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
January 29, 2023
charlemagne, péralte, charlemagne, masséna, péralte, 1886, november, 1919, haitian, nationalist, leader, opposed, united, states, occupation, haiti, 1915, leading, guerrilla, fighters, called, cacos, posed, such, challenge, forces, haiti, that, occupying, forc. Charlemagne Massena Peralte 1886 1 November 1919 was a Haitian nationalist leader who opposed the United States occupation of Haiti in 1915 Leading guerrilla fighters called the Cacos he posed such a challenge to the US forces in Haiti that the occupying forces had to upgrade their presence in the country 1 213 he was eventually killed by American troops Peralte remains a highly praised hero in Haiti Portrait of Charlemagne Peralte Contents 1 Early life 2 Guerrilla resistance 3 Death and aftermath 4 ReferencesEarly life EditPeralte was born October 10th 1885 or 1886 in the city of Hinche His father was General Remi Massena Peralte His sister was the second wife of General President of Haiti Oreste ZamorGuerrilla resistance EditAn officer by career Charlemagne Peralte was the military chief of the city of Leogane when the US Marines invaded Haiti in July 1915 Refusing to surrender to foreign troops without fighting Peralte resigned from his position and returned to his native town of Hinche to take care of his family s land In 1917 he was arrested for a botched raid on the Hinche gendarmerie payroll and was sentenced to five years of forced labor 1 212 Escaping his captivity Charlemagne Peralte gathered a group of nationalist rebels and started guerrilla warfare against the US troops The troops led by Peralte were called Cacos a name that harked back to rural troops that historically took part in the political turmoil of late 19th century Haiti The guerrilla warriors of the Cacos were such strong adversaries that the United States upgraded the US Marine contingent in Haiti and even employed airplanes for counter guerrilla warfare 1 213 His forces attacked Port au Prince in 1919 but were driven off Death and aftermath Edit The body of Charlemagne Peralte After two years of guerrilla warfare leading Peralte to declare a provisional government in the north of Haiti Charlemagne Peralte was betrayed by one of his officers Jean Baptiste Conze who led disguised US Marines Sergeant Herman H Hanneken later meritoriously promoted to Second Lieutenant for his exploits and Corporal William Button into the rebels camp near Grande Riviere du Nord 1 215 217 Peralte was shot in the heart at close range 1 217 Hanneken and his men then fled with Peralte s body strapped onto a mule 1 218 In order to discourage rebel support from the Haitian population the US troops took a picture of Charlemagne Peralte s body tied to a door and distributed it in the country 1 218 However it had the opposite effect with the image s resemblance to a crucifixion making it an icon of the resistance and establishing Peralte as a martyr 2 Charlemagne Peralte s remains were unearthed after the end of the US occupation in 1935 A national funeral attended by the then President of Haiti Stenio Vincent was held in Cap Haitien where his grave can still be seen today A portrait of Charlemagne Peralte can now be seen on the Haitian coins issued by the government of Jean Bertrand Aristide after his 1994 return under the protection of US troops Consequently for their daring exploit Corporal Button 1895 1921 and Sergeant Hanneken 1893 1986 were both awarded the Medal of Honor for killing the supreme bandit of Haiti Hanneken later served in World War II notably at Guadalcanal and ended his career as a brigadier general In his later days he constantly declined to comment on his exploits in Haiti notably to Haitian journalists asking for interviews on the 100th anniversary of Peralte s birth in 1986 citation needed References Edit a b c d e f g Musicant I The Banana Wars 1990 New York MacMillan Publishing Co ISBN 0025882104 An Iconic Image of Haitian Liberty The New Yorker 28 July 2015 Retrieved 6 January 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Charlemagne Peralte amp oldid 1134773492, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
