fbpx
Wikipedia

Chaitén (volcano)

April 12, 2024

Not to be confused with Cerro Chaltén.

Chaitén is a volcanic caldera 3 kilometres (2 mi) in diameter, 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of the elongated ice-capped Michinmahuida volcano and 10 kilometres (6 mi) northeast of the town of Chaitén, near the Gulf of Corcovado in southern Chile. The most recent eruptive phase of the volcano erupted on 2008. Originally, radiocarbon dating of older tephra from the volcano suggested that its last previous eruption was in 7420 BC ± 75 years. However, recent studies have found that the volcano is more active than thought. According to the Global Volcanism Program, its last eruption was in 2011.[1]

Chaitén
2003 photograph from the International Space Station.
The caldera is the circular feature visible in the lower part of the image. The town of Chaitén is to the top. (This image is aligned roughly southwest, around 220°.)
Highest point
Elevation1,122 m (3,681 ft)
Coordinates42°50′14″S 72°38′53″W / 42.83722°S 72.64806°W / -42.83722; -72.64806
Geography
Chaitén
Location of Chaitén
in Chile
Location10 kilometres (6 mi) northeast of Chaitén, Palena Province, Los Lagos Region, Chile
Parent rangeAndes
Geology
Mountain typeCaldera
Volcanic beltSouth Volcanic Zone
Last eruption2008 to 2011
Image of the rhyolitic lava dome of Chaitén Volcano during its 2008-2010 eruption.

The caldera rim reaches 1,122 metres (3,681 ft) above sea level. Before the current eruption, it was mostly filled by a rhyolite obsidian lava dome that reached a height of 962 metres (3,156 ft), partly devoid of vegetation. Two small lakes occupied the caldera floor on the west and north sides of the lava dome.[1]

The translucent grey obsidian which had erupted from the volcano was used by pre-Columbian cultures as a raw material for artifacts and has been found as far away as 400 kilometres (250 mi) to the south and north, for example in Chan-Chan.[2][3]

2008 eruption edit

The Chaitén volcano entered a new eruptive phase for the first time since around 1640 on the morning of May 3, 2008.[1] The Chilean government began an evacuation of the nearby town of Chaitén (population 4,200) and the surrounding area the same day, the main phase of which was completed by May 3, 2008.[4] One elderly person died while at sea en route to Puerto Montt.[5][6] By the afternoon of May 3, the plume of ash from the eruption had spread across Chile and Argentina to the Atlantic Ocean, contaminating water supplies, and reportedly coating the town of Futaleufú located 75 kilometres (47 mi) southeast to a depth of 30 centimetres (12 in).[5][7] Ash thickness estimates are often exaggerated during volcanic crises; later field investigations suggest that the average ash thickness deposited across Futaleufú was less than 5–10 cm (2–4 in).[8]

 
Image of the ash cloud from 2008 eruption stretching into San Jorge Basin in the Atlantic Ocean. MODIS, 2008-05-03.

A team of scientists from the US was dispatched to the area to assess the air quality and the risks from chemicals in the falling ash.[5]

 
The Chaitén Volcano seen from a commercial flight, October 2008.

The initial phase of the actual eruption in 2008 was characterised by ash emissions and seismic activity; local seismic measurements in 2005 registered earthquakes up to magnitude 3.6 MW below the Chaitén volcano.[9] On May 6, 2008, the force of eruption increased significantly, producing pyroclastic flows and possibly some lava explosions, and raising the eruption column to a height of perhaps 30,000 metres (98,000 ft).[10] The remaining personnel and almost all inhabitants of Chaitén and nearby villages were evacuated,[11] as was Futaleufú.[12]

 
Image of the ash cloud taken on March 6, 2009. EO-1.

In the early phase of the eruption (May 2, 2008), two separate vents had developed in the old lava dome. An overflight on May 6, 2008, found that these had fused into one vent roughly 800 metres (2,600 ft) across. OVDAS warned of possible major pyroclastic incidents, and the likelihood of prolonged activity.[13]

On May 8, 2008, the government said it would force the last residents from the danger area, but this was later legally challenged by some residents and left to no effect by the Supreme Court.[14][15] Government personnel later returned to attend to livestock and rescue dogs and other animals.[16][17]

Through the remainder of May and June 2008 the eruption continued as a variable but gradually decreasing emission of ash, with intermittent seismic activity and pyroclastic flows. On May 21, a new lava dome was observed to be forming in the crater,[1] which by May 24 exceeded the height of the old dome.[18] Initially, the dome extended towards the north side of the caldera,[19] but following the emergence of two new vents in the south of the old dome around June 11[20] and a later one to the west, the expansion moved to the south, eventually blocking the drainage from the caldera floor.[1][21][22]

As of July 3, 2008, Chaitén continued to erupt, with associated seismic activity, an eruptive column of ash up to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), and a growing lava dome.[22] Whether the dome will be stable remains uncertain, and there is an ongoing risk of collapse and explosive pyroclastic eruption.[23] In August 2008, an expedition reached the summit of Chaiten volcano. The summit crater contained a 120 metres (390 ft) high lava dome. Earthquakes were felt at the summit. The lava dome was loudly degassing, and avalanches of lava boulders fell from the dome side to the crater floor.

On February 19, 2009, a partial dome collapse caused pyroclastic flows to descend through the Chaitén river valley reaching down to approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) from the town of Chaitén.[24] The ash once again reached Futaleufú and parts of Chubut province in neighboring Argentina. The approximately 160 people that were in Chaitén were strongly urged to leave, and all but 25 people who refused to leave were evacuated that day.[25]

Damage edit

Forests near the volcano have been burned by pyroclastic flows and lateral explosions.[26] Large parts of southern Argentina and Chile have been coated with ash, with possible longer term consequences for agriculture, although not only negative as ash adds new minerals to the soil. Large amounts of ash have fallen in some areas, posing a risk of lahars for several communities.[citation needed]

Beginning on May 12, lahars caused flooding in the town of Chaitén,[27] depositing ash mud to a depth of up to a metre or more, damaging many buildings, and completely filling the original course of the Chaitén River past the town. Over the subsequent weeks, the river excavated a new course through Chaitén, completely destroying a significant part of it by July 2008. Some defensive work has been undertaken by the government. There were plans to move town some 10 kilometres (6 mi) north but these have not been concluded as yet. The town of Chaiten is slowly recovering. Its current population is about 900 people.[citation needed]

Rarity edit

This eruption is known as the first major explosive eruption of rhyolite magma in nearly a century, since the 1912 eruption of Novarupta, in Alaska.[8] Although there have been rhyolitic eruptions in the southern section of the Southern Volcanic Zone in the past, these are relatively scarce and there is no historic rhyolitic eruption of the magnitude of Chaitén.[citation needed]

 
Areal view of Chaitén after the volcanic tephra filled the river bed—the river flooded and buried large parts of the town with volcanic material.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e "Chaitén". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  2. ^ Naranjo, José A; Stern, Charles R (December 2004). "Holocene tephrochronology of the southernmost part (42°30'-45°S) of the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone" (PDF). Revista Geológica de Chile. 31 (2): 225–240. doi:10.4067/S0716-02082004000200003. ISSN 0716-0208. OCLC 61022562.
  3. ^ (in Spanish) Pino, Mario and Navarro, Rayen. Geoarqueología del sitio arcaico Chan-Chan 18. Revista Geológica de Chile, 2005.
  4. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). ONEMI. May 3, 2008. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  5. ^ a b c Malinowski, Matt (May 5, 2008). . Patagonia Times. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
  6. ^ "One dead as Chilean volcano spews ash for third day". Reuters UK. Thomson Reuters. May 4, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
  7. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). ONEMI. May 4, 2008. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  8. ^ a b Watt, S.F.L.; Pyle, D.M.; Mather, T.A.; Martin, R.S.; Matthews, N.E. (2009). "Fallout and distribution of volcanic ash over Argentina following the May 2008 explosive eruption of Chaiten, Chile". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (B04207). Bibcode:2009JGRB..11404207W. doi:10.1029/2008JB006219. S2CID 53137424.
  9. ^ Lange, D.; Cembrano, J.; Rietbrock, A.; Haberland, C.; Dahm, T.; Bataille, K. (April 2008). "First seismic record for intra-arc strike-slip tectonics along the Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone at the obliquely convergent plate margin of the southern Andes". Tectonophysics. 455 (1–4): 14–24. Bibcode:2008Tectp.455...14L. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.04.014. hdl:10533/139825.
  10. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). ONEMI. May 6, 2008. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  11. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). ONEMI. May 6, 2008. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  12. ^ "Chile eruption spurs evacuations". BBC News. BBC. May 6, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
  13. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. May 6, 2008. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  14. ^ "Alcalde acusó "irresponsabilidad" de la Suprema por visar regreso a Chaitén". Cooperativa.cl. July 11, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
  15. ^ "Chile gives volcano holdouts ultimatum to flee" (Press release). Reuters. May 8, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  16. ^ "Chile Evacuates as Volcano Ash Reaches Buenos Aires". Bloomberg. May 7, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  17. ^ "Carabineros continúa rescate de mascotas en Chaitén" (in Spanish). La Nación. May 28, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  18. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. May 26, 2008. Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  19. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. May 22, 2008. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  20. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. June 13, 2008. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008.
  21. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. June 22, 2008. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  22. ^ a b (Press release) (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. July 3, 2008. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  23. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. June 27, 2008. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  24. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. February 19, 2009. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009.
  25. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). ONEMI. February 19, 2009. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011.
  26. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). SERNAGEOMIN. June 5, 2008. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  27. ^ (Press release) (in Spanish). ONEMI. May 12, 2008. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chaitén volcano.

Articles

  • BBC News: In pictures: Chile volcano erupts
  • Chaiten Volcano Still Active - The Big Picture - Boston.com
  • Dagbladet: Vulkanen blir sintere March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (in Norwegian)
  • (in Spanish)
  • TerraDaily: Chilean volcano turns Chaiten into ghost town
  • The Volcanism Blog - Chaitén
  • Chaiten Volcano - John Seach
  • (in Spanish)

Scientific Papers on the Chaitén eruption

  • A Folch et al., 2008, Volcanic ash forecast – application to the May 2008 Chaitén eruption, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 927-940
  • SFL Watt et al., 2009, Fallout and distribution of volcanic ash over Argentina following the May 2008 explosive eruption of Chaiten, Chile, Journal of Geophysical Research (Solid Earth) 114, B04207
  • M Reich et al., 2009, Formation of cristobalite nanofibers during explosive volcanic eruptions, Geology 37, 435-438

Photography

  • BBC, November 1, 2008, Alert at smoking Chile volcano
  • (in Spanish)
  • (in Spanish)
  • (in Spanish)

Webcams

April 12, 2024
chaitén, volcano, confused, with, cerro, chaltén, chaitén, volcanic, caldera, kilometres, diameter, kilometres, west, elongated, capped, michinmahuida, volcano, kilometres, northeast, town, chaitén, near, gulf, corcovado, southern, chile, most, recent, eruptiv. Not to be confused with Cerro Chalten Chaiten is a volcanic caldera 3 kilometres 2 mi in diameter 17 kilometres 11 mi west of the elongated ice capped Michinmahuida volcano and 10 kilometres 6 mi northeast of the town of Chaiten near the Gulf of Corcovado in southern Chile The most recent eruptive phase of the volcano erupted on 2008 Originally radiocarbon dating of older tephra from the volcano suggested that its last previous eruption was in 7420 BC 75 years However recent studies have found that the volcano is more active than thought According to the Global Volcanism Program its last eruption was in 2011 1 Chaiten2003 photograph from the International Space Station The caldera is the circular feature visible in the lower part of the image The town of Chaiten is to the top This image is aligned roughly southwest around 220 Highest pointElevation1 122 m 3 681 ft Coordinates42 50 14 S 72 38 53 W 42 83722 S 72 64806 W 42 83722 72 64806GeographyChaitenLocation of Chaitenin ChileLocation10 kilometres 6 mi northeast of Chaiten Palena Province Los Lagos Region ChileParent rangeAndesGeologyMountain typeCalderaVolcanic beltSouth Volcanic ZoneLast eruption2008 to 2011Image of the rhyolitic lava dome of Chaiten Volcano during its 2008 2010 eruption The caldera rim reaches 1 122 metres 3 681 ft above sea level Before the current eruption it was mostly filled by a rhyolite obsidian lava dome that reached a height of 962 metres 3 156 ft partly devoid of vegetation Two small lakes occupied the caldera floor on the west and north sides of the lava dome 1 The translucent grey obsidian which had erupted from the volcano was used by pre Columbian cultures as a raw material for artifacts and has been found as far away as 400 kilometres 250 mi to the south and north for example in Chan Chan 2 3 Contents 1 2008 eruption 1 1 Damage 1 2 Rarity 2 References 3 External links2008 eruption editThe Chaiten volcano entered a new eruptive phase for the first time since around 1640 on the morning of May 3 2008 1 The Chilean government began an evacuation of the nearby town of Chaiten population 4 200 and the surrounding area the same day the main phase of which was completed by May 3 2008 4 One elderly person died while at sea en route to Puerto Montt 5 6 By the afternoon of May 3 the plume of ash from the eruption had spread across Chile and Argentina to the Atlantic Ocean contaminating water supplies and reportedly coating the town of Futaleufu located 75 kilometres 47 mi southeast to a depth of 30 centimetres 12 in 5 7 Ash thickness estimates are often exaggerated during volcanic crises later field investigations suggest that the average ash thickness deposited across Futaleufu was less than 5 10 cm 2 4 in 8 nbsp Image of the ash cloud from 2008 eruption stretching into San Jorge Basin in the Atlantic Ocean MODIS 2008 05 03 A team of scientists from the US was dispatched to the area to assess the air quality and the risks from chemicals in the falling ash 5 nbsp The Chaiten Volcano seen from a commercial flight October 2008 The initial phase of the actual eruption in 2008 was characterised by ash emissions and seismic activity local seismic measurements in 2005 registered earthquakes up to magnitude 3 6 MW below the Chaiten volcano 9 On May 6 2008 the force of eruption increased significantly producing pyroclastic flows and possibly some lava explosions and raising the eruption column to a height of perhaps 30 000 metres 98 000 ft 10 The remaining personnel and almost all inhabitants of Chaiten and nearby villages were evacuated 11 as was Futaleufu 12 nbsp Image of the ash cloud taken on March 6 2009 EO 1 In the early phase of the eruption May 2 2008 two separate vents had developed in the old lava dome An overflight on May 6 2008 found that these had fused into one vent roughly 800 metres 2 600 ft across OVDAS warned of possible major pyroclastic incidents and the likelihood of prolonged activity 13 On May 8 2008 the government said it would force the last residents from the danger area but this was later legally challenged by some residents and left to no effect by the Supreme Court 14 15 Government personnel later returned to attend to livestock and rescue dogs and other animals 16 17 Through the remainder of May and June 2008 the eruption continued as a variable but gradually decreasing emission of ash with intermittent seismic activity and pyroclastic flows On May 21 a new lava dome was observed to be forming in the crater 1 which by May 24 exceeded the height of the old dome 18 Initially the dome extended towards the north side of the caldera 19 but following the emergence of two new vents in the south of the old dome around June 11 20 and a later one to the west the expansion moved to the south eventually blocking the drainage from the caldera floor 1 21 22 As of July 3 2008 Chaiten continued to erupt with associated seismic activity an eruptive column of ash up to 3 000 metres 9 800 ft and a growing lava dome 22 Whether the dome will be stable remains uncertain and there is an ongoing risk of collapse and explosive pyroclastic eruption 23 In August 2008 an expedition reached the summit of Chaiten volcano The summit crater contained a 120 metres 390 ft high lava dome Earthquakes were felt at the summit The lava dome was loudly degassing and avalanches of lava boulders fell from the dome side to the crater floor On February 19 2009 a partial dome collapse caused pyroclastic flows to descend through the Chaiten river valley reaching down to approximately 5 kilometres 3 mi from the town of Chaiten 24 The ash once again reached Futaleufu and parts of Chubut province in neighboring Argentina The approximately 160 people that were in Chaiten were strongly urged to leave and all but 25 people who refused to leave were evacuated that day 25 Damage edit Forests near the volcano have been burned by pyroclastic flows and lateral explosions 26 Large parts of southern Argentina and Chile have been coated with ash with possible longer term consequences for agriculture although not only negative as ash adds new minerals to the soil Large amounts of ash have fallen in some areas posing a risk of lahars for several communities citation needed Beginning on May 12 lahars caused flooding in the town of Chaiten 27 depositing ash mud to a depth of up to a metre or more damaging many buildings and completely filling the original course of the Chaiten River past the town Over the subsequent weeks the river excavated a new course through Chaiten completely destroying a significant part of it by July 2008 Some defensive work has been undertaken by the government There were plans to move town some 10 kilometres 6 mi north but these have not been concluded as yet The town of Chaiten is slowly recovering Its current population is about 900 people citation needed Rarity edit This eruption is known as the first major explosive eruption of rhyolite magma in nearly a century since the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska 8 Although there have been rhyolitic eruptions in the southern section of the Southern Volcanic Zone in the past these are relatively scarce and there is no historic rhyolitic eruption of the magnitude of Chaiten citation needed nbsp Areal view of Chaiten after the volcanic tephra filled the river bed the river flooded and buried large parts of the town with volcanic material References edit a b c d e Chaiten Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Retrieved May 2 2018 Naranjo Jose A Stern Charles R December 2004 Holocene tephrochronology of the southernmost part 42 30 45 S of the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone PDF Revista Geologica de Chile 31 2 225 240 doi 10 4067 S0716 02082004000200003 ISSN 0716 0208 OCLC 61022562 in Spanish Pino Mario and Navarro Rayen Geoarqueologia del sitio arcaico Chan Chan 18 Revista Geologica de Chile 2005 MINISTRO DEL INTERIOR EN CHAITEN ES UN EXITO SIN PRECEDENTES HABER EVACUADO EN 24 HORAS A CUATRO MIL PERSONAS Press release in Spanish ONEMI May 3 2008 Archived from the original on June 11 2008 Retrieved July 9 2008 a b c Malinowski Matt May 5 2008 Evacuations continue in Chile volcano zone Patagonia Times Archived from the original on May 9 2008 Retrieved May 13 2008 One dead as Chilean volcano spews ash for third day Reuters UK Thomson Reuters May 4 2008 Retrieved May 13 2008 Informe Nª 248 04 05 08 Actividad Volcanica Actualiza Informacion Press release in Spanish ONEMI May 4 2008 Archived from the original on June 11 2008 Retrieved July 9 2008 a b Watt S F L Pyle D M Mather T A Martin R S Matthews N E 2009 Fallout and distribution of volcanic ash over Argentina following the May 2008 explosive eruption of Chaiten Chile Journal of Geophysical Research 114 B04207 Bibcode 2009JGRB 11404207W doi 10 1029 2008JB006219 S2CID 53137424 Lange D Cembrano J Rietbrock A Haberland C Dahm T Bataille K April 2008 First seismic record for intra arc strike slip tectonics along the Liquine Ofqui fault zone at the obliquely convergent plate margin of the southern Andes Tectonophysics 455 1 4 14 24 Bibcode 2008Tectp 455 14L doi 10 1016 j tecto 2008 04 014 hdl 10533 139825 Informe N 252 06 05 08 Se activan todos los operativos de evacuacion en Chaiten Press release in Spanish ONEMI May 6 2008 Archived from the original on December 26 2008 Retrieved July 9 2008 Informe N 251 06 05 08 Se evacua de manera preventiva totalidad de personas en Chaiten Press release in Spanish ONEMI May 6 2008 Archived from the original on December 26 2008 Retrieved July 9 2008 Chile eruption spurs evacuations BBC News BBC May 6 2008 Retrieved May 13 2008 Informa Sobre Erupcion del Volcan Chaiten Press release in Spanish SERNAGEOMIN May 6 2008 Archived from the original on December 26 2008 Retrieved July 9 2008 Alcalde acuso irresponsabilidad de la Suprema por visar regreso a Chaiten Cooperativa cl July 11 2008 Retrieved May 2 2013 Chile gives volcano holdouts ultimatum to flee Press release Reuters May 8 2008 Retrieved July 9 2008 Chile Evacuates as Volcano Ash Reaches Buenos Aires Bloomberg May 7 2008 Retrieved July 10 2008 Carabineros continua rescate de mascotas en Chaiten in Spanish La Nacion May 28 2008 Retrieved July 10 2008 Actividad Eruptiva del Volcan Chaiten ha Decaido al Tipo Subpliniano Press release in Spanish SERNAGEOMIN May 26 2008 Archived from the original on May 29 2008 Retrieved July 10 2008 Informa Acerca de Actividad Eruptiva del volcan Chaiten Press release in Spanish SERNAGEOMIN May 22 2008 Archived from the original on December 26 2008 Retrieved July 10 2008 Volcan Chaiten Presento Aumento de Actividad Eruptiva Press release in Spanish SERNAGEOMIN June 13 2008 Archived from the original on June 17 2008 Informa Acerca de Actividad Eruptiva del Volcan Chaiten Press release in Spanish SERNAGEOMIN June 22 2008 Archived from the original on December 26 2008 Retrieved July 10 2008 a b informa sobre el volcan Chaiten Press release in Spanish SERNAGEOMIN July 3 2008 Archived from the original on December 26 2008 Retrieved July 11 2008 Informa acerca del Volcan Chaiten Press release in Spanish SERNAGEOMIN June 27 2008 Archived from the original on December 26 2008 Retrieved July 11 2008 19 02 2009 Erupcion del Volcan Chaiten Informe Especial Press release in Spanish SERNAGEOMIN February 19 2009 Archived from the original on February 25 2009 19 02 09 Chaiten Informe consolidado del dia Press release in Spanish ONEMI February 19 2009 Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Informa acerca del Volcan Chaiten Press release in Spanish SERNAGEOMIN June 5 2008 Archived from the original on June 17 2008 Retrieved July 10 2008 Informe N 270 12 05 08 Actividad Volcan Chaiten Actualiza Informacion Press release in Spanish ONEMI May 12 2008 Archived from the original on June 16 2008 Retrieved July 10 2008 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chaiten volcano Articles BBC News In pictures Chile volcano erupts Chaiten Volcano Still Active The Big Picture Boston com Dagbladet Vulkanen blir sintere Archived March 3 2016 at the Wayback Machine in Norwegian SERNAGEOMIN in Spanish TerraDaily Chilean volcano turns Chaiten into ghost town The Volcanism Blog Chaiten Chaiten Volcano John Seach The story of how Chaiten volcano was discovered in Spanish Scientific Papers on the Chaiten eruption A Folch et al 2008 Volcanic ash forecast application to the May 2008 Chaiten eruption Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 8 927 940 LE Lara 2009 The 2008 eruption of the Chaiten volcano a preliminary report Andean Geology 36 125 129 SFL Watt et al 2009 Fallout and distribution of volcanic ash over Argentina following the May 2008 explosive eruption of Chaiten Chile Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 114 B04207 M Reich et al 2009 Formation of cristobalite nanofibers during explosive volcanic eruptions Geology 37 435 438Photography BBC November 1 2008 Alert at smoking Chile volcano Images and videos of current eruption in Spanish Region de los Lagos regional government photographs of the emergency in Spanish Image gallery in Spanish Webcams Chaiten caldera webcam Southern Andean Volcano Observatory Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chaiten volcano amp oldid 1195409294, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.