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Sri Lanka Signals Corps

The Sri Lanka Signals Corps (SLSC) (Sinhalese: ශ්‍රී ලංකා සංඥා බලකාය Shri Lanka Sana Balakaya) is a combat support corps of the Sri Lanka Army,[1] responsible for providing military communications, information technology and electronic warfare support. The corps is made up of a signals brigade, ten regular regiments and one volunteer regiment. It is responsible for installing, maintaining and operating all types of telecommunications equipment and information systems. It is headquartered at the Panagoda Cantonment.

Sri Lanka Signals Corps
ශ්‍රී ලංකා සංඥා බලකාය
Active19 October 1943 - Present
Country Sri Lanka
Branch Sri Lanka Army
TypeSignal corps
RoleMilitary communications
Electronic warfare
Information technology support
Cyberwarfare
Size1 signal brigade
10 regular regiments
1 volunteer regiment
Regimental HeadquartersPanagoda Cantonment, Homagama
Nickname(s)SLSC
Motto(s)ස්ථීර ක්‍ෂණික Sthira Kshanika
(Sinhala: Swift and Sure)
Colors     
MarchBegone Dull Care
Anniversaries19 October
EngagementsSri Lankan Civil War
United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
Insurrection 1987-89
1971 Insurrection
World War II
Websitearmy.lk/signaller
Commanders
Centre CommandantBrigadier GS Fonseka USP psc
Regimental Sergeant MajorWarrant officer E M S C Ekanayaka
Colonel of
the Regiment
Major General K.A.W.S. Ratnayake ndu
Notable
commanders
Lieutenant Colonel D.V. Brohier (First Commanding Officer)
Major General W.J.T.K. Fernando
Major General C.J. Abayaratne
Major General A.M.C.W.B. Senewiratne
Major General Y.S.A. de Silva
Major General T.F. Meedin RSP, Ldmc
Major General K.A.W.S. Ratnayake ndu
Insignia
Flag

Colonel Commandant of the SL Signals and Chief Signal Officer of the Sri Lanka Army is Major General HMLD Herath RSP USP psc. Brigadier BI Assalaratchi USP psc is Commander Signals Brigade, operationally in charge of all units and sub-units in the field.

The flag and cap badge feature Mercury, the winged messenger of the gods, who is referred to by members of the corps as "Jimmy".

History edit

Established on October 19, 1943, as a part of the Ceylon Defence Force[2] it was reformed as a troop of signals February 9, 1950 following the formation of the Ceylon Army in 1949. The initial task of this troop was to provide communications between Army HQ and its branches. In 1949, the Volunteer Signals unit was commanded by Lt Col CR De Silva. By the end of 1950 this troop had 1 Officer and 17 other ranks and their tasks included establishing a signals office at Army HQ, provision of a signal dispatch service, manning a switch board and the construction and maintenance of underground as well as field cables. In May 1951 another Signals Office was established in Diyatalawa to serve the Garrison HQ which was just formed at that time. By October 1, 1951, the troop was raised to a squadron with a strength of 4 officers and 142 other ranks.

In 1951 formal approval was granted to wear the Royal Signals badges with the additional scroll "CEYLON" on it and to adopt the Royal Signals march Begone Dull Care as the regimental march of the Ceylon Signals Corps and in 1959 the 1st Regiment of the Ceylon Signals was formed with Lt Col DV Brohier was appointed as its first Commanding Officer. In 1962 following the attempted military coup the 2nd volunteer signal regiment was disbanded and its remaining personnel transferred to form the National Service Regiment (NSR).

In 1972 with Sri Lanka proclaiming itself a republic, the Corps was renamed as the Sri Lanka Signals Corps. In 1980 a new Volunteer squadron was raised. The Corps has expanded to a level of a Signals Brigade with integral signals units under HQ Chief Signal Officer at the highest level of command in performing the classic role. The Signals Corps provides support to the combat and support arms by providing communications, electronic warfare and information technology support in the battle field and at the rear. All these signal units and sub-units administratively come under the aegis of the Regimental Centre located at Panagoda Cantonment.

Organization edit

 
Signal Corps Center
Unit Established Commanding Officer Base
HQ Chief Signal Officer 6 June 2022 Major General KAWS Ratnayake ndu Army Headquarters - Akuregoda
Directorate of Information Technology 1 March 2010 Colonel HDJP Weerathunga Panagoda Cantonment
HQ Signal Brigade 1 June 1988 (Sri Lanka) Panagoda Cantonment
Centre Commandant 19 October 1990 Colonel AKD Adikari USP Panagoda Cantonment
1 SLSC 14 October 1958 Lieutenant Colonel PAR Anthonis psc Mullaitivu
3 SLSC 9 March 1989 Lieutenant Colonel Lt Col ULCD Perera psc Palaly
4 SLSC 1 April 1991 Lieutenant colonel RDRM Fernando RSP USP psc Anuradhapura
5 SLSC 1 March 1994 Lieutenant Colonel SALI Jayasena psc Padukka
6 SLSC (IT) 3 December 1996 (RFT Unit)16 June 2014

(Information Technology Unit)

Lieutenant Colonel W P D N Abeyrathne Jaffna
7 SLSC 23 August 2022 Maj DSL Kumarasiri Diyatalawa
9 SLSC 21 April 2008 Lieutenant colonel BMMB Herath RSP USP Kilinochchi
10 SLSC (CT) 13 August 2000
(as the Signal Base workshop)24 April 2015
Lieutenant Colonel HMBMB Herath USP Panagoda Cantonment
11 SLSC (IT) 23 August 1990
(as the Electronic Data Processing Unit)21 September 2010
Lieutenant Colonel AMCK Gunathilake Panagoda Cantonment
12 SLSC (CS) 10 July 2015 Colonel KVP Dhammika USP ptsc Panagoda Cantonment
2 (V) SLSC 7 August 1980
(as the 1st (Volunteer) Squadron)13 April 1999
Maj KVA Kodikara psc Dalukana

The corps also runs a School of Signals[3] in Kandy, established on 15 July 1991. The school is currently under the command of Col SJKD Jayawardena USP psc, with Major KVA Kodikara psc serving as chief instructor. The Sri Lanka Army established a Directorate of Information Technology under the Signal Corps on 1 March 2010; its current director is Major General P A J Peiris ndu.

Independent Signal Squadron edit

  • AHQ Independent Signal Squadron
  • Independent Composite Signal Squadron
  • Electronic Warfare Squadron
  • PA Squadron
  • LED Squadron

Equipment edit

Past command staff edit

Centre Commandants edit

Name From To
Colonel K.A. Gnanaweera 1990.10.19 1992.10.01
Colonel H.G.N. Padmasiri 1992.10.01 1994.09.01
Colonel M.A. Wipulaguna 1994.09.01 1996.10.19
Colonel K.S. Liyanage 1997.02.05 1999.01.13
Colonel Piyal Abeysekera 1999.01.13 1999.11.11
Lieutenant Colonel A.T. Banagoda 1999.11.11 2001.04.06
Colonel H.M.H.A. Herath 2001.04.06 2002.05.08
Colonel T.F. Meedin RSP Ldmc MMS MIT 2002.05.08 2003.08.10
Colonel S.A.P.P. Samarasinghe 2003.08.10 2005.01.03
Colonel R.A. Kaduwela 2005.01.03 2006.02.08
Colonel K.R.P. Rowel 2006.02.08 2007.11.30
Colonel R.A.S. Ranasinghe 2007.12.06 2009.10.30
Colonel M.T. Vaidyaratne 2009.10.30 2010.04.24
Colonel D.R. Dharmasiri 2010.04.24 2010.06.10
Colonel H.P. Seneviratne 2010.06.10 2010.10.05
Brigadier HP Seneviratne 2010.10.05 2011.02.06
Lieutenant Colonel L.S.P. Perera (Officiating) 2011.02.06 2011.05.02
Colonel D.R. Dharmasiri 2011.05.02 2014. 07.25
Colonel N.P. Akuranthilake 2014.07.25 2017. 01.10
Brigadier P.A.J. Peiris 2017.01.10 2018.07.18
Brigadier L.S.P Perera USP 2018.07.18 2020.09.22
Brigadier G.G.A. Gunasekara USP 2020.09.23 2021.09.14
Brigadier GS Fonseka USP psc 2021.09.21 2023.01.04
Brigadier BI Assalaratchi USP psc 2023.01.04 2023.01.19
Colonel AKD Adikari USP 2023.01.19 Up to date

Colonel Commandants edit

Name From To
Brigadier C.J. Abeyratne 1988.07.15 1991.04.01
Brigadier F.C.J. De Silva 1991.04.02 1991.10.15
Brigadier C.J. Abeyratne 1991.10.16 1992.05.01
Colonel K.A. Gnanaweera 1992.05.02 1993.06.27
Colonel H.G.N. Padmasiri 1993.06.28 1993.12.01
Brigadier A.M.C.W.B. Seneviratne 1993.12.02 1994.05.01
Colonel H.G.N. Padmasiri 1994.05.02 1996.10.20
Colonel M.A. Wipulaguna 1996.10.21 1996.12.11
Colonel W.D.N. Premasiri 1996.12.12 1999.02.20
Colonel Y.S.A. de Silva 1999.02.21 2003.03.12
Colonel Piyal Abeysekera 2003.03.13 2003.08.21
Brigadier Y.S.A. de Silva 2003.08.22 2004.05.14
Brigadier Piyal Abeysekera 2004.07.29 2005.12.26
Brigadier T.F. Meedin RSP Ldmc MMS MIT 2005.12.27 2009.07.21
Major General S A P P Samarasinghe RSP psc 2009.07.22 2011.08.29
Major General R A Kaduwela 2011.08.30 2013.04.10
Major General K R P Rowel RWP USP ndu psc 2013.10.04 2017.04.11
Major General B H M A Wijesinghe USP ndu psc 2017.04.11 2019.04.26
Major General N M Hettiarachchi USP psc Hdmc MMS 2019.04.26 2020.02.24
Major General D A P N Dematanpitiya ndu psc 2020.02.26 2021.01.14
Major General P A J Peiris ndu 2021.01.15 2022.05.05
Major General HMLD Herath RSP USP psc 2022.05.06 2023.03.02
Major General K.A.W.S. Ratnayake ndu 2023.03.03 2024.01.01

Notable officers edit

  • Lieutenant Colonel Gotabhaya Rajapaksa, RWP, RSP - President of Sri Lanka
  • Lieutenant Colonel DV Brohier - First Commanding Officer, Ceylon Signals Corps
  • Brigadier C. T. Caldera - second Commanding Officer, Ceylon Signals Corps
  • Lieutenant Colonel Basil R. Jesudasan - former Commanding Officer, 2nd Volunteer Signals, Ceylon Signals Corps & accused conspirator in the 1962 coup d'état attempt
  • Major General Piyal Abeysekera (also known as E.P. de Z. Abeysekera) USP, MSc - former Deputy Chief of Staff of Sri Lanka Army
  • Major General W.J.T.K. Fernando psc - former CO, 1SLSC
  • Major General C.J. Abayaratna VSV, USP - 1st Colonel Commandant, SLSC, former Signals Brigade Commander & former CO, 1SLSC
  • Major General A.M.C.W.B. Senewiratne VSV, USP, psc - 4th Colonel Commandant, SLSC & former CO, 3 SLSC
  • Major General Y.S.A. de Silva USP - 5th Colonel Commandant, SLSC, former Signals Brigade Commander & former CO 4 SLSC
  • Major General Tuan Fadyl Meedin RSP, Ldmc - 6th Colonel Commandant, SLSC, 1st Chief Signals Officer (CSO), Chief Innovations Officer (CIO), Signals Brigade Commander, Chief Controller- Centre for Research & Development (MOD), Centre Commandant & former CO- 1 SLSC
  • Major General K.A.W.S. Ratnayake ndu - 10th Chief Signal Officer - Sri Lanka Army, 16th Regimental Commander and Colonel Commandant - SLSC

Alliances edit

Order of precedence edit

Abbreviation edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Home". army.lk.
  2. ^ "Forgotten campaign, forgotten veterans".
  3. ^ "Sri Lanka Signal Corps - Sri Lanka Army". www.army.lk.
  4. ^ "Medals | Sri Lanka Army". www.army.lk.

External links edit

  • Sri Lanka Army
  • Sri Lanka Signals Corps

lanka, signals, corps, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, febr. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sri Lanka Signals Corps news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message The Sri Lanka Signals Corps SLSC Sinhalese ශ ර ල ක ස ඥ බලක ය Shri Lanka Sana Balakaya is a combat support corps of the Sri Lanka Army 1 responsible for providing military communications information technology and electronic warfare support The corps is made up of a signals brigade ten regular regiments and one volunteer regiment It is responsible for installing maintaining and operating all types of telecommunications equipment and information systems It is headquartered at the Panagoda Cantonment Sri Lanka Signals Corpsශ ර ල ක ස ඥ බලක යActive19 October 1943 PresentCountry Sri LankaBranch Sri Lanka ArmyTypeSignal corpsRoleMilitary communicationsElectronic warfareInformation technology supportCyberwarfareSize1 signal brigade 10 regular regiments 1 volunteer regimentRegimental HeadquartersPanagoda Cantonment HomagamaNickname s SLSCMotto s ස ථ ර ක ෂණ ක Sthira Kshanika Sinhala Swift and Sure Colors MarchBegone Dull CareAnniversaries19 OctoberEngagementsSri Lankan Civil War United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Insurrection 1987 89 1971 Insurrection World War IIWebsitearmy wbr lk wbr signallerCommandersCentre CommandantBrigadier GS Fonseka USP pscRegimental Sergeant MajorWarrant officer E M S C EkanayakaColonel ofthe RegimentMajor General K A W S Ratnayake nduNotablecommandersLieutenant Colonel D V Brohier First Commanding Officer Major General W J T K FernandoMajor General C J AbayaratneMajor General A M C W B Senewiratne Major General Y S A de SilvaMajor General T F Meedin RSP LdmcMajor General K A W S Ratnayake nduInsigniaFlag Colonel Commandant of the SL Signals and Chief Signal Officer of the Sri Lanka Army is Major General HMLD Herath RSP USP psc Brigadier BI Assalaratchi USP psc is Commander Signals Brigade operationally in charge of all units and sub units in the field The flag and cap badge feature Mercury the winged messenger of the gods who is referred to by members of the corps as Jimmy Contents 1 History 2 Organization 2 1 Independent Signal Squadron 3 Equipment 4 Past command staff 4 1 Centre Commandants 4 2 Colonel Commandants 5 Notable officers 6 Alliances 7 Order of precedence 8 Abbreviation 9 References 10 External linksHistory editEstablished on October 19 1943 as a part of the Ceylon Defence Force 2 it was reformed as a troop of signals February 9 1950 following the formation of the Ceylon Army in 1949 The initial task of this troop was to provide communications between Army HQ and its branches In 1949 the Volunteer Signals unit was commanded by Lt Col CR De Silva By the end of 1950 this troop had 1 Officer and 17 other ranks and their tasks included establishing a signals office at Army HQ provision of a signal dispatch service manning a switch board and the construction and maintenance of underground as well as field cables In May 1951 another Signals Office was established in Diyatalawa to serve the Garrison HQ which was just formed at that time By October 1 1951 the troop was raised to a squadron with a strength of 4 officers and 142 other ranks In 1951 formal approval was granted to wear the Royal Signals badges with the additional scroll CEYLON on it and to adopt the Royal Signals march Begone Dull Care as the regimental march of the Ceylon Signals Corps and in 1959 the 1st Regiment of the Ceylon Signals was formed with Lt Col DV Brohier was appointed as its first Commanding Officer In 1962 following the attempted military coup the 2nd volunteer signal regiment was disbanded and its remaining personnel transferred to form the National Service Regiment NSR In 1972 with Sri Lanka proclaiming itself a republic the Corps was renamed as the Sri Lanka Signals Corps In 1980 a new Volunteer squadron was raised The Corps has expanded to a level of a Signals Brigade with integral signals units under HQ Chief Signal Officer at the highest level of command in performing the classic role The Signals Corps provides support to the combat and support arms by providing communications electronic warfare and information technology support in the battle field and at the rear All these signal units and sub units administratively come under the aegis of the Regimental Centre located at Panagoda Cantonment Organization edit nbsp Signal Corps Center Unit Established Commanding Officer Base HQ Chief Signal Officer 6 June 2022 Major General KAWS Ratnayake ndu Army Headquarters Akuregoda Directorate of Information Technology 1 March 2010 Colonel HDJP Weerathunga Panagoda Cantonment HQ Signal Brigade 1 June 1988 Sri Lanka Panagoda Cantonment Centre Commandant 19 October 1990 Colonel AKD Adikari USP Panagoda Cantonment 1 SLSC 14 October 1958 Lieutenant Colonel PAR Anthonis psc Mullaitivu 3 SLSC 9 March 1989 Lieutenant Colonel Lt Col ULCD Perera psc Palaly 4 SLSC 1 April 1991 Lieutenant colonel RDRM Fernando RSP USP psc Anuradhapura 5 SLSC 1 March 1994 Lieutenant Colonel SALI Jayasena psc Padukka 6 SLSC IT 3 December 1996 RFT Unit 16 June 2014 Information Technology Unit Lieutenant Colonel W P D N Abeyrathne Jaffna 7 SLSC 23 August 2022 Maj DSL Kumarasiri Diyatalawa 9 SLSC 21 April 2008 Lieutenant colonel BMMB Herath RSP USP Kilinochchi 10 SLSC CT 13 August 2000 as the Signal Base workshop 24 April 2015 Lieutenant Colonel HMBMB Herath USP Panagoda Cantonment 11 SLSC IT 23 August 1990 as the Electronic Data Processing Unit 21 September 2010 Lieutenant Colonel AMCK Gunathilake Panagoda Cantonment 12 SLSC CS 10 July 2015 Colonel KVP Dhammika USP ptsc Panagoda Cantonment 2 V SLSC 7 August 1980 as the 1st Volunteer Squadron 13 April 1999 Maj KVA Kodikara psc Dalukana The corps also runs a School of Signals 3 in Kandy established on 15 July 1991 The school is currently under the command of Col SJKD Jayawardena USP psc with Major KVA Kodikara psc serving as chief instructor The Sri Lanka Army established a Directorate of Information Technology under the Signal Corps on 1 March 2010 its current director is Major General P A J Peiris ndu Independent Signal Squadron edit AHQ Independent Signal Squadron Independent Composite Signal Squadron Electronic Warfare Squadron PA Squadron LED SquadronEquipment editMan portable Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radars MSTAR TRC 274 wideband tactical jammersPast command staff editCentre Commandants edit Name From To Colonel K A Gnanaweera 1990 10 19 1992 10 01 Colonel H G N Padmasiri 1992 10 01 1994 09 01 Colonel M A Wipulaguna 1994 09 01 1996 10 19 Colonel K S Liyanage 1997 02 05 1999 01 13 Colonel Piyal Abeysekera 1999 01 13 1999 11 11 Lieutenant Colonel A T Banagoda 1999 11 11 2001 04 06 Colonel H M H A Herath 2001 04 06 2002 05 08 Colonel T F Meedin RSP Ldmc MMS MIT 2002 05 08 2003 08 10 Colonel S A P P Samarasinghe 2003 08 10 2005 01 03 Colonel R A Kaduwela 2005 01 03 2006 02 08 Colonel K R P Rowel 2006 02 08 2007 11 30 Colonel R A S Ranasinghe 2007 12 06 2009 10 30 Colonel M T Vaidyaratne 2009 10 30 2010 04 24 Colonel D R Dharmasiri 2010 04 24 2010 06 10 Colonel H P Seneviratne 2010 06 10 2010 10 05 Brigadier HP Seneviratne 2010 10 05 2011 02 06 Lieutenant Colonel L S P Perera Officiating 2011 02 06 2011 05 02 Colonel D R Dharmasiri 2011 05 02 2014 07 25 Colonel N P Akuranthilake 2014 07 25 2017 01 10 Brigadier P A J Peiris 2017 01 10 2018 07 18 Brigadier L S P Perera USP 2018 07 18 2020 09 22 Brigadier G G A Gunasekara USP 2020 09 23 2021 09 14 Brigadier GS Fonseka USP psc 2021 09 21 2023 01 04 Brigadier BI Assalaratchi USP psc 2023 01 04 2023 01 19 Colonel AKD Adikari USP 2023 01 19 Up to date Colonel Commandants edit Name From To Brigadier C J Abeyratne 1988 07 15 1991 04 01 Brigadier F C J De Silva 1991 04 02 1991 10 15 Brigadier C J Abeyratne 1991 10 16 1992 05 01 Colonel K A Gnanaweera 1992 05 02 1993 06 27 Colonel H G N Padmasiri 1993 06 28 1993 12 01 Brigadier A M C W B Seneviratne 1993 12 02 1994 05 01 Colonel H G N Padmasiri 1994 05 02 1996 10 20 Colonel M A Wipulaguna 1996 10 21 1996 12 11 Colonel W D N Premasiri 1996 12 12 1999 02 20 Colonel Y S A de Silva 1999 02 21 2003 03 12 Colonel Piyal Abeysekera 2003 03 13 2003 08 21 Brigadier Y S A de Silva 2003 08 22 2004 05 14 Brigadier Piyal Abeysekera 2004 07 29 2005 12 26 Brigadier T F Meedin RSP Ldmc MMS MIT 2005 12 27 2009 07 21 Major General S A P P Samarasinghe RSP psc 2009 07 22 2011 08 29 Major General R A Kaduwela 2011 08 30 2013 04 10 Major General K R P Rowel RWP USP ndu psc 2013 10 04 2017 04 11 Major General B H M A Wijesinghe USP ndu psc 2017 04 11 2019 04 26 Major General N M Hettiarachchi USP psc Hdmc MMS 2019 04 26 2020 02 24 Major General D A P N Dematanpitiya ndu psc 2020 02 26 2021 01 14 Major General P A J Peiris ndu 2021 01 15 2022 05 05 Major General HMLD Herath RSP USP psc 2022 05 06 2023 03 02 Major General K A W S Ratnayake ndu 2023 03 03 2024 01 01Notable officers editLieutenant Colonel Gotabhaya Rajapaksa RWP RSP President of Sri Lanka Lieutenant Colonel DV Brohier First Commanding Officer Ceylon Signals Corps Brigadier C T Caldera second Commanding Officer Ceylon Signals Corps Lieutenant Colonel Basil R Jesudasan former Commanding Officer 2nd Volunteer Signals Ceylon Signals Corps amp accused conspirator in the 1962 coup d etat attempt Major General Piyal Abeysekera also known as E P de Z Abeysekera USP MSc former Deputy Chief of Staff of Sri Lanka Army Major General W J T K Fernando psc former CO 1SLSC Major General C J Abayaratna VSV USP 1st Colonel Commandant SLSC former Signals Brigade Commander amp former CO 1SLSC Major General A M C W B Senewiratne VSV USP psc 4th Colonel Commandant SLSC amp former CO 3 SLSC Major General Y S A de Silva USP 5th Colonel Commandant SLSC former Signals Brigade Commander amp former CO 4 SLSC Major General Tuan Fadyl Meedin RSP Ldmc 6th Colonel Commandant SLSC 1st Chief Signals Officer CSO Chief Innovations Officer CIO Signals Brigade Commander Chief Controller Centre for Research amp Development MOD Centre Commandant amp former CO 1 SLSC Major General K A W S Ratnayake ndu 10th Chief Signal Officer Sri Lanka Army 16th Regimental Commander and Colonel Commandant SLSCAlliances edit nbsp United Kingdom Royal Corps of SignalsOrder of precedence editPreceded bySri Lanka Engineers Order of Precedence Succeeded bySri Lanka Light InfantryAbbreviation editCSO Chief Signal Officer PWV 4 Parama Weera Vibhushanaya WV Weerodara Vibhushanaya WWV Weera Wickrama Vibhushanaya RWP Rana Wickrama Padakkama RSP Rana Sura Padakkama VSV Vishista Sewa Vibhushanaya USP Utthama Seva Padakkama psc passed staff college ndu national defense university IT Information Technology CS Cyber Security CT Communication TechnologyReferences edit Home army lk Forgotten campaign forgotten veterans Sri Lanka Signal Corps Sri Lanka Army www army lk Medals Sri Lanka Army www army lk External links editSri Lanka Army Sri Lanka Signals Corps Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sri Lanka Signals Corps amp oldid 1211173062, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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