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Cerebellar hypoplasia (non-human)

April 14, 2024

For the condition in humans, see Cerebellar hypoplasia.

Cerebellar hypoplasia (CH) is a neurological condition in which the cerebellum is smaller than usual or not completely developed.[1] It has been reported in many animal species.[2]

Function and development of the cerebellum edit

The cerebellum is the brain's main control center for planning, adjusting, and executing movements of the body, the limbs and the eyes. It plays a major role in several forms of motor learning, including balance and posture.[3]

In the past, the evidence for a role for the cerebellum in cognitive functions was rather weak.[4] However, investigations into the cognitive neuroscience of the cerebellum are rapidly advancing, extending far beyond the traditional view. For humans, current theories support that what the cerebellum does to sensorimotor and vestibular control, it also does to cognition, emotion, and autonomic function.[5][6]  How it functions in cognition, emotion, or autonomic function in animals is still largely unknown. In 2012, a study in mice provided direct evidence that subtle disruptions in cerebellar architecture can have pronounced effects on behaviors typically associated with autistic-like behavior.[7]

Development of the cerebellum starts in a fetus in utero and, depending on the species, may continue for some period after birth. Postnatal development periods vary by species including: dogs up to 75 days, cats to 84 days, calves up to six months.[8]

Causes edit

A hereditary link to CH has been established in some animals, including certain breeds of cows[2] and dogs.[9] 

There are numerous other potential causes for CH. It is suspected that the most common cause is animal parvoviruses.[10]

Feline panleukopenia ("FPLV" a.k.a. Feline Distemper or Feline Parvo) virus has long been known to cause cerebellar hypoplasia in neonatal kittens through in utero or perinatal infection.[11]In utero, the virus can pass from the dam to the developing fetus and may then disrupt the development of its cerebellum by hindering cell division. This can happen when the dam is actively infected with the virus or given a modified-live FPV vaccine when pregnant.[12] Kittens are particularly vulnerable to CH, in particular when the protective antibodies present in their mothers' milk are no longer present at four to twelve weeks of age. Unvaccinated adult cats are also prone to developing the condition.[13]

In most cases the cause is unknown. However, in dogs and cats it is thought to be most likely related to in utero viral infections, toxins or genetic disorders.[14]

Other possible causes, if they occurred during the development period of the cerebellum and inhibit its growth, include:[15]

Symptoms edit

Diagnosis edit

Numerous problems can be mistaken for CH. These include (but are not limited to):

Treatment edit

Special considerations edit

In 2004, a study was published that linked ketamine to post-anesthetic cerebellar dysfunction in cats.[20] 11 cats that did not have any indication of cerebellar deficits before surgery developed deficits post-surgery. All of these cats were Persian crossbreeds. Ketamine can cause erratic and spastic, jerky movements and muscle tremors and is slow to be metabolized out of the system.[citation needed] The 2018 American Association of Feline Practitioner's Feline Anesthesia Guidelines[21] lists numerous alternatives. Gas anesthesia offers a number of advantages in many circumstances. In CH cats the rapid recovery is its primary advantage.[citation needed]

Prognosis edit

If the root cause of the CH impacted other parts of the developing brain and/or body, the overall health and life-span may or may not be impacted. For instance, fetuses infected in utero by FPLV that survive, and kittens less than a few weeks of age that become infected with it, can also have retinal dysplasia, and optic neuropathy.[22]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Cerebellar Hypoplasia Information Page".
  2. ^ a b "Congenital and Inherited Cerebellar Disorders - Nervous System". Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
  3. ^ "Neural - Cerebellum Development". from the original on 2015-05-18.
  4. ^ Glickstein M (October 2007). "What does the cerebellum really do?". Current Biology. 17 (19): R824-7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.009. PMID 17925205. S2CID 14683993.
  5. ^ Schmahmann JD (January 2019). "The cerebellum and cognition". Neuroscience Letters. 688: 62–75. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.005. PMID 29997061. S2CID 51623392.
  6. ^ Basson MA, Wingate RJ (September 2013). "Congenital hypoplasia of the cerebellum: developmental causes and behavioral consequences". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 7: 29. doi:10.3389/fnana.2013.00029. PMC 3759752. PMID 24027500.
  7. ^ Tsai PT, Hull C, Chu Y, Greene-Colozzi E, Sadowski AR, Leech JM, Steinberg J, Crawley JN, Regehr WG, Sahin M (August 2012). "Autistic-like behaviour and cerebellar dysfunction in Purkinje cell Tsc1 mutant mice". Nature. 488 (7413): 647–51. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..647T. doi:10.1038/nature11310. PMC 3615424. PMID 22763451.
  8. ^ DeLahunta A, Glass E (2009). Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology. Saunders Elsevier. pp. 348–350. ISBN 9780721667065.
  9. ^ "Brain Tissue Undervelopment in Dogs | petMD". www.petmd.com. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  10. ^ Pattison, John R.; Patou, Gary (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.), "Parvoviruses", Medical Microbiology (4th ed.), Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2, PMID 21413262, retrieved 2021-05-02
  11. ^ De Lahunta A, Glass E (2009). "Cerebellum". Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology. pp. 348–388. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7216-6706-5.00013-5. ISBN 9780721667065.
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on 2019-03-02. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  13. ^ "Feline Parvovirus (FPV)" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-28.
  14. ^ LeCouteur RA (2002). "Cerebellar Diseases of Dogs and Cats". Vin.com. WSAVA 2002 Congress.
  15. ^ Delauche A, Franklin R, Marsella R, Garosi L (February 2019). "Brain: cerebellar disease". Vet Stream. ISSN 2398-2950.
  16. ^ Hartmann, Katrin (January 2005). "Feline infectious peritonitis". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 35 (1): 39–79. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.10.011. ISSN 0195-5616. PMC 7114919. PMID 15627627.
  17. ^ Wilson J (7 March 2017). "Ataxia (Wobbly Gait) in Cats - Causes, Symptoms & Treatment - Cat World – Cat Health, Cat Care & Cat Advice". Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  18. ^ "Feline infectious peritonitis". 16 October 2017.
  19. ^ Skelly, Barbara J.; Franklin, Robin J. M. (2002). "Recognition and Diagnosis of Lysosomal Storage Diseases in the Cat and Dog". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 16 (2): 133–141. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02344.x. ISSN 1939-1676. PMID 11899921.
  20. ^ Shamir M, Goelman G, Chai O (May–Jun 2004). "Postanesthetic cerebellar dysfunction in cats". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 18 (3): 368–9. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02562.x. PMID 15188828.
  21. ^ "Anesthesia Guidelines". catvets.com. American Association of Feline Practitioners. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  22. ^ "Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat" (4th ed.). Elsevier. Retrieved 2019-03-14.

Further reading edit

  • Schatzberg SJ, Haley NJ, Barr SC, Parrish C, Steingold S, Summers BA, deLahunta A, Kornegay JN, Sharp NJ (2003). "Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of parvoviral DNA from the brains of dogs and cats with cerebellar hypoplasia". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 17 (4): 538–44. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02475.x. PMID 12892305.
  • Sharp NJ, Davis BJ, Guy JS, Cullen JM, Steingold SF, Kornegay JN (July 1999). "Hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in two kittens attributed to intrauterine parvovirus infection". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 121 (1): 39–53. doi:10.1053/jcpa.1998.0298. PMID 10373292.

External links edit

  • Feline vestibular syndrome
  • Life with CH Cats
  • Cerebellar hypoplasia 2019-03-02 at the Wayback Machine. Kitty Cat Chronicles
  • The Handicapped Pets Foundation

April 14, 2024
cerebellar, hypoplasia, human, condition, humans, cerebellar, hypoplasia, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, v. For the condition in humans see Cerebellar hypoplasia This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Cerebellar hypoplasia non human news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article is written like a manual or guide Please help rewrite this article and remove advice or instruction March 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cerebellar hypoplasia CH is a neurological condition in which the cerebellum is smaller than usual or not completely developed 1 It has been reported in many animal species 2 Contents 1 Function and development of the cerebellum 2 Causes 3 Symptoms 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 5 1 Special considerations 6 Prognosis 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksFunction and development of the cerebellum editThe cerebellum is the brain s main control center for planning adjusting and executing movements of the body the limbs and the eyes It plays a major role in several forms of motor learning including balance and posture 3 In the past the evidence for a role for the cerebellum in cognitive functions was rather weak 4 However investigations into the cognitive neuroscience of the cerebellum are rapidly advancing extending far beyond the traditional view For humans current theories support that what the cerebellum does to sensorimotor and vestibular control it also does to cognition emotion and autonomic function 5 6 How it functions in cognition emotion or autonomic function in animals is still largely unknown In 2012 a study in mice provided direct evidence that subtle disruptions in cerebellar architecture can have pronounced effects on behaviors typically associated with autistic like behavior 7 Development of the cerebellum starts in a fetus in utero and depending on the species may continue for some period after birth Postnatal development periods vary by species including dogs up to 75 days cats to 84 days calves up to six months 8 Causes editA hereditary link to CH has been established in some animals including certain breeds of cows 2 and dogs 9 There are numerous other potential causes for CH It is suspected that the most common cause is animal parvoviruses 10 Feline panleukopenia FPLV a k a Feline Distemper or Feline Parvo virus has long been known to cause cerebellar hypoplasia in neonatal kittens through in utero or perinatal infection 11 In utero the virus can pass from the dam to the developing fetus and may then disrupt the development of its cerebellum by hindering cell division This can happen when the dam is actively infected with the virus or given a modified live FPV vaccine when pregnant 12 Kittens are particularly vulnerable to CH in particular when the protective antibodies present in their mothers milk are no longer present at four to twelve weeks of age Unvaccinated adult cats are also prone to developing the condition 13 In most cases the cause is unknown However in dogs and cats it is thought to be most likely related to in utero viral infections toxins or genetic disorders 14 Other possible causes if they occurred during the development period of the cerebellum and inhibit its growth include 15 hypoxia Malnutrition either from a lack of adequate critical nutrients or an inability to absorb them mycotic infection Protozoal infection e g toxoplasmosis rickettsial infection most are spread through ticks mites fleas or lice Traumatic brain injury Viral infection e g feline infectious peritonitis 16 Symptoms editThis section is empty You can help by adding to it August 2023 Diagnosis editNumerous problems can be mistaken for CH These include but are not limited to Ataxia vestibular or sensory 17 feline infectious peritonitis FIP 18 lysosomal storage diseases 19 Treatment editSpecial considerations edit In 2004 a study was published that linked ketamine to post anesthetic cerebellar dysfunction in cats 20 11 cats that did not have any indication of cerebellar deficits before surgery developed deficits post surgery All of these cats were Persian crossbreeds Ketamine can cause erratic and spastic jerky movements and muscle tremors and is slow to be metabolized out of the system citation needed The 2018 American Association of Feline Practitioner s Feline Anesthesia Guidelines 21 lists numerous alternatives Gas anesthesia offers a number of advantages in many circumstances In CH cats the rapid recovery is its primary advantage citation needed Prognosis editIf the root cause of the CH impacted other parts of the developing brain and or body the overall health and life span may or may not be impacted For instance fetuses infected in utero by FPLV that survive and kittens less than a few weeks of age that become infected with it can also have retinal dysplasia and optic neuropathy 22 See also editCerebellar hypoplasia the condition as it occurs in human beingsReferences edit Cerebellar Hypoplasia Information Page a b Congenital and Inherited Cerebellar Disorders Nervous System Merck Veterinary Manual Retrieved 2019 02 20 Neural Cerebellum Development Archived from the original on 2015 05 18 Glickstein M October 2007 What does the cerebellum really do Current Biology 17 19 R824 7 doi 10 1016 j cub 2007 08 009 PMID 17925205 S2CID 14683993 Schmahmann JD January 2019 The cerebellum and cognition Neuroscience Letters 688 62 75 doi 10 1016 j neulet 2018 07 005 PMID 29997061 S2CID 51623392 Basson MA Wingate RJ September 2013 Congenital hypoplasia of the cerebellum developmental causes and behavioral consequences Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 7 29 doi 10 3389 fnana 2013 00029 PMC 3759752 PMID 24027500 Tsai PT Hull C Chu Y Greene Colozzi E Sadowski AR Leech JM Steinberg J Crawley JN Regehr WG Sahin M August 2012 Autistic like behaviour and cerebellar dysfunction in Purkinje cell Tsc1 mutant mice Nature 488 7413 647 51 Bibcode 2012Natur 488 647T doi 10 1038 nature11310 PMC 3615424 PMID 22763451 DeLahunta A Glass E 2009 Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology Saunders Elsevier pp 348 350 ISBN 9780721667065 Brain Tissue Undervelopment in Dogs petMD www petmd com Retrieved 2019 03 01 Pattison John R Patou Gary 1996 Baron Samuel ed Parvoviruses Medical Microbiology 4th ed Galveston TX University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston ISBN 978 0 9631172 1 2 PMID 21413262 retrieved 2021 05 02 De Lahunta A Glass E 2009 Cerebellum Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology pp 348 388 doi 10 1016 B978 0 7216 6706 5 00013 5 ISBN 9780721667065 Feline panleukopenia Archived from the original on 2019 03 02 Retrieved 2019 03 01 Feline Parvovirus FPV PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2020 10 28 LeCouteur RA 2002 Cerebellar Diseases of Dogs and Cats Vin com WSAVA 2002 Congress Delauche A Franklin R Marsella R Garosi L February 2019 Brain cerebellar disease Vet Stream ISSN 2398 2950 Hartmann Katrin January 2005 Feline infectious peritonitis The Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 35 1 39 79 doi 10 1016 j cvsm 2004 10 011 ISSN 0195 5616 PMC 7114919 PMID 15627627 Wilson J 7 March 2017 Ataxia Wobbly Gait in Cats Causes Symptoms amp Treatment Cat World Cat Health Cat Care amp Cat Advice Retrieved 2019 03 02 Feline infectious peritonitis 16 October 2017 Skelly Barbara J Franklin Robin J M 2002 Recognition and Diagnosis of Lysosomal Storage Diseases in the Cat and Dog Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 16 2 133 141 doi 10 1111 j 1939 1676 2002 tb02344 x ISSN 1939 1676 PMID 11899921 Shamir M Goelman G Chai O May Jun 2004 Postanesthetic cerebellar dysfunction in cats Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 18 3 368 9 doi 10 1111 j 1939 1676 2004 tb02562 x PMID 15188828 Anesthesia Guidelines catvets com American Association of Feline Practitioners Retrieved 2019 03 03 Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat 4th ed Elsevier Retrieved 2019 03 14 Further reading editSchatzberg SJ Haley NJ Barr SC Parrish C Steingold S Summers BA deLahunta A Kornegay JN Sharp NJ 2003 Polymerase chain reaction PCR amplification of parvoviral DNA from the brains of dogs and cats with cerebellar hypoplasia Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17 4 538 44 doi 10 1111 j 1939 1676 2003 tb02475 x PMID 12892305 Sharp NJ Davis BJ Guy JS Cullen JM Steingold SF Kornegay JN July 1999 Hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in two kittens attributed to intrauterine parvovirus infection Journal of Comparative Pathology 121 1 39 53 doi 10 1053 jcpa 1998 0298 PMID 10373292 External links editFeline vestibular syndrome Life with CH Cats Cerebellar hypoplasia Archived 2019 03 02 at the Wayback Machine Kitty Cat Chronicles The Handicapped Pets Foundation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cerebellar hypoplasia non human amp oldid 1207782368, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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