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Catharus

January 01, 1970

The genus Catharus is an evolutionary clade of forest-dwelling passerine birds in the family Turdidae (thrushes), commonly known as nightingale-thrushes. The extant species are widely distributed across the Americas and are descended from a common ancestor that lived 4–6 million years ago.[2] Most of the species are shy of humans, seldom leaving the cover of dense forest vegetation, where their activities are hidden from view. Thus, many fundamental aspects of their biology and life histories are poorly known.[3][4][5]

Catharus
Black-headed nightingale-thrush (Catharus mexicanus)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Turdidae
Genus: Catharus
Bonaparte, 1850
Type species
Turdus immaculatus[1]
Bonaparte, 1850

Nightingale-thrushes are small omnivorous songbirds that, like their sister species the wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), exhibit a variety of migratory and non-migratory habits.[2][6] Multiple species are long-distance migrants that breed in North America and "winter" in the Neotropics. The breeding range of one migratory species, the gray-cheeked thrush (C. minimus), extends into eastern Siberia. The remainder of the migratory species are restricted to the Americas, notwithstanding occasional vagrant records in Europe[7] and northeast Asia.[8] The non-migratory species are residents of the Neotropical realm.[9][10][11][12][5]

Systematics edit

Historically, the migratory and residents were placed in two genera: Hylocichla and Catharus, respectively.[13] However, molecular studies indicate that hermit thrush (C. guttatus) is more closely related to three Neotropical species (C. occidentalis, C. gracilirostris, C. frantzii) than to the long-distance migrants which it superficially resembles.[14][6][15][2] This pattern of homoplasy may be the result of two independent origins of migration in the genus, and the convergent evolution of phenotypic characters associated with migration.[6]

The taxonomy of Catharus dates to the 18th century and has a confusing history resulting from multiple cryptic species, taxonomic composites, misidentified species, and other historical errors.[12][16][17] The name Catharus, authored by Charles Lucien Bonaparte, is derived from the Ancient Greek καθαρός (katharós) meaning "pure" or "clean", and refers to the plumage of the orange-billed nightingale-thrush (C. aurantiirostris).[18]

 
Charles Lucien Bonaparte (1803–1857), who gave the genus Catharus its name in 1850.

Species delimitation in Catharus remains an active topic of study and multiple taxonomic splits have been proposed and/or adopted during the last half century, to recognize long-overlooked cryptic species. For example, evidence supporting the split of C. frantzii and C. occidentalis was published in 1969;[12] evidence supporting the split of C. bicknelli and C. minimus was published in 1993;[19] most recently, evidence supporting the split of C. dryas and C. maculatus was published in 2017.[11] The sister taxa C. ustulatus and C. swainsoni have also been treated at species rank by some authors.[17][20]

The nightingale-thrushes, revered for their beautiful songs, have long been compared to the common nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos). Theodore Roosevelt once remarked that, "In melody, and above all in that finer, higher melody where the chords vibrate with the touch of eternal sorrow, [L. megarhynchos] cannot rank with such singers as the Wood Thrush and Hermit Thrush. The serene, ethereal beauty of the Hermit's song, rising and falling through the still evening under the archways of hoary mountain forests that have endured from time everlasting".[21] A study published in 2014 presented evidence that hermit thrush songs, like human music, tend to be constructed of frequency ratios that are expressed as simple mathematical ratios and follow the harmonic series.[22]

Hylocichla mustelina

C. ustulatus

C. swainsoni

C. minimus

C. bicknelli

C. fuscescens

C. guttatus

C. occidentalis

C. gracilirostris

C. frantzii

C. fuscater

C. dryas

C. maculatus

C. aurantiirostris

C. mexicanus

Molecular phylogeny of Catharus based on Everson et al. (2019)[23] with updates from Halley et al. (2017) and Halley (2019)

Species edit

Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
  Catharus dryas Yellow-throated nightingale-thrush Resident: Middle America.
  Catharus maculatus Speckled nightingale-thrush
(split from C. dryas) 		Resident: South America.
  Catharus aurantiirostris Orange-billed nightingale-thrush Resident: Mexico to Colombia and Brazil.
  Catharus mexicanus Black-headed nightingale-thrush Resident: Mexico to Costa Rica.
  Catharus fuscater Slaty-backed nightingale-thrush Resident: Costa Rica to Bolivia.
  Catharus swainsoni Swainson's thrush Migratory: breeds in North America, winters in Central and South America.
  Catharus gracilirostris Black-billed nightingale-thrush Resident: Costa Rica and Panama.
  Catharus guttatus Hermit thrush Migratory: breeds and winters in North America.
  Catharus occidentalis Russet nightingale-thrush Resident: Mexico.
  Catharus frantzii Ruddy-capped nightingale-thrush Resident: Mexico to Panama.
  Catharus minimus Gray-cheeked thrush Migratory: breeds in North America, winters in South America
  Catharus bicknelli Bicknell's thrush Migratory: breeds in northeastern North America, winters in Hispaniola
  Catharus fuscescens Veery Migratory: breeds in North America, winters in South America

References edit

  1. ^ "Turdidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
  2. ^ a b c Voelker, Gary; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Klicka, John (2013). "Gene trees, species trees and Earth history combine to shed light on the evolution of migration in a model avian system". Molecular Ecology. 22 (12): 3333–3344. doi:10.1111/mec.12305. ISSN 1365-294X. PMID 23710782. S2CID 28796611.
  3. ^ Goetz, James E.; McFarland, Kent P.; Rimmer, Christopher C. (2003). "Multiple Paternity and Multiple Male Feeders in Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli)". The Auk. 120 (4): 1044–1053. doi:10.2307/4090275. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4090275.
  4. ^ Halley, Matthew R.; Heckscher, Christopher M.; Kalavacharla, Venugopal (2016-06-22). "Multi-Generational Kinship, Multiple Mating, and Flexible Modes of Parental Care in a Breeding Population of the Veery (Catharus fuscescens), a Trans-Hemispheric Migratory Songbird". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0157051. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157051H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157051. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4917174. PMID 27331399.
  5. ^ a b Greeney, Harold F.; Dyrcz, Andrzej; Mikusek, Romuald; Port, Jeff (2015-06-01). "Cooperative Breeding at a Nest of Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrushes (Catharus fuscater)". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 127 (2): 323–325. doi:10.1676/wils-127-02-323-325.1. ISSN 1559-4491. S2CID 83730135.
  6. ^ a b c Winker, Kevin & Pruett, Christin L. (2006): "Seasonal migration, speciation, and morphological convergence in the avian genus Catharus (Turdidae). 2007-10-25 at the Wayback Machine" Auk 123(4): 1052-1068. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1052:SMSAMC]2.0.CO;2
  7. ^ Hachenberg, Andreas (2017). "Seltene Vogelarten in Baden-Württemberg 2015". Ornithologische Gesellschaft Baden-Württemberg. 33: 115–127.
  8. ^ Brazil, Mark (2009) Birds of East Asia ISBN 978-0-7136-7040-0 page 400 – 402
  9. ^ Ortiz-Ramírez, Marco F.; Andersen, Michael J.; Zaldívar-Riverón, Alejandro; Ornelas, Juan Francisco; Navarro-Sigüenza, Adolfo G. (2016-01-01). "Geographic isolation drives divergence of uncorrelated genetic and song variation in the Ruddy-capped Nightingale-Thrush (Catharus frantzii; Aves: Turdidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94 (Pt A): 74–86. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.017. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 26302950.
  10. ^ Tenorio, Elkin A.; Londoño, Gustavo A. (2019-11-10). "Nesting biology of the Spotted Nightingale-Thrush (Catharus dryas) and comparison of life histories in the genus Catharus". Journal of Natural History. 53 (41–42): 2563–2578. doi:10.1080/00222933.2019.1708493. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 213438119.
  11. ^ a b Halley, Matthew R.; Klicka, John C.; Clee, Paul R. Sesink; Weckstein, Jason D. (2017-06-13). "Restoring the species status of Catharus maculatus (Aves: Turdidae), a secretive Andean thrush, with a critique of the yardstick approach to species delimitation". Zootaxa. 4276 (3): 387–404. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4276.3.4. ISSN 1175-5334.
  12. ^ a b c Phillips, Allan R. (1969). "An Ornithological Comedy of Errors: Catharus occidentalis and C. Frantzii". The Auk. 86 (4): 605–623. doi:10.2307/4083450. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4083450.
  13. ^ Ridgway, Robert (1907). "Ridgway's 'The Birds of North and Middle America,' Part IV". The Auk. 24 (4): 450–451. doi:10.2307/4070590. JSTOR 4070590.
  14. ^ Outlaw, Diana C.; Voelker, Gary; Mila, Borja; Girman, Derek J. (April 2003). "Evolution of Long-Distance Migration in and Historical Biogeography of Catharus Thrushes: A Molecular Phylogenetic Approach". The Auk. 120 (2): 299–310. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0299:EOLMIA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0004-8038.
  15. ^ Everson, Kathryn M.; McLaughlin, Jessica F.; Cato, Iris A.; Evans, Maryanne M.; Gastaldi, Angela R.; Mills, Kendall K.; Shink, Katie G.; Wilbur, Sara M.; Winker, Kevin (2019-10-01). "Speciation, gene flow, and seasonal migration in Catharus thrushes (Aves:Turdidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 139: 106564. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106564. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 31330265.
  16. ^ Halley, Matthew R. (June 2018). "The ambiguous identity of Turdus mustelinus Wilson, and a neotype designation for the Veery Catharus fuscescens (Stephens)". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 138 (2): 79–92. doi:10.25226/bboc.v138i2.2018.a3. ISSN 0007-1595. S2CID 165880476.
  17. ^ a b Halley, Matthew R. (September 2019). "The misidentification of Turdus ustulatus Nuttall, and the names of the nightingale-thrushes (Turdidae: Catharus)". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 139 (3): 238–259. doi:10.25226/bboc.v139i3.2019.a6. ISSN 0007-1595. S2CID 202727929.
  18. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  19. ^ OUELLET, H (1993). "Bicknell's thrush: taxonomic status and distribution". Bicknell's Thrush: Taxonomic Status and Distribution. 105 (4): 545–572. ISSN 0043-5643.
  20. ^ Piacentini, Vítor de Q.; Aleixo, Alexandre; Agne, Carlos Eduardo; Maurício, Giovanni Nachtigall; Pacheco, José Fernando; Bravo, Gustavo A.; Brito, Guilherme R. R.; Naka, Luciano N.; Olmos, Fabio; Posso, Sergio; Silveira, Luís Fábio (2015-12-31). "Annotated checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee / Lista comentada das aves do Brasil pelo Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos". Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia - Brazilian Journal of Ornithology. 23 (2): 90–298. doi:10.1007/BF03544294. ISSN 2178-7875.
  21. ^ Mathews, F. Schuyler; Ussher, R. D. (1921). Field book of wild birds and their music : a description of the character and music of birds, intended to assist in the identification of species common in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains (Rev. and enl. ed.). New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
  22. ^ Doolittle, Emily L.; Gingras, Bruno; Endres, Dominik M.; Fitch, W. Tecumseh (2014-11-18). "Overtone-based pitch selection in hermit thrush song: Unexpected convergence with scale construction in human music". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (46): 16616–16621. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11116616D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1406023111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4246323. PMID 25368163.
  23. ^ Everson, K.M.; McLaughlin, J.F.; Cato, I.A.; Evans, M.M.; Gastaldi, A.R.; Mills, K.K.; Shink, K.G.; Wilbur, S.M.; Winker, K. (2019). "Speciation, gene flow, and seasonal migration in Catharus thrushes (Aves:Turdidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 139 (106564): 106564. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106564. PMID 31330265.

January 01, 1970
catharus, genus, evolutionary, clade, forest, dwelling, passerine, birds, family, turdidae, thrushes, commonly, known, nightingale, thrushes, extant, species, widely, distributed, across, americas, descended, from, common, ancestor, that, lived, million, years. The genus Catharus is an evolutionary clade of forest dwelling passerine birds in the family Turdidae thrushes commonly known as nightingale thrushes The extant species are widely distributed across the Americas and are descended from a common ancestor that lived 4 6 million years ago 2 Most of the species are shy of humans seldom leaving the cover of dense forest vegetation where their activities are hidden from view Thus many fundamental aspects of their biology and life histories are poorly known 3 4 5 Catharus Black headed nightingale thrush Catharus mexicanus Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Passeriformes Family Turdidae Genus CatharusBonaparte 1850 Type species Turdus immaculatus 1 Bonaparte 1850 Nightingale thrushes are small omnivorous songbirds that like their sister species the wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina exhibit a variety of migratory and non migratory habits 2 6 Multiple species are long distance migrants that breed in North America and winter in the Neotropics The breeding range of one migratory species the gray cheeked thrush C minimus extends into eastern Siberia The remainder of the migratory species are restricted to the Americas notwithstanding occasional vagrant records in Europe 7 and northeast Asia 8 The non migratory species are residents of the Neotropical realm 9 10 11 12 5 Systematics editHistorically the migratory and residents were placed in two genera Hylocichla and Catharus respectively 13 However molecular studies indicate that hermit thrush C guttatus is more closely related to three Neotropical species C occidentalis C gracilirostris C frantzii than to the long distance migrants which it superficially resembles 14 6 15 2 This pattern of homoplasy may be the result of two independent origins of migration in the genus and the convergent evolution of phenotypic characters associated with migration 6 The taxonomy of Catharus dates to the 18th century and has a confusing history resulting from multiple cryptic species taxonomic composites misidentified species and other historical errors 12 16 17 The name Catharus authored by Charles Lucien Bonaparte is derived from the Ancient Greek ka8aros katharos meaning pure or clean and refers to the plumage of the orange billed nightingale thrush C aurantiirostris 18 nbsp Charles Lucien Bonaparte 1803 1857 who gave the genus Catharus its name in 1850 Species delimitation in Catharus remains an active topic of study and multiple taxonomic splits have been proposed and or adopted during the last half century to recognize long overlooked cryptic species For example evidence supporting the split of C frantzii and C occidentalis was published in 1969 12 evidence supporting the split of C bicknelli and C minimus was published in 1993 19 most recently evidence supporting the split of C dryas and C maculatus was published in 2017 11 The sister taxa C ustulatus and C swainsoni have also been treated at species rank by some authors 17 20 The nightingale thrushes revered for their beautiful songs have long been compared to the common nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos Theodore Roosevelt once remarked that In melody and above all in that finer higher melody where the chords vibrate with the touch of eternal sorrow L megarhynchos cannot rank with such singers as the Wood Thrush and Hermit Thrush The serene ethereal beauty of the Hermit s song rising and falling through the still evening under the archways of hoary mountain forests that have endured from time everlasting 21 A study published in 2014 presented evidence that hermit thrush songs like human music tend to be constructed of frequency ratios that are expressed as simple mathematical ratios and follow the harmonic series 22 Hylocichla mustelina C ustulatus C swainsoni C minimus C bicknelli C fuscescens C guttatus C occidentalis C gracilirostris C frantzii C fuscater C dryas C maculatus C aurantiirostris C mexicanus Molecular phylogeny of Catharus based on Everson et al 2019 23 with updates from Halley et al 2017 and Halley 2019 Species editImage Scientific name Common Name Distribution nbsp Catharus dryas Yellow throated nightingale thrush Resident Middle America nbsp Catharus maculatus Speckled nightingale thrush split from C dryas Resident South America nbsp Catharus aurantiirostris Orange billed nightingale thrush Resident Mexico to Colombia and Brazil nbsp Catharus mexicanus Black headed nightingale thrush Resident Mexico to Costa Rica nbsp Catharus fuscater Slaty backed nightingale thrush Resident Costa Rica to Bolivia nbsp Catharus swainsoni Swainson s thrush Migratory breeds in North America winters in Central and South America nbsp Catharus gracilirostris Black billed nightingale thrush Resident Costa Rica and Panama nbsp Catharus guttatus Hermit thrush Migratory breeds and winters in North America nbsp Catharus occidentalis Russet nightingale thrush Resident Mexico nbsp Catharus frantzii Ruddy capped nightingale thrush Resident Mexico to Panama nbsp Catharus minimus Gray cheeked thrush Migratory breeds in North America winters in South America nbsp Catharus bicknelli Bicknell s thrush Migratory breeds in northeastern North America winters in Hispaniola nbsp Catharus fuscescens Veery Migratory breeds in North America winters in South AmericaReferences edit Turdidae aviansystematics org The Trust for Avian Systematics Retrieved 2023 07 15 a b c Voelker Gary Bowie Rauri C K Klicka John 2013 Gene trees species trees and Earth history combine to shed light on the evolution of migration in a model avian system Molecular Ecology 22 12 3333 3344 doi 10 1111 mec 12305 ISSN 1365 294X PMID 23710782 S2CID 28796611 Goetz James E McFarland Kent P Rimmer Christopher C 2003 Multiple Paternity and Multiple Male Feeders in Bicknell s Thrush Catharus bicknelli The Auk 120 4 1044 1053 doi 10 2307 4090275 ISSN 0004 8038 JSTOR 4090275 Halley Matthew R Heckscher Christopher M Kalavacharla Venugopal 2016 06 22 Multi Generational Kinship Multiple Mating and Flexible Modes of Parental Care in a Breeding Population of the Veery Catharus fuscescens a Trans Hemispheric Migratory Songbird PLOS ONE 11 6 e0157051 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1157051H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0157051 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 4917174 PMID 27331399 a b Greeney Harold F Dyrcz Andrzej Mikusek Romuald Port Jeff 2015 06 01 Cooperative Breeding at a Nest of Slaty backed Nightingale Thrushes Catharus fuscater The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 127 2 323 325 doi 10 1676 wils 127 02 323 325 1 ISSN 1559 4491 S2CID 83730135 a b c Winker Kevin amp Pruett Christin L 2006 Seasonal migration speciation and morphological convergence in the avian genus Catharus Turdidae Archived 2007 10 25 at the Wayback Machine Auk 123 4 1052 1068 DOI 10 1642 0004 8038 2006 123 1052 SMSAMC 2 0 CO 2 Hachenberg Andreas 2017 Seltene Vogelarten in Baden Wurttemberg 2015 Ornithologische Gesellschaft Baden Wurttemberg 33 115 127 Brazil Mark 2009 Birds of East Asia ISBN 978 0 7136 7040 0 page 400 402 Ortiz Ramirez Marco F Andersen Michael J Zaldivar Riveron Alejandro Ornelas Juan Francisco Navarro Siguenza Adolfo G 2016 01 01 Geographic isolation drives divergence of uncorrelated genetic and song variation in the Ruddy capped Nightingale Thrush Catharus frantzii Aves Turdidae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94 Pt A 74 86 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2015 08 017 ISSN 1055 7903 PMID 26302950 Tenorio Elkin A Londono Gustavo A 2019 11 10 Nesting biology of the Spotted Nightingale Thrush Catharus dryas and comparison of life histories in the genus Catharus Journal of Natural History 53 41 42 2563 2578 doi 10 1080 00222933 2019 1708493 ISSN 0022 2933 S2CID 213438119 a b Halley Matthew R Klicka John C Clee Paul R Sesink Weckstein Jason D 2017 06 13 Restoring the species status of Catharus maculatus Aves Turdidae a secretive Andean thrush with a critique of the yardstick approach to species delimitation Zootaxa 4276 3 387 404 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4276 3 4 ISSN 1175 5334 a b c Phillips Allan R 1969 An Ornithological Comedy of Errors Catharus occidentalis and C Frantzii The Auk 86 4 605 623 doi 10 2307 4083450 ISSN 0004 8038 JSTOR 4083450 Ridgway Robert 1907 Ridgway s The Birds of North and Middle America Part IV The Auk 24 4 450 451 doi 10 2307 4070590 JSTOR 4070590 Outlaw Diana C Voelker Gary Mila Borja Girman Derek J April 2003 Evolution of Long Distance Migration in and Historical Biogeography of Catharus Thrushes A Molecular Phylogenetic Approach The Auk 120 2 299 310 doi 10 1642 0004 8038 2003 120 0299 EOLMIA 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0004 8038 Everson Kathryn M McLaughlin Jessica F Cato Iris A Evans Maryanne M Gastaldi Angela R Mills Kendall K Shink Katie G Wilbur Sara M Winker Kevin 2019 10 01 Speciation gene flow and seasonal migration in Catharus thrushes Aves Turdidae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 139 106564 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2019 106564 ISSN 1055 7903 PMID 31330265 Halley Matthew R June 2018 The ambiguous identity of Turdus mustelinus Wilson and a neotype designation for the Veery Catharus fuscescens Stephens Bulletin of the British Ornithologists Club 138 2 79 92 doi 10 25226 bboc v138i2 2018 a3 ISSN 0007 1595 S2CID 165880476 a b Halley Matthew R September 2019 The misidentification of Turdus ustulatus Nuttall and the names of the nightingale thrushes Turdidae Catharus Bulletin of the British Ornithologists Club 139 3 238 259 doi 10 25226 bboc v139i3 2019 a6 ISSN 0007 1595 S2CID 202727929 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 94 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 OUELLET H 1993 Bicknell s thrush taxonomic status and distribution Bicknell s Thrush Taxonomic Status and Distribution 105 4 545 572 ISSN 0043 5643 Piacentini Vitor de Q Aleixo Alexandre Agne Carlos Eduardo Mauricio Giovanni Nachtigall Pacheco Jose Fernando Bravo Gustavo A Brito Guilherme R R Naka Luciano N Olmos Fabio Posso Sergio Silveira Luis Fabio 2015 12 31 Annotated checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee Lista comentada das aves do Brasil pelo Comite Brasileiro de Registros Ornitologicos Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia Brazilian Journal of Ornithology 23 2 90 298 doi 10 1007 BF03544294 ISSN 2178 7875 Mathews F Schuyler Ussher R D 1921 Field book of wild birds and their music a description of the character and music of birds intended to assist in the identification of species common in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains Rev and enl ed New York G P Putnam s Sons Doolittle Emily L Gingras Bruno Endres Dominik M Fitch W Tecumseh 2014 11 18 Overtone based pitch selection in hermit thrush song Unexpected convergence with scale construction in human music Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 46 16616 16621 Bibcode 2014PNAS 11116616D doi 10 1073 pnas 1406023111 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 4246323 PMID 25368163 Everson K M McLaughlin J F Cato I A Evans M M Gastaldi A R Mills K K Shink K G Wilbur S M Winker K 2019 Speciation gene flow and seasonal migration in Catharus thrushes Aves Turdidae Molecular Phylogenetics amp Evolution 139 106564 106564 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2019 106564 PMID 31330265 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Catharus amp oldid 1193506673, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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