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Clinical formulation

January 01, 1970

A clinical formulation, also known as case formulation and problem formulation, is a theoretically-based explanation or conceptualisation of the information obtained from a clinical assessment. It offers a hypothesis about the cause and nature of the presenting problems and is considered an adjunct or alternative approach to the more categorical approach of psychiatric diagnosis.[1] In clinical practice, formulations are used to communicate a hypothesis and provide framework for developing the most suitable treatment approach. It is most commonly used by clinical psychologists and is deemed to be a core component of that profession.[2] Mental health nurses,[3] social workers, and some psychiatrists[4] may also use formulations.

Types of formulation edit

Different psychological schools or models utilize clinical formulations, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and related therapies: systemic therapy,[5] psychodynamic therapy,[6] and applied behavior analysis.[7] The structure and content of a clinical formulation is determined by the psychological model. Most systems of formulation contain the following broad categories of information: symptoms and problems; precipitating stressors or events; predisposing life events or stressors; and an explanatory mechanism that links the preceding categories together and offers a description of the precipitants and maintaining influences of the person's problems.[8]

Behavioral case formulations used in applied behavior analysis and behavior therapy are built on a rank list of problem behaviors,[7] from which a functional analysis is conducted,[9] sometimes based on relational frame theory.[10] Such functional analysis is also used in third-generation behavior therapy or clinical behavior analysis such as acceptance and commitment therapy[11] and functional analytic psychotherapy.[12] Functional analysis looks at setting events (ecological variables, history effects, and motivating operations), antecedents, behavior chains, the problem behavior, and the consequences, short- and long-term, for the behavior.[9]

A model of formulation that is more specific to CBT is described by Jacqueline Persons.[13] This has seven components: problem list, core beliefs, precipitants and activating situations, origins, working hypothesis, treatment plan, and predicted obstacles to treatment.

A psychodynamic formulation would consist of a summarizing statement, a description of nondynamic factors, description of core psychodynamics using a specific model (such as ego psychology, object relations or self psychology), and a prognostic assessment which identifies the potential areas of resistance in therapy.[6]

One school of psychotherapy which relies heavily on the formulation is cognitive analytic therapy (CAT).[14] CAT is a fixed-term therapy, typically of around 16 sessions. At around session four, a formal written reformulation letter is offered to the patient which forms the basis for the rest of the treatment. This is usually followed by a diagrammatic reformulation to amplify and reinforce the letter.[15]

Many psychologists use an integrative psychotherapy approach to formulation.[16][17] This is to take advantage of the benefits of resources from each model the psychologist is trained in, according to the patient's needs.[18]

Critical evaluation of formulations edit

The quality of specific clinical formulations, and the quality of the general theoretical models used in those formulations, can be evaluated with criteria such as:[19]

  • Clarity and parsimony: Is the model understandable and internally consistent, and are key concepts discrete, specific, and non-redundant?
  • Precision and testability: Does the model produce testable hypotheses, with operationally defined and measurable concepts?
  • Empirical adequacy: Are the posited mechanisms within the model empirically validated?
  • Comprehensiveness and generalizability: Is the model holistic enough to apply across a range of clinical phenomena?
  • Utility and applied value: Does it facilitate shared meaning-making between clinician and client, and are interventions based on the model shown to be effective?

Formulations can vary in temporal scope from case-based to episode-based or moment-based, and formulations may evolve during the course of treatment.[20] Therefore, ongoing monitoring, testing, and assessment during treatment are necessary: monitoring can take the form of session-by-session progress reviews using quantitative measures, and formulations can be modified if an intervention is not as effective as hoped.[21][22]

History edit

Psychologist George Kelly, who developed personal construct theory in the 1950s, noted his complaint against traditional diagnosis in his book The Psychology of Personal Constructs (1955): "Much of the reform proposed by the psychology of personal constructs is directed towards the tendency for psychologists to impose preemptive constructions upon human behaviour. Diagnosis is all too frequently an attempt to cram a whole live struggling client into a nosological category."[23]: 154  In place of nosological categories, Kelly used the word "formulation" and mentioned two types of formulation:[24]: 337  a first stage of structuralization, in which the clinician tentatively organizes clinical case information "in terms of dimensions rather than in terms of disease entities"[23]: 192  while focusing on "the more important ways in which the client can change, and not merely ways in which the psychologist can distinguish him from other persons",[23]: 154  and a second stage of construction, in which the clinician seeks a kind of negotiated integration of the clinician's organization of the case information with the client's personal meanings.[25]

Psychologists Hans Eysenck, Monte B. Shapiro, Vic Meyer, and Ira Turkat were also among the early developers of systematic individualized alternatives to diagnosis.[26]: 4  Meyer has been credited with providing perhaps the first training course of behaviour therapy based on a case formulation model, at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School in London in 1970.[1]: 13  Meyer's original choice of words for clinical formulation were "behavioural formulation" or "problem formulation".[1]: 14 

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Bruch, Michael, ed. (2015) [1998]. Beyond diagnosis: case formulation in cognitive behavioural therapy. Wiley series in clinical psychology (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK; Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119960768. OCLC 883881251.
  2. ^ Butler, Gillian (1998). "Clinical formulation". In Bellack, Alan S.; Hersen, Michel (eds.). Comprehensive clinical psychology. Vol. 6 (1st ed.). Amsterdam; New York: Pergamon. pp. 1–24. doi:10.1016/B0080-4270(73)00186-3. ISBN 0080427073. OCLC 38048834.
  3. ^ Crowe, Marie; Carlyle, David; Farmar, R. (December 2008). "Clinical formulation for mental health nursing practice". Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 15 (10): 800–807. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01307.x. PMID 19012671.
  4. ^ Mace, Chris; Binyon, Sharon (October 2005). "Teaching psychodynamic formulation to psychiatric trainees. Part 1: Basics of formulation". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 11 (6): 416–423. doi:10.1192/apt.11.6.416.
  5. ^ Pinsof, William; Breunlin, Douglas C.; Russell, William P.; Lebow, Jay (September 2011). "Integrative problem-centered metaframeworks therapy II: planning, conversing, and reading feedback". Family Process. 50 (3): 314–336. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2011.01361.x. PMID 21884073.
  6. ^ a b Perry, Samuel; Cooper, Arnold M.; Michels, Robert (May 1987). "The psychodynamic formulation: its purpose, structure, and clinical application". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 144 (5): 543–550. doi:10.1176/ajp.144.5.543. PMID 3578562.
  7. ^ a b Cipani, Ennio; Golden, Jeannie A. (2007). "Differentiating behavioral & traditional case formulations for children with severe behavioral & emotional problems". International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 3 (4): 537–545. doi:10.1037/h0100821.
  8. ^ Eells, Tracy D.; Kendjelic, Edward M.; Lucas, Cynthia P. (Spring 1998). "What's in a case formulation?: development and use of a content coding manual". The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research. 7 (2): 144–153. PMC 3330487. PMID 9527958.
  9. ^ a b Kanter, Jonathan W.; Cautilli, Joseph D.; Busch, Andrew M.; Baruch, David E. (2005). "Toward a comprehensive functional analysis of depressive behavior: five environmental factors and a possible sixth and seventh". The Behavior Analyst Today. 6 (1): 65–81. doi:10.1037/h0100055.
  10. ^ Zettle, Robert D. (2007). ACT for depression: a clinician's guide to using acceptance & commitment therapy in treating depression. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. ISBN 9781572245099. OCLC 148853276.
  11. ^ Hayes, Steven C.; Strosahl, Kirk D.; Luoma, Jayson; Smith, Alethea A.; Wilson, Kelly G. (2004). "ACT case formulation". In Hayes, Steven C.; Strosahl, Kirk (eds.). A practical guide to acceptance and commitment therapy. New York: Springer. pp. 59–73. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-23369-7_3. ISBN 0387233679. OCLC 55534832.
  12. ^ Tsai, Mavis; Kohlenberg, Robert J.; Kanter, Jonathan W.; Holman, Gareth; Loudon, Mary Plummer (2012). Functional analytic psychotherapy: distinctive features. The CBT distinctive features series. Hove, East Sussex; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415604031. OCLC 698324521.
  13. ^ Persons, Jacqueline B. (1989). Cognitive therapy in practice: a case formulation approach (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0393700771. OCLC 19125638.
  14. ^ Ryle, Anthony (2005). "Cognitive analytic therapy". In Norcross, John C.; Goldfried, Marvin R. (eds.). Handbook of psychotherapy integration. Oxford series in clinical psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 196–217. ISBN 0195165799. OCLC 54803644.
  15. ^ Denman, Chess (July 2001). "Cognitive–analytic therapy". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 7 (4): 243–252. doi:10.1192/apt.7.4.243.
  16. ^ Caspar, Franz; Silberschatz, George; Goldfried, Marvin; Watson, Jeanne C. (March 2010). "Similarities and differences in four views of David". Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 20 (1): 101–110. doi:10.1037/a0018886.
  17. ^ Eells, Tracy D. (December 2013). "In support of evidence-based case formulation in psychotherapy (from the perspective of a clinician)". Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy. 9 (4): 457–467. doi:10.14713/pcsp.v9i4.1836.
  18. ^ Persons, Jacqueline B. (December 2013). "Who needs a case formulation and why: clinicians use the case formulation to guide decision-making". Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy. 9 (4): 448–456. doi:10.14713/pcsp.v9i4.1835.
  19. ^ Dawson, David L.; Moghaddam, Nima G. (2016). "Formulation in action: an introduction" (PDF). In Dawson, David L.; Moghaddam, Nima G. (eds.). Formulation in action: applying psychological theory to clinical practice. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 3–8 [7]. ISBN 9783110470994. OCLC 932645602.
  20. ^ Schacht, Thomas E. (December 1991). "Formulation-based psychotherapy research: some further considerations". American Psychologist. 46 (12): 1346–1347. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.46.12.1346. PMID 1801616.
  21. ^ Eells, Tracy D. (December 2013). "The case formulation approach to psychotherapy research revisited". Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy. 9 (4): 426–447. doi:10.14713/pcsp.v9i4.1834.
  22. ^ Basseches, Michael; Mascolo, Michael F. (2009). "Psychotherapy as a developmental process: implications and future directions for psychotherapy research, practice, and training". Psychotherapy as a developmental process. New York: Routledge. pp. 283–312. ISBN 9780805857306. OCLC 244063508.
  23. ^ a b c Kelly, George (1991) [1955]. The psychology of personal constructs: volume two: clinical diagnosis and psychotherapy. London; New York: Routledge in association with the Centre for Personal Construct Psychology. ISBN 9780415037983. OCLC 21760190.
  24. ^ Kelly, George (1991) [1955]. The psychology of personal constructs: volume one: theory and personality. London; New York: Routledge in association with the Centre for Personal Construct Psychology. ISBN 9780415037976. OCLC 21760190.
  25. ^ See also, for example, the summary of Kelly's concepts in: White, Lauren (March 2014). Borderline personality disorder: a personal construct approach (D.Clin.Psy. thesis). Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK: University of Hertfordshire. pp. 23–24. hdl:2299/14439. OCLC 894598148.
  26. ^ (PDF). bps.org.uk. Leicester, UK: British Psychological Society. December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2017-10-22.

Further reading edit

  • Eells, Tracy D., ed. (2007) [1997]. Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 9781593853518. OCLC 65617415.
  • Eells, Tracy D. (2015). Psychotherapy case formulation. Theories of psychotherapy series. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 9781433820106. OCLC 897001581.
  • Frank, Rochelle I.; Davidson, Joan (2014). The transdiagnostic road map to case formulation and treatment planning: practical guidance for clinical decision making. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. ISBN 9781608828951. OCLC 819383623.
  • Goldman, Rhonda N.; Greenberg, Leslie S. (2015). Case formulation in emotion-focused therapy: co-creating clinical maps for change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 9781433818202. OCLC 878667783.
  • Hallam, Richard S. (2013). Individual case formulation. Practical resources for the mental health professional. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780123982698. OCLC 819717435.
  • Haynes, Stephen N.; O'Brien, William Hayes; Kaholokula, Joseph Keaweʻaimoku (2011). Behavioral assessment and case formulation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118018644. OCLC 701808359.
  • Ingram, Barbara Lichner (2012) [2006]. Clinical case formulations: matching the integrative treatment plan to the client (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118038222. OCLC 723035074.
  • Johnstone, Lucy; Dallos, Rudi, eds. (2013) [2006]. Formulation in psychology and psychotherapy: making sense of people's problems (2nd ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415682305. OCLC 894506578.
  • Kleiger, Mary Jo Peebles (2012) [2002]. Beginnings: the art and science of planning psychotherapy (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415883085. OCLC 706022579.
  • Persons, Jacqueline B. (2008). The case formulation approach to cognitive-behavior therapy. Guides to individualized evidence-based treatment. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 9781593858759. OCLC 226356799.
  • Wilson, F. Robert (2012). "Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment planning from the ecological perspective". In Cook, Ellen Piel (ed.). Understanding people in context: the ecological perspective in counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. pp. 179–206. doi:10.1002/9781119222743.ch8. ISBN 9781556202872. OCLC 764589015.
  • Woody, Sheila R.; Detweiler-Bedell, Jerusha; Teachman, Bethany A.; O'Hearn, Todd (2003). Treatment planning in psychotherapy: taking the guesswork out of clinical care. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 1572308052. OCLC 49743479.
  • Zayfert, Claudia; Becker, Carolyn Black (2007). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD: a case formulation approach. Guides to individualized evidence-based treatment. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 9781593853693. OCLC 71139450.

January 01, 1970
clinical, formulation, clinical, formulation, also, known, case, formulation, problem, formulation, theoretically, based, explanation, conceptualisation, information, obtained, from, clinical, assessment, offers, hypothesis, about, cause, nature, presenting, p. A clinical formulation also known as case formulation and problem formulation is a theoretically based explanation or conceptualisation of the information obtained from a clinical assessment It offers a hypothesis about the cause and nature of the presenting problems and is considered an adjunct or alternative approach to the more categorical approach of psychiatric diagnosis 1 In clinical practice formulations are used to communicate a hypothesis and provide framework for developing the most suitable treatment approach It is most commonly used by clinical psychologists and is deemed to be a core component of that profession 2 Mental health nurses 3 social workers and some psychiatrists 4 may also use formulations Contents 1 Types of formulation 2 Critical evaluation of formulations 3 History 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingTypes of formulation editDifferent psychological schools or models utilize clinical formulations including cognitive behavioral therapy CBT and related therapies systemic therapy 5 psychodynamic therapy 6 and applied behavior analysis 7 The structure and content of a clinical formulation is determined by the psychological model Most systems of formulation contain the following broad categories of information symptoms and problems precipitating stressors or events predisposing life events or stressors and an explanatory mechanism that links the preceding categories together and offers a description of the precipitants and maintaining influences of the person s problems 8 Behavioral case formulations used in applied behavior analysis and behavior therapy are built on a rank list of problem behaviors 7 from which a functional analysis is conducted 9 sometimes based on relational frame theory 10 Such functional analysis is also used in third generation behavior therapy or clinical behavior analysis such as acceptance and commitment therapy 11 and functional analytic psychotherapy 12 Functional analysis looks at setting events ecological variables history effects and motivating operations antecedents behavior chains the problem behavior and the consequences short and long term for the behavior 9 A model of formulation that is more specific to CBT is described by Jacqueline Persons 13 This has seven components problem list core beliefs precipitants and activating situations origins working hypothesis treatment plan and predicted obstacles to treatment A psychodynamic formulation would consist of a summarizing statement a description of nondynamic factors description of core psychodynamics using a specific model such as ego psychology object relations or self psychology and a prognostic assessment which identifies the potential areas of resistance in therapy 6 One school of psychotherapy which relies heavily on the formulation is cognitive analytic therapy CAT 14 CAT is a fixed term therapy typically of around 16 sessions At around session four a formal written reformulation letter is offered to the patient which forms the basis for the rest of the treatment This is usually followed by a diagrammatic reformulation to amplify and reinforce the letter 15 Many psychologists use an integrative psychotherapy approach to formulation 16 17 This is to take advantage of the benefits of resources from each model the psychologist is trained in according to the patient s needs 18 Critical evaluation of formulations editThe quality of specific clinical formulations and the quality of the general theoretical models used in those formulations can be evaluated with criteria such as 19 Clarity and parsimony Is the model understandable and internally consistent and are key concepts discrete specific and non redundant Precision and testability Does the model produce testable hypotheses with operationally defined and measurable concepts Empirical adequacy Are the posited mechanisms within the model empirically validated Comprehensiveness and generalizability Is the model holistic enough to apply across a range of clinical phenomena Utility and applied value Does it facilitate shared meaning making between clinician and client and are interventions based on the model shown to be effective Formulations can vary in temporal scope from case based to episode based or moment based and formulations may evolve during the course of treatment 20 Therefore ongoing monitoring testing and assessment during treatment are necessary monitoring can take the form of session by session progress reviews using quantitative measures and formulations can be modified if an intervention is not as effective as hoped 21 22 History editPsychologist George Kelly who developed personal construct theory in the 1950s noted his complaint against traditional diagnosis in his book The Psychology of Personal Constructs 1955 Much of the reform proposed by the psychology of personal constructs is directed towards the tendency for psychologists to impose preemptive constructions upon human behaviour Diagnosis is all too frequently an attempt to cram a whole live struggling client into a nosological category 23 154 In place of nosological categories Kelly used the word formulation and mentioned two types of formulation 24 337 a first stage of structuralization in which the clinician tentatively organizes clinical case information in terms of dimensions rather than in terms of disease entities 23 192 while focusing on the more important ways in which the client can change and not merely ways in which the psychologist can distinguish him from other persons 23 154 and a second stage of construction in which the clinician seeks a kind of negotiated integration of the clinician s organization of the case information with the client s personal meanings 25 Psychologists Hans Eysenck Monte B Shapiro Vic Meyer and Ira Turkat were also among the early developers of systematic individualized alternatives to diagnosis 26 4 Meyer has been credited with providing perhaps the first training course of behaviour therapy based on a case formulation model at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School in London in 1970 1 13 Meyer s original choice of words for clinical formulation were behavioural formulation or problem formulation 1 14 See also editClinical decision support system Clinical guideline Clinical pathway Common factors theory Problem structuring methods SOAP note Therapeutic assessment Treatment decision support tools for clients References edit a b c Bruch Michael ed 2015 1998 Beyond diagnosis case formulation in cognitive behavioural therapy Wiley series in clinical psychology 2nd ed Chichester UK Malden MA John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 9781119960768 OCLC 883881251 Butler Gillian 1998 Clinical formulation In Bellack Alan S Hersen Michel eds Comprehensive clinical psychology Vol 6 1st ed Amsterdam New York Pergamon pp 1 24 doi 10 1016 B0080 4270 73 00186 3 ISBN 0080427073 OCLC 38048834 Crowe Marie Carlyle David Farmar R December 2008 Clinical formulation for mental health nursing practice Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 15 10 800 807 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2850 2008 01307 x PMID 19012671 Mace Chris Binyon Sharon October 2005 Teaching psychodynamic formulation to psychiatric trainees Part 1 Basics of formulation Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 11 6 416 423 doi 10 1192 apt 11 6 416 Pinsof William Breunlin Douglas C Russell William P Lebow Jay September 2011 Integrative problem centered metaframeworks therapy II planning conversing and reading feedback Family Process 50 3 314 336 doi 10 1111 j 1545 5300 2011 01361 x PMID 21884073 a b Perry Samuel Cooper Arnold M Michels Robert May 1987 The psychodynamic formulation its purpose structure and clinical application The American Journal of Psychiatry 144 5 543 550 doi 10 1176 ajp 144 5 543 PMID 3578562 a b Cipani Ennio Golden Jeannie A 2007 Differentiating behavioral amp traditional case formulations for children with severe behavioral amp emotional problems International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy 3 4 537 545 doi 10 1037 h0100821 Eells Tracy D Kendjelic Edward M Lucas Cynthia P Spring 1998 What s in a case formulation development and use of a content coding manual The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 7 2 144 153 PMC 3330487 PMID 9527958 a b Kanter Jonathan W Cautilli Joseph D Busch Andrew M Baruch David E 2005 Toward a comprehensive functional analysis of depressive behavior five environmental factors and a possible sixth and seventh The Behavior Analyst Today 6 1 65 81 doi 10 1037 h0100055 Zettle Robert D 2007 ACT for depression a clinician s guide to using acceptance amp commitment therapy in treating depression Oakland CA New Harbinger Publications ISBN 9781572245099 OCLC 148853276 Hayes Steven C Strosahl Kirk D Luoma Jayson Smith Alethea A Wilson Kelly G 2004 ACT case formulation In Hayes Steven C Strosahl Kirk eds A practical guide to acceptance and commitment therapy New York Springer pp 59 73 doi 10 1007 978 0 387 23369 7 3 ISBN 0387233679 OCLC 55534832 Tsai Mavis Kohlenberg Robert J Kanter Jonathan W Holman Gareth Loudon Mary Plummer 2012 Functional analytic psychotherapy distinctive features The CBT distinctive features series Hove East Sussex New York Routledge ISBN 9780415604031 OCLC 698324521 Persons Jacqueline B 1989 Cognitive therapy in practice a case formulation approach 1st ed New York W W Norton amp Co ISBN 0393700771 OCLC 19125638 Ryle Anthony 2005 Cognitive analytic therapy In Norcross John C Goldfried Marvin R eds Handbook of psychotherapy integration Oxford series in clinical psychology 2nd ed New York Oxford University Press pp 196 217 ISBN 0195165799 OCLC 54803644 Denman Chess July 2001 Cognitive analytic therapy Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 7 4 243 252 doi 10 1192 apt 7 4 243 Caspar Franz Silberschatz George Goldfried Marvin Watson Jeanne C March 2010 Similarities and differences in four views of David Journal of Psychotherapy Integration 20 1 101 110 doi 10 1037 a0018886 Eells Tracy D December 2013 In support of evidence based case formulation in psychotherapy from the perspective of a clinician Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy 9 4 457 467 doi 10 14713 pcsp v9i4 1836 Persons Jacqueline B December 2013 Who needs a case formulation and why clinicians use the case formulation to guide decision making Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy 9 4 448 456 doi 10 14713 pcsp v9i4 1835 Dawson David L Moghaddam Nima G 2016 Formulation in action an introduction PDF In Dawson David L Moghaddam Nima G eds Formulation in action applying psychological theory to clinical practice Berlin New York Walter de Gruyter pp 3 8 7 ISBN 9783110470994 OCLC 932645602 Schacht Thomas E December 1991 Formulation based psychotherapy research some further considerations American Psychologist 46 12 1346 1347 doi 10 1037 0003 066X 46 12 1346 PMID 1801616 Eells Tracy D December 2013 The case formulation approach to psychotherapy research revisited Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy 9 4 426 447 doi 10 14713 pcsp v9i4 1834 Basseches Michael Mascolo Michael F 2009 Psychotherapy as a developmental process implications and future directions for psychotherapy research practice and training Psychotherapy as a developmental process New York Routledge pp 283 312 ISBN 9780805857306 OCLC 244063508 a b c Kelly George 1991 1955 The psychology of personal constructs volume two clinical diagnosis and psychotherapy London New York Routledge in association with the Centre for Personal Construct Psychology ISBN 9780415037983 OCLC 21760190 Kelly George 1991 1955 The psychology of personal constructs volume one theory and personality London New York Routledge in association with the Centre for Personal Construct Psychology ISBN 9780415037976 OCLC 21760190 See also for example the summary of Kelly s concepts in White Lauren March 2014 Borderline personality disorder a personal construct approach D Clin Psy thesis Hatfield Hertfordshire UK University of Hertfordshire pp 23 24 hdl 2299 14439 OCLC 894598148 Good practice guidelines on the use of psychological formulation PDF bps org uk Leicester UK British Psychological Society December 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 11 17 Retrieved 2017 10 22 Further reading editEells Tracy D ed 2007 1997 Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation 2nd ed New York Guilford Press ISBN 9781593853518 OCLC 65617415 Eells Tracy D 2015 Psychotherapy case formulation Theories of psychotherapy series Washington DC American Psychological Association ISBN 9781433820106 OCLC 897001581 Frank Rochelle I Davidson Joan 2014 The transdiagnostic road map to case formulation and treatment planning practical guidance for clinical decision making Oakland CA New Harbinger Publications ISBN 9781608828951 OCLC 819383623 Goldman Rhonda N Greenberg Leslie S 2015 Case formulation in emotion focused therapy co creating clinical maps for change Washington DC American Psychological Association ISBN 9781433818202 OCLC 878667783 Hallam Richard S 2013 Individual case formulation Practical resources for the mental health professional Amsterdam Elsevier Academic Press ISBN 9780123982698 OCLC 819717435 Haynes Stephen N O Brien William Hayes Kaholokula Joseph Keaweʻaimoku 2011 Behavioral assessment and case formulation Hoboken NJ John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 9781118018644 OCLC 701808359 Ingram Barbara Lichner 2012 2006 Clinical case formulations matching the integrative treatment plan to the client 2nd ed Hoboken NJ John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 9781118038222 OCLC 723035074 Johnstone Lucy Dallos Rudi eds 2013 2006 Formulation in psychology and psychotherapy making sense of people s problems 2nd ed London New York Routledge ISBN 9780415682305 OCLC 894506578 Kleiger Mary Jo Peebles 2012 2002 Beginnings the art and science of planning psychotherapy 2nd ed New York Routledge ISBN 9780415883085 OCLC 706022579 Persons Jacqueline B 2008 The case formulation approach to cognitive behavior therapy Guides to individualized evidence based treatment New York Guilford Press ISBN 9781593858759 OCLC 226356799 Wilson F Robert 2012 Assessment diagnosis and treatment planning from the ecological perspective In Cook Ellen Piel ed Understanding people in context the ecological perspective in counseling Alexandria VA American Counseling Association pp 179 206 doi 10 1002 9781119222743 ch8 ISBN 9781556202872 OCLC 764589015 Woody Sheila R Detweiler Bedell Jerusha Teachman Bethany A O Hearn Todd 2003 Treatment planning in psychotherapy taking the guesswork out of clinical care New York Guilford Press ISBN 1572308052 OCLC 49743479 Zayfert Claudia Becker Carolyn Black 2007 Cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD a case formulation approach Guides to individualized evidence based treatment New York Guilford Press ISBN 9781593853693 OCLC 71139450 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Clinical formulation amp oldid 1221327744, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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