In anatomy, a tubercle (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on external or internal organs of a plant or an animal.
This view of the cactus Mammillaria marksiana shows its pattern of prominent tubercles, with the spines emanating from each tubercle's tip.
A tubercle is generally a wart-like projection, but it has slightly different meaning depending on which family of plants or animals it is used to refer to.
In the case of certain orchids and cacti, it denotes a round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on the lip. They are also known as podaria (singular podarium). When referring to some members of the pea family, it is used to refer to the wart-like excrescences that are found on the roots.
In fungi
In mycology, a tubercle is used to refer to a mass of hyphae from which a mushroom is made.
In animals
Nudibranch Phyllidia varicosa, clearly showing the yellow tubercles on the dorsum
When it is used in relation to certain dorid nudibranchs such as Peltodoris nobilis, it means the nodules on the dorsum of the animal. The tubercles in nudibranchs can present themselves in different ways: each tubercle in a single, rounded, conical or angular form, in a compound form of 2 or more levels, tubercles in amalgamated clusters or as tubercles forming, or joined by a ridge.
Tubercles found on the leading edge of humpback whale's flippers were demonstrated to improve fluid flow over the flipper's surface, exhibiting the tubercle effect of fluid dynamics.[1]
In dinosaurs, a tubercle is a general term for the scales seen in skin impressions. In duck-billed dinosaurs, for example, three main types of tubercles are defined: small tubercles with no definite arrangement (ground tubercles); larger, polygonal tubercles (pavement tubercles) up to 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, which are grouped into clusters separated by ground tubercles; and limpet-shaped conical scutes.[2]
In humans
Within the human body, there are numerous sites where tubercles develop. On bones, they are usually eminences used for muscle connections. Larger tubercles are also known as tuberosities.
Mouth
Tubercles are usually found behind the last molar in the upper jaw, covered by the gum. Surgery can be done to make tubercles less prominent.[3]
Tubercles are nodules that contain caseous necrosis, which form in the lungs as a result of an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the patients with tuberculosis. Granulomas form in the infected tissue and undergo necrosis in the centre. Tubercles are also known as tuberculous nodules, or tuberculomas. The affected parts develop lesions in the form of small nodules called tubercles, from which the disease gets its name.
Ears
Around the sixth week of gestation, six swellings of tissue called the hillocks of Hiss arise around the area that will form the ear canal. These eventually coalesce to form the outer ear. Darwin's tubercle is a minor malformation of the junction of the fourth and fifth hillocks of Hiss. It is found in a substantial minority of people and takes the form of a cartilaginous node or bump on the rim of their outer ear, which is thought to be the vestige of a joint that allowed the top part of the ancestral ear to swivel or flop down over the opening to the ear.[5]
The septotubercular tract can be found in the human, as well as in the sheep brain. It is found nearby the septohypothalamic tract. Its function to the brain is ambiguous at this point.[citation needed]
^Leading-edge tubercles delay stall on humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) flippers, DS Miklosovic, MM Murray, LE Howle, FE Fish, Physics of Fluids (1994-present) 16 (5), L39-L42, 2004
^Lull, Richard Swann; Wright, Nelda E. (1942). Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper 40. Geological Society of America. pp. 111–112.
^"What is Tuberosity Reduction?", Colgate World of Care
^"enthesis". Medcyclopaedia. GE. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05.
^Laura Spinney (19 May 2008). "Five things humans no longer need". NewScientist.com news service. from the original on 24 July 2008.
External links
Tubercle at Cactus-Art.biz
March 08, 2023
tubercle, feature, cupid, anatomy, tubercle, literally, small, tuber, latin, lump, round, nodule, small, eminence, warty, outgrowth, found, external, internal, organs, plant, animal, this, view, cactus, mammillaria, marksiana, shows, pattern, prominent, tuberc. For the lip feature see Cupid s bow In anatomy a tubercle literally small tuber Latin for lump is any round nodule small eminence or warty outgrowth found on external or internal organs of a plant or an animal This view of the cactus Mammillaria marksiana shows its pattern of prominent tubercles with the spines emanating from each tubercle s tip Contents 1 In plants 2 In fungi 3 In animals 4 In humans 4 1 Mouth 4 2 Bones 4 3 Lungs 4 4 Ears 4 5 Genitals 4 6 Brain 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksIn plants EditA tubercle is generally a wart like projection but it has slightly different meaning depending on which family of plants or animals it is used to refer to In the case of certain orchids and cacti it denotes a round nodule small eminence or warty outgrowth found on the lip They are also known as podaria singular podarium When referring to some members of the pea family it is used to refer to the wart like excrescences that are found on the roots In fungi EditIn mycology a tubercle is used to refer to a mass of hyphae from which a mushroom is made In animals Edit Nudibranch Phyllidia varicosa clearly showing the yellow tubercles on the dorsum When it is used in relation to certain dorid nudibranchs such as Peltodoris nobilis it means the nodules on the dorsum of the animal The tubercles in nudibranchs can present themselves in different ways each tubercle in a single rounded conical or angular form in a compound form of 2 or more levels tubercles in amalgamated clusters or as tubercles forming or joined by a ridge Tubercles found on the leading edge of humpback whale s flippers were demonstrated to improve fluid flow over the flipper s surface exhibiting the tubercle effect of fluid dynamics 1 Skin impression from the abdomen of the duck billed dinosaur Edmontosaurus annectens showing tubercular scales In dinosaurs a tubercle is a general term for the scales seen in skin impressions In duck billed dinosaurs for example three main types of tubercles are defined small tubercles with no definite arrangement ground tubercles larger polygonal tubercles pavement tubercles up to 1 cm 0 4 in in diameter which are grouped into clusters separated by ground tubercles and limpet shaped conical scutes 2 In humans EditWithin the human body there are numerous sites where tubercles develop On bones they are usually eminences used for muscle connections Larger tubercles are also known as tuberosities Mouth Edit Tubercles are usually found behind the last molar in the upper jaw covered by the gum Surgery can be done to make tubercles less prominent 3 Bones Edit Main article Tubercle human skeleton In the human skeleton a tubercle or tuberosity is a protrusion that serves as an attachment for skeletal muscles The muscles attach by tendons where the enthesis is the connective tissue between the tendon and bone 4 For example the tibial tuberosity creates an attachment point for the ligamentum patellae or patellar ligament Lungs Edit Main article Tuberculosis Tubercles are nodules that contain caseous necrosis which form in the lungs as a result of an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the patients with tuberculosis Granulomas form in the infected tissue and undergo necrosis in the centre Tubercles are also known as tuberculous nodules or tuberculomas The affected parts develop lesions in the form of small nodules called tubercles from which the disease gets its name Ears Edit Around the sixth week of gestation six swellings of tissue called the hillocks of Hiss arise around the area that will form the ear canal These eventually coalesce to form the outer ear Darwin s tubercle is a minor malformation of the junction of the fourth and fifth hillocks of Hiss It is found in a substantial minority of people and takes the form of a cartilaginous node or bump on the rim of their outer ear which is thought to be the vestige of a joint that allowed the top part of the ancestral ear to swivel or flop down over the opening to the ear 5 Genitals Edit The genital tubercle is a small bump that eventually develops into a penis or a clitoris on a human fetus Brain Edit The septotubercular tract can be found in the human as well as in the sheep brain It is found nearby the septohypothalamic tract Its function to the brain is ambiguous at this point citation needed Also the tuberculum sellae is found at the base of the skull which holds the hypophysis See also EditAreolar glands sebaceous glands surrounding the nippleReferences Edit This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray s Anatomy 1918 Leading edge tubercles delay stall on humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae flippers DS Miklosovic MM Murray LE Howle FE Fish Physics of Fluids 1994 present 16 5 L39 L42 2004 Lull Richard Swann Wright Nelda E 1942 Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America Geological Society of America Special Paper 40 Geological Society of America pp 111 112 What is Tuberosity Reduction Colgate World of Care enthesis Medcyclopaedia GE Archived from the original on 2012 02 05 Laura Spinney 19 May 2008 Five things humans no longer need NewScientist com news service Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 External links EditTubercle at Cactus Art biz Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tubercle amp oldid 1091163093, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
