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Carl Schreck

January 01, 1970

Carl Bernhard Schreck is an American biologist specializing in comparative endocrinology of fishes, best known for his contributions to our knowledge of stress in fish. Since 1975 he has been a professor at Oregon State University, holding the position of senior scientist and leader (since 1977) of the Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.

Carl Schreck
Born
Carl Bernhard Schreck
San Francisco, California
Alma materUniversity of California, Berkeley, Colorado State University
Known forCauses and effects of stress in fishes, reproductive endocrinology of fishes
AwardsPresidential Meritorious Professional Service Award – White House (2007/2008), Meritorious Service Award – Secretary of the Interior (2003), Award of Excellence – American Fisheries Society (2009), Educator of the Year Award – American Fisheries Society (2000), Award of Excellence in Fish Physiology – American Fisheries Society (2012)
Scientific career
FieldsComparative endocrinology, ecophysiology, aquaculture and hatchery sciences
InstitutionsOregon State University, United States Geological Survey, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife

Education edit

Carl Schreck graduated from UC Berkeley in 1966 with an A.B. in Zoology. At Berkeley, he was greatly influenced by Dr. Howard Bern, one of the founders of the field of comparative endocrinology. After studying at Humboldt State University for one year, he went to Colorado State University where he completed his M.S. in Fisheries Science (1969), supervised by Robert J. Behnke. His master’s thesis was titled “Trouts of the Upper Kern River Basin, California”. Schreck continued his studies at Colorado State, receiving his Ph.D. in Physiology, Biophysics, and Fisheries science (1972) co-supervised by Dr. M. Lloyd Hopwood and Dr. Robert J. Behnke. His doctoral dissertation was titled “Reproductive Endocrinology of Fishes”.

Career edit

Rather than move onto a post-doctoral position, following completion of his Ph.D. Schreck immediately took up a position of Assistant Professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. After a short stint in Virginia, in 1975 he moved to Oregon State University, where he continues to run an active research program. His professorship at OSU is a position funded by the U.S. government via the USGS, in partnership with the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Thus, he has had three titles since 1977: Leader of the Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Senior Scientist with the USGS, and Full Professor in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at OSU.

Dr. Schreck is currently serving his third four-year term as a member of the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) for the state of Oregon, having been appointed by the Governor, Speaker of the House, and President of the Senate. He has been elected as co-chair of the IMST for the last six years. Schreck is also in his third four-year term as President of the International Federation of Fish Endocrinologists. He served on the Oregon Governor’s Coastal Salmon Science Team where he helped develop plans for at risk salmon and trout for the federal listing process.

Dr. Schreck has supervised approximately 80 graduate student theses to date, and has authored over 280 publications.

Contributions edit

Schreck has provided a series of contributions to our knowledge of fish biology and to the field of comparative endocrinology. He was among the first to publish about the notion of allostasis, although he did not coin the term.[1] Most of his work has involving using salmonids as a model, but he has also published findings on a number of other species. He has helped to define stress in fishes, and to describe its mechanisms and effects at the organism level.[1][2][3][4][5] For example, he contributed some of the early work describing the negative effects of cortisol and stress on immune function and disease resistance in fish, and has helped develop an understanding of the interactions between the endocrine system and the immune system.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] He has also contributed a number of papers on the effects of different rearing conditions, handling, and transport practices on indices of stress, endocrine function, and performance in juvenile Pacific salmon.[14][15][16][17] Some of his work has also examined the interplay between endocrine variables and behaviour, notably the capacity for predator avoidance.[18][19][20][21] Because of the volume of his contributions on the effects of hatchery practices on fish stress and performance, Schreck could be considered one of the world authorities on fish stress in the context of aquaculture.[22][23] Some of Dr. Schreck’s other contributions to comparative endocrinology include work on reproductive endocrinology – particularly in the early part of his career.[24] As part of his PhD work, in 1973 Schreck published the first use of the radioimmunoassay for measuring hormones in fish blood, the laboratory method most commonly and widely used since that time for measuring hormones (e.g., cortisol) in the blood of fishes.[25]

Schreck’s work has often involved genetics and systematics, and he helped to pioneer some of the methods used in those fields. Specifically, he co-authored the first paper on using a mathematical approach to constructing family trees of fishes (phenograms).[26] In addition, he and his graduate student were the first to combine multiple types of characteristics to establish genetic similarity among fishes – using morphology, allozyme patterns, and life history traits (DNA was added in subsequent publications).[27]

Since the mid-1990s, Dr. Schreck’s research program has expanded to include contributions to fish migration using biotelemetry, and to the post-release fate of fishes captured in commercial fishing gear. For example, his collaboration with scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on the effects of fisheries capture on immune function in sablefish remains the sole examination in the scientific literature of the effects of fisheries capture on immune function.[28] Recent biotelemetry studies authored by Schreck have built on earlier lab-based behavioral studies to help reveal mechanisms of migration success in juvenile salmon and Pacific lamprey.[29][30]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Schreck, C.B. 1981. “Stress and compensation in teleostean fishes: response to social and physical factors.” pp 295–321. In: A.D. Pickering (ed). Stress and Fish. Academic Press, London.
  2. ^ Schreck, C.B., B.L. Olla, and M.W. Davis. 1997. “Behavioral responses to stress.” Pages 745–770. In: G.W. Iwama, J. Sumpter, A.D. Pickering, and C.B. Schreck (eds). Fish Stress and health in aquaculture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  3. ^ Schreck, C.B. 2000. “Stress in fish.” Pages 149–152. In: G. Fink (eds). Encyclopedia of Stress. Academic Press, San Diego, Vol. 2
  4. ^ Schreck, C.B. 2010. “Stress and fish reproduction: the roles of allostasis and hormesis.” Gen. Comp. Endocr. 165:549–556.
  5. ^ Schreck, C.B. 2000. “Accumulation and long-term effects of stress in fish.” Pages 147–158. In: G. Moberg and J. Mench (eds). The biology of animal stress. C.A.B. International Press, Wallingford, UK.
  6. ^ Maule, A.G., C.B. Schreck, and S.L. Kaattari. 1987. “Changes in the immune system of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during the parr-smolt transformation and after implantation of cortisol.” Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44:161–166.
  7. ^ Maule, A.G., R.A. Tripp, S.L. Kaattari, and C.B. Schreck. 1989. “Stress alters immune function and disease resistance in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).” J. Endocrinol. 120:135–142.
  8. ^ Maule, A.G., and C.B. Schreck. 1990. “Changes in numbers of leucocytes in immune organs of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) after acute stress or cortisol treatment.” J. Aquat. Anim. Health 2:298–304
  9. ^ Schreck, C.B., A.G. Maule, and S.L. Kaattari. 1993. “Stress and disease resistance.” pp 170–175. In: J.F. Muir and R.J. Roberts (eds). Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.
  10. ^ Schreck, C.B. 1996. “Immunomodulation: endogenous factors.” pp 311–337. In: G. Iwama and T. Nakanishi (eds). Hoar and Randall's Fish Physiology, vol. 15. Academic Press, New York
  11. ^ Schreck, C.B., and C.S. Bradford. 1990. “Interrenal corticosteroid production: Potential regulation by the immune system in the salmonid.” pp 480–486. In: A. Epple (ed). XI International Symposium Comparative Endocrinology. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
  12. ^ Schreck, C.B., and A.G. Maule. 2001. “Are the endocrine and immune systems really the same thing?” pp 351–357. In: H.J.T. Goos, R.K. Rostogi, H. Vaudry, and R. Pierantoni (eds). Monduzzi Editore, Naples (CD ROM Book).
  13. ^ Verburg-van Kemenade, L., and C.B. Schreck. 2007. “Discussion: Immune and endocrine interactions.” Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 152:352.
  14. ^ Schreck, C.B., R. Patino, C.K. Pring, J.R. Winton, and J.E. Holway. 1985. “Effects of rearing density on indices of smoltification and performance of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch.” Aquaculture 45:345–358.
  15. ^ Barton, B.A., C.B. Schreck, and L.A. Sigismondi. 1986. “Multiple acute disturbances evoke cumulative physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon.” Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115:245–251.
  16. ^ Barton, B.A., C.B. Schreck, and L.D. Barton. 1987. “Effects of chronic cortisol administration and daily acute stress on growth, physiological conditions, and stress response in juvenile rainbow trout.” Dis. Aquat. Organ. 2:173–185.
  17. ^ Schreck, C.B., M.F. Solazzi, S.L. Johnson, and T.E. Nickelson. 1989. “Transportation affects performance of coho salmon.” Aquaculture 82:15–20.
  18. ^ Rehnberg, B.G., and C.B. Schreck. 1987. “Chemosensory detection of predators by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): behavioral reaction and the physiological stress response.” Can. J. Zool. 65:481–485.
  19. ^ Olla, B.L., M.W. Davis, and C.B. Schreck. 1992. “Comparison between predator avoidance capabilities with corticosteroid levels induced by stress in juvenile coho salmon.” Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 121:544–547.
  20. ^ Olla, B.L., M.W. Davis, and C.B. Schreck. 1995. “Stress-induced impairment of predator evasion and non-predator mortality in Pacific salmon.” Aquaculture Res. 26:393–398.
  21. ^ Mesa, M.G., T.P. Poe, A.G. Maule, and C.B. Schreck. 1998. “Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum.” Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55:1599–1606.
  22. ^ Schreck, C.B. 1982. “Stress and rearing of salmonids.” Aquaculture 28:241–249.
  23. ^ Schreck, C.B., W. Contreras-Sanchez, and M.S. Fitzpatrick. 2001. “Effects of stress on fish reproduction, gamete quality, and progeny.” Aquaculture 197:3–24.
  24. ^ Schreck, C.B. (ed). 1974. Control of sex in fishes. (Also chapters "Introduction" and "Hormonal treatment and sex manipulation in fishes"). Sea Grant and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Press VPI-SG74-01, 106 pp.
  25. ^ Schreck, C.B., R.T. Lackey, and M.L. Hopwood. 1973. “Plasma oestrogen levels in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson.” J. Fish Biol. 5:227–230.
  26. ^ Legendre, P., C.B. Schreck, and R.J. Behnke. 1972. “Taximetric analysis of selected groups of western North American Salmo with respect to phylogenetic divergences.” Syst. Zool. 21:292–307.
  27. ^ Hjort, R.C., and C.B. Schreck. 1982. “Phenotypic differences among stocks of hatchery and wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon, Washington, and California.” Fish. Bull. 80:105–119.
  28. ^ Lupes, S.C., M.W. Davis, B. Olla, and C.B. Schreck. 2006. “Capture-related stressors impair immune system function in sablefish.” Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 135:129–138.
  29. ^ Schreck, C.B., T. Stahl, L. Davis, D. Roby, and B. Clemens. 2006. “Mortality estimates of juvenile spring/summer Chinook in the lower Columbia River and estuary, 1992–1998: evidence for delayed mortality?” Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 135:457–475.
  30. ^ Clemens, B.J., M.G. Mesa, R.J.Magie, D.A. Young, and C.B. Schreck. 2012. “Pre-spawning migration of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, in the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A.” Environ. Biol. Fish 93:245–254.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
carl, schreck, carl, bernhard, schreck, american, biologist, specializing, comparative, endocrinology, fishes, best, known, contributions, knowledge, stress, fish, since, 1975, been, professor, oregon, state, university, holding, position, senior, scientist, l. Carl Bernhard Schreck is an American biologist specializing in comparative endocrinology of fishes best known for his contributions to our knowledge of stress in fish Since 1975 he has been a professor at Oregon State University holding the position of senior scientist and leader since 1977 of the Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Carl SchreckBornCarl Bernhard SchreckSan Francisco CaliforniaAlma materUniversity of California Berkeley Colorado State UniversityKnown forCauses and effects of stress in fishes reproductive endocrinology of fishesAwardsPresidential Meritorious Professional Service Award White House 2007 2008 Meritorious Service Award Secretary of the Interior 2003 Award of Excellence American Fisheries Society 2009 Educator of the Year Award American Fisheries Society 2000 Award of Excellence in Fish Physiology American Fisheries Society 2012 Scientific careerFieldsComparative endocrinology ecophysiology aquaculture and hatchery sciencesInstitutionsOregon State University United States Geological Survey Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Contents 1 Education 2 Career 3 Contributions 4 References 5 External linksEducation editCarl Schreck graduated from UC Berkeley in 1966 with an A B in Zoology At Berkeley he was greatly influenced by Dr Howard Bern one of the founders of the field of comparative endocrinology After studying at Humboldt State University for one year he went to Colorado State University where he completed his M S in Fisheries Science 1969 supervised by Robert J Behnke His master s thesis was titled Trouts of the Upper Kern River Basin California Schreck continued his studies at Colorado State receiving his Ph D in Physiology Biophysics and Fisheries science 1972 co supervised by Dr M Lloyd Hopwood and Dr Robert J Behnke His doctoral dissertation was titled Reproductive Endocrinology of Fishes Career editRather than move onto a post doctoral position following completion of his Ph D Schreck immediately took up a position of Assistant Professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University After a short stint in Virginia in 1975 he moved to Oregon State University where he continues to run an active research program His professorship at OSU is a position funded by the U S government via the USGS in partnership with the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Thus he has had three titles since 1977 Leader of the Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Senior Scientist with the USGS and Full Professor in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at OSU Dr Schreck is currently serving his third four year term as a member of the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team IMST for the state of Oregon having been appointed by the Governor Speaker of the House and President of the Senate He has been elected as co chair of the IMST for the last six years Schreck is also in his third four year term as President of the International Federation of Fish Endocrinologists He served on the Oregon Governor s Coastal Salmon Science Team where he helped develop plans for at risk salmon and trout for the federal listing process Dr Schreck has supervised approximately 80 graduate student theses to date and has authored over 280 publications Contributions editSchreck has provided a series of contributions to our knowledge of fish biology and to the field of comparative endocrinology He was among the first to publish about the notion of allostasis although he did not coin the term 1 Most of his work has involving using salmonids as a model but he has also published findings on a number of other species He has helped to define stress in fishes and to describe its mechanisms and effects at the organism level 1 2 3 4 5 For example he contributed some of the early work describing the negative effects of cortisol and stress on immune function and disease resistance in fish and has helped develop an understanding of the interactions between the endocrine system and the immune system 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 He has also contributed a number of papers on the effects of different rearing conditions handling and transport practices on indices of stress endocrine function and performance in juvenile Pacific salmon 14 15 16 17 Some of his work has also examined the interplay between endocrine variables and behaviour notably the capacity for predator avoidance 18 19 20 21 Because of the volume of his contributions on the effects of hatchery practices on fish stress and performance Schreck could be considered one of the world authorities on fish stress in the context of aquaculture 22 23 Some of Dr Schreck s other contributions to comparative endocrinology include work on reproductive endocrinology particularly in the early part of his career 24 As part of his PhD work in 1973 Schreck published the first use of the radioimmunoassay for measuring hormones in fish blood the laboratory method most commonly and widely used since that time for measuring hormones e g cortisol in the blood of fishes 25 Schreck s work has often involved genetics and systematics and he helped to pioneer some of the methods used in those fields Specifically he co authored the first paper on using a mathematical approach to constructing family trees of fishes phenograms 26 In addition he and his graduate student were the first to combine multiple types of characteristics to establish genetic similarity among fishes using morphology allozyme patterns and life history traits DNA was added in subsequent publications 27 Since the mid 1990s Dr Schreck s research program has expanded to include contributions to fish migration using biotelemetry and to the post release fate of fishes captured in commercial fishing gear For example his collaboration with scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on the effects of fisheries capture on immune function in sablefish remains the sole examination in the scientific literature of the effects of fisheries capture on immune function 28 Recent biotelemetry studies authored by Schreck have built on earlier lab based behavioral studies to help reveal mechanisms of migration success in juvenile salmon and Pacific lamprey 29 30 References edit a b Schreck C B 1981 Stress and compensation in teleostean fishes response to social and physical factors pp 295 321 In A D Pickering ed Stress and Fish Academic Press London Schreck C B B L Olla and M W Davis 1997 Behavioral responses to stress Pages 745 770 In G W Iwama J Sumpter A D Pickering and C B Schreck eds Fish Stress and health in aquaculture Cambridge University Press Cambridge Schreck C B 2000 Stress in fish Pages 149 152 In G Fink eds Encyclopedia of Stress Academic Press San Diego Vol 2 Schreck C B 2010 Stress and fish reproduction the roles of allostasis and hormesis Gen Comp Endocr 165 549 556 Schreck C B 2000 Accumulation and long term effects of stress in fish Pages 147 158 In G Moberg and J Mench eds The biology of animal stress C A B International Press Wallingford UK Maule A G C B Schreck and S L Kaattari 1987 Changes in the immune system of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch during the parr smolt transformation and after implantation of cortisol Can J Fish Aquat Sci 44 161 166 Maule A G R A Tripp S L Kaattari and C B Schreck 1989 Stress alters immune function and disease resistance in chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha J Endocrinol 120 135 142 Maule A G and C B Schreck 1990 Changes in numbers of leucocytes in immune organs of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch after acute stress or cortisol treatment J Aquat Anim Health 2 298 304 Schreck C B A G Maule and S L Kaattari 1993 Stress and disease resistance pp 170 175 In J F Muir and R J Roberts eds Recent Advances in Aquaculture Blackwell Scientific Publications London Schreck C B 1996 Immunomodulation endogenous factors pp 311 337 In G Iwama and T Nakanishi eds Hoar and Randall s Fish Physiology vol 15 Academic Press New York Schreck C B and C S Bradford 1990 Interrenal corticosteroid production Potential regulation by the immune system in the salmonid pp 480 486 In A Epple ed XI International Symposium Comparative Endocrinology Alan R Liss Inc New York Schreck C B and A G Maule 2001 Are the endocrine and immune systems really the same thing pp 351 357 In H J T Goos R K Rostogi H Vaudry and R Pierantoni eds Monduzzi Editore Naples CD ROM Book Verburg van Kemenade L and C B Schreck 2007 Discussion Immune and endocrine interactions Gen Comp Endocrinol 152 352 Schreck C B R Patino C K Pring J R Winton and J E Holway 1985 Effects of rearing density on indices of smoltification and performance of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Aquaculture 45 345 358 Barton B A C B Schreck and L A Sigismondi 1986 Multiple acute disturbances evoke cumulative physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon Trans Am Fish Soc 115 245 251 Barton B A C B Schreck and L D Barton 1987 Effects of chronic cortisol administration and daily acute stress on growth physiological conditions and stress response in juvenile rainbow trout Dis Aquat Organ 2 173 185 Schreck C B M F Solazzi S L Johnson and T E Nickelson 1989 Transportation affects performance of coho salmon Aquaculture 82 15 20 Rehnberg B G and C B Schreck 1987 Chemosensory detection of predators by coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch behavioral reaction and the physiological stress response Can J Zool 65 481 485 Olla B L M W Davis and C B Schreck 1992 Comparison between predator avoidance capabilities with corticosteroid levels induced by stress in juvenile coho salmon Trans Am Fish Soc 121 544 547 Olla B L M W Davis and C B Schreck 1995 Stress induced impairment of predator evasion and non predator mortality in Pacific salmon Aquaculture Res 26 393 398 Mesa M G T P Poe A G Maule and C B Schreck 1998 Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55 1599 1606 Schreck C B 1982 Stress and rearing of salmonids Aquaculture 28 241 249 Schreck C B W Contreras Sanchez and M S Fitzpatrick 2001 Effects of stress on fish reproduction gamete quality and progeny Aquaculture 197 3 24 Schreck C B ed 1974 Control of sex in fishes Also chapters Introduction and Hormonal treatment and sex manipulation in fishes Sea Grant and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Press VPI SG74 01 106 pp Schreck C B R T Lackey and M L Hopwood 1973 Plasma oestrogen levels in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson J Fish Biol 5 227 230 Legendre P C B Schreck and R J Behnke 1972 Taximetric analysis of selected groups of western North American Salmo with respect to phylogenetic divergences Syst Zool 21 292 307 Hjort R C and C B Schreck 1982 Phenotypic differences among stocks of hatchery and wild coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Oregon Washington and California Fish Bull 80 105 119 Lupes S C M W Davis B Olla and C B Schreck 2006 Capture related stressors impair immune system function in sablefish Trans Am Fish Soc 135 129 138 Schreck C B T Stahl L Davis D Roby and B Clemens 2006 Mortality estimates of juvenile spring summer Chinook in the lower Columbia River and estuary 1992 1998 evidence for delayed mortality Trans Am Fish Soc 135 457 475 Clemens B J M G Mesa R J Magie D A Young and C B Schreck 2012 Pre spawning migration of adult Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus in the Willamette River Oregon U S A Environ Biol Fish 93 245 254 External links edithttps web archive org web 20120420023525 http fw oregonstate edu About 20Us personnel faculty schreck htm http www coopunits org Oregon http www fsl orst edu imst https web archive org web 20131102064530 http www kgu de zmorph ifces index html Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Carl Schreck amp oldid 1201185137, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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