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Carbonaceous sulfur hydride

August 11, 2023

Carbonaceous sulfur hydride is a purported room-temperature superconductor[1] that was announced in October 2020.[2] The material is claimed to have a maximal superconducting transition temperature of 15 °C (59 °F) at a pressure of 267 gigapascals (GPa), though the validity of the claim has faced criticism.[3][4][5][6][7] In September 2022 the article was retracted by Nature due to a non standard, user-defined data analysis calling into question the scientific validity of the claim.[8] In July 2023 a second paper by the author was retracted from Physical Review Letters due to suspected data fabrication.

Carbonaceous sulfur hydride
Identifiers
Properties
CH8S
Molar mass 52.14 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

267 GPa corresponds to a pressure equivalent to three quarters of the pressure at the center of the Earth.[9] The material is an uncharacterized ternary polyhydride compound of carbon, sulfur and hydrogen with a chemical formula that is thought to be CH8S. Measurements under extreme pressure are difficult, and in particular the elements are too light for an X-ray determination of crystal structure (X-ray crystallography).[2] This would be the closest to room temperature achieved for a superconductor, with an onset almost 30 °C higher than that of the previous record-holder.[10]

Background

Main article: Room-temperature superconductor

Prior to 1911, all known electrical conductors exhibited electrical resistance, due to collisions of the charge carrier with atoms in the material. Researchers discovered that in certain materials at low temperatures, the charge carriers interact with phonons in the material and form Cooper pairs, as described by BCS theory. This process results in the formation of a superconductor, with zero electrical resistance. During the transition to the superconducting state, the magnetic field lines are expelled from the interior of the material, which allows for the possibility of magnetic levitation. The effect has historically been known to occur at only low temperatures, but researchers have spent decades attempting to find a material that could operate at room temperature.[11]

Synthesis

The material is a ternary polyhydride compound of carbon, sulfur and hydrogen with a chemical formula that is thought to be CSH8. As of October 2020, the material's molecular structure remains uncharacterized, as extreme pressures and the light elements used are unsuitable for most measurements, such as X-ray determination.[2]

The material was reportedly synthesized by compressing methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen (H2) in a diamond anvil cell and illuminating with a 532 nm green laser.[2] A starting compound of carbon and sulfur is synthesized with a 1:1 molar ratio, formed into balls less than five microns in diameter, and placed into a diamond anvil cell. Hydrogen gas is then added and the system is compressed to 4.0 GPa and illuminated with a 532-nm laser for several hours. It was reported that the crystal is not stable under 10 GPa and can be destroyed if left at room temperature overnight.[2] Other researchers were skeptical that such materials could serve as room temperature superconductors, as the absence of van Hove singularities or similar peaks in the electronic density of states of more than 3000 candidate phases rules out conventional superconductivity.[12]

Superconductivity

Superconductivity for sulfur hydrides without carbon was first reported in 2015.[13]

On 14 October 2020, a paper by Ranga P. Dias, et al. was published claiming that carbonaceous sulfur hydride is the world's first room-temperature superconductor.[2] The report received significant media coverage.[9][14][15][16][17][11][18] On 26 September 2022 this paper was retracted.[19][20] A superconducting state was claimed at temperatures as high as 15 °C (59 °F).[21][22] This would have set a new record for high-temperature superconductivity, with a transition temperature almost 30 °C (54 °F) higher than the previous record holder.[10] With a reported superconducting transition of 15 °C, it would be the first material known which does not have to be cooled to enter a superconducting phase.[9] Despite the enormous advancement, the superconducting state was claimed to be observable only at the very high pressure of 267 GPa (38.7 million psi), which is about a million times higher than the pressure in a typical car tire.[22]

The highest superconducting transition temperature reported was 287.7 ± 1.2 K (14.6 ± 1.2 °C; 58.2 ± 2.2 °F) at a pressure of 267 ± 10 GPa (38.7 ± 1.5 million psi). The material was tested at several lower pressures, and it was reported that at 138 ± 7 GPa (20.0 ± 1.0 million psi), the transition temperature is lowered to 147 K (−126 °C; −195 °F).[2] In addition, as expected from BCS theory, a notable decrease in the transition temperature was reported when an external magnetic field is applied. The scientists reported that the transition temperature was lowered by 22 K (40 °F) in a nine-tesla magnetic field at a pressure of 267 GPa.[2]

Criticism

The validity of these results was called into question[3] by Jorge E. Hirsch[4] as well as others.[7][5] Unavailability of the data prompted an editor's note on the original paper.[2] The criticism focuses on the measurements of AC susceptibility[6][23] used to test the superconductivity as the more definitive Meissner effect is too hard to observe at the scale of the experiments; nevertheless this effect has been measured later on sulfur hydrides without carbon by another team[24] but those results have also been called into question.[25]

On February 15, 2022, Nature added the following Editor's Note to the article reporting room temperature superconductivity in carbonaceous sulfur hydride:

"The editors of Nature have been alerted to concerns regarding the manner in which the data in this paper have been processed and interpreted. Nature is working with the authors to investigate these concerns and establish what (if any) impact they will have on the paper’s results and conclusions. In the meantime, readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein."[2]

On 26 September 26, 2022, the original article by Snider et al. was retracted by Nature.[2][8]

References

  1. ^ The technical term "room-temperature superconductor" means temperatures as low as the melting point of ice, rather than typical room temperatures.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Snider, Elliot; Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; McBride, Raymond; Debessai, Mathew; Vindana, Hiranya; Vencatasamy, Kevin; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (15 October 2020). "RETRACTED ARTICLE: Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride". Nature. 586 (7829): 373–377. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..373S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z. OSTI 1673473. PMID 33057222. S2CID 222823227.
  3. ^ a b "Breakthrough or bust? Claim of room-temperature superconductivity draws fire". Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  4. ^ a b Hirsch, J. E.; Marsiglio, F. (August 2021). "Unusual width of the superconducting transition in a hydride". Nature. 596 (7873): E9–E10. arXiv:2010.10307. Bibcode:2021Natur.596E...9H. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03595-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34433940. S2CID 237306217.
  5. ^ a b Eremets, M. I.; Minkov, V. S.; Drozdov, A. P.; Kong, P. P.; Ksenofontov, V.; Shylin, S. I.; Bud’ko, S. L.; Prozorov, R.; Balakirev, F. F.; Sun, Dan; Mozaffari, S. (2022-03-25). "High-Temperature Superconductivity in Hydrides: Experimental Evidence and Details". Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism. 35 (4): 965–977. doi:10.1007/s10948-022-06148-1. ISSN 1557-1939. S2CID 245906117.
  6. ^ a b Hirsch, J. E. (2021-09-26). "On the ac magnetic susceptibility of a room temperature superconductor: anatomy of a probable scientific fraud". Physica C: Superconductivity and Its Applications: 1353964. arXiv:2110.12854. doi:10.1016/j.physc.2021.1353964. ISSN 0921-4534. S2CID 239194714.
  7. ^ a b Dogan, Mehmet; Cohen, Marvin L. (2021-04-15). "Anomalous behavior in high-pressure carbonaceous sulfur hydride". Physica C: Superconductivity and Its Applications. 583: 1353851. arXiv:2012.10771. Bibcode:2021PhyC..58353851D. doi:10.1016/j.physc.2021.1353851. ISSN 0921-4534. S2CID 229340504.
  8. ^ a b Castelvecchi, Davide (2022-09-27). "Room-Stunning room-temperature-superconductor claim is retracted". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03066-z. PMID 36171305. S2CID 252597663.
  9. ^ a b c Service, Robert F. (2020-10-16). "At last, room temperature superconductivity achieved". Science. 370 (6514): 273–274. Bibcode:2020Sci...370..273S. doi:10.1126/science.370.6514.273. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33060340. S2CID 222841128.
  10. ^ a b "Material sets superconducting record". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
  11. ^ a b Wood, Charlie (14 October 2020). "Room-Temperature Superconductivity Achieved for the First Time". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  12. ^ Gubler, Moritz; Flores-Livas, José A.; Kozhevnikov, Anton; Goedecker, Stefan (2022-01-06). "Missing theoretical evidence for conventional room-temperature superconductivity in low-enthalpy structures of carbonaceous sulfur hydrides". Physical Review Materials. 6 (1): 014801. arXiv:2109.10019. Bibcode:2022PhRvM...6a4801G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.6.014801. ISSN 2475-9953.
  13. ^ Cartlidge, Edwin (2015). "Superconductivity record sparks wave of follow-up physics". Nature. 524 (7565): 277. Bibcode:2015Natur.524..277C. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18191. PMID 26289188. S2CID 2294273.
  14. ^ Castelvecchi, Davide (15 October 2020). "First room-temperature superconductor excites — and baffles — scientists". Nature. 586 (7829): 349. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..349C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02895-0. PMID 33057238.
  15. ^ Conover, Emily (2020-10-14). "The first room-temperature superconductor has finally been found". Science News. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  16. ^ Delbert, Caroline (2020-10-15). "In a Monumental First, Scientists Discover a Room-Temperature Superconductor". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  17. ^ Chang, Kenneth (2020-10-14). "Finally, the First Room-Temperature Superconductor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  18. ^ Rochester, University of (2020-10-14). ""Holy Grail" Sought for More Than a Century: Researchers Synthesize Room Temperature Superconducting Material". SciTechDaily. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  19. ^ Eric Hand (26 September 2022). "'Something is seriously wrong': Room-temperature superconductivity study retracted". Science. After doubts grew, blockbuster Nature paper is withdrawn over objections of study team
  20. ^ Snider, Elliot; Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; McBride, Raymond; Debessai, Mathew; Vindana, Hiranya; Vencatasamy, Kevin; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (2022). "Retraction Note: Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride". Nature. 610 (7933): 804. Bibcode:2022Natur.610..804S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05294-9. PMID 36163290. S2CID 252544156.
  21. ^ Johnston, Hamish (14 October 2020). "Superconductivity endures to 15 °C in high-pressure material". Physics World. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  22. ^ a b Rincon, Paul (2020-10-15). "Superconductors: Material raises hope of energy revolution". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  23. ^ van der Marel, D.; Hirsch, J. E. (2022). "Room-temperature superconductivity – or not ? Comment on Nature 586, 373 (2020) by E. Snider et al". International Journal of Modern Physics B. 37 (4): 2375001. arXiv:2201.07686. doi:10.1142/S0217979223750012. S2CID 252324362.
  24. ^ Minkov, Vasily; Bud'ko, Sergey; Balakirev, Fedor; Prakapenka, Vitali; Chariton, Stella; Husband, Rachel; Liermann, Hanns-Peter; Eremets, Mikhail (2021-10-26). "The Meissner effect in high-temperature hydrogen-rich superconductors under high pressure". doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-936317/v1. S2CID 244229007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  25. ^ Hirsch, J. E.; Marsiglio, F. (2022). "Clear evidence against superconductivity in hydrides under high pressure". Matter and Radiation at Extremes. 7 (5): 058401. arXiv:2110.07568. doi:10.1063/5.0091404. S2CID 238857145.

External links

  • Robert Service (26 August 2021). "Thanks to a bit of diamond smashing, practical room-temperature superconductivity could be close to reality". Science | AAAS.

August 11, 2023
carbonaceous, sulfur, hydride, purported, room, temperature, superconductor, that, announced, october, 2020, material, claimed, have, maximal, superconducting, transition, temperature, pressure, gigapascals, though, validity, claim, faced, criticism, september. Carbonaceous sulfur hydride is a purported room temperature superconductor 1 that was announced in October 2020 2 The material is claimed to have a maximal superconducting transition temperature of 15 C 59 F at a pressure of 267 gigapascals GPa though the validity of the claim has faced criticism 3 4 5 6 7 In September 2022 the article was retracted by Nature due to a non standard user defined data analysis calling into question the scientific validity of the claim 8 In July 2023 a second paper by the author was retracted from Physical Review Letters due to suspected data fabrication Carbonaceous sulfur hydride IdentifiersPropertiesChemical formula C H 8SMolar mass 52 14 g mol 1Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Infobox references 267 GPa corresponds to a pressure equivalent to three quarters of the pressure at the center of the Earth 9 The material is an uncharacterized ternary polyhydride compound of carbon sulfur and hydrogen with a chemical formula that is thought to be CH8S Measurements under extreme pressure are difficult and in particular the elements are too light for an X ray determination of crystal structure X ray crystallography 2 This would be the closest to room temperature achieved for a superconductor with an onset almost 30 C higher than that of the previous record holder 10 Contents 1 Background 2 Synthesis 3 Superconductivity 4 Criticism 5 References 6 External linksBackground EditMain article Room temperature superconductor Prior to 1911 all known electrical conductors exhibited electrical resistance due to collisions of the charge carrier with atoms in the material Researchers discovered that in certain materials at low temperatures the charge carriers interact with phonons in the material and form Cooper pairs as described by BCS theory This process results in the formation of a superconductor with zero electrical resistance During the transition to the superconducting state the magnetic field lines are expelled from the interior of the material which allows for the possibility of magnetic levitation The effect has historically been known to occur at only low temperatures but researchers have spent decades attempting to find a material that could operate at room temperature 11 Synthesis EditThe material is a ternary polyhydride compound of carbon sulfur and hydrogen with a chemical formula that is thought to be CSH8 As of October 2020 the material s molecular structure remains uncharacterized as extreme pressures and the light elements used are unsuitable for most measurements such as X ray determination 2 The material was reportedly synthesized by compressing methane CH4 hydrogen sulfide H2S and hydrogen H2 in a diamond anvil cell and illuminating with a 532 nm green laser 2 A starting compound of carbon and sulfur is synthesized with a 1 1 molar ratio formed into balls less than five microns in diameter and placed into a diamond anvil cell Hydrogen gas is then added and the system is compressed to 4 0 GPa and illuminated with a 532 nm laser for several hours It was reported that the crystal is not stable under 10 GPa and can be destroyed if left at room temperature overnight 2 Other researchers were skeptical that such materials could serve as room temperature superconductors as the absence of van Hove singularities or similar peaks in the electronic density of states of more than 3000 candidate phases rules out conventional superconductivity 12 Superconductivity EditSuperconductivity for sulfur hydrides without carbon was first reported in 2015 13 On 14 October 2020 a paper by Ranga P Dias et al was published claiming that carbonaceous sulfur hydride is the world s first room temperature superconductor 2 The report received significant media coverage 9 14 15 16 17 11 18 On 26 September 2022 this paper was retracted 19 20 A superconducting state was claimed at temperatures as high as 15 C 59 F 21 22 This would have set a new record for high temperature superconductivity with a transition temperature almost 30 C 54 F higher than the previous record holder 10 With a reported superconducting transition of 15 C it would be the first material known which does not have to be cooled to enter a superconducting phase 9 Despite the enormous advancement the superconducting state was claimed to be observable only at the very high pressure of 267 GPa 38 7 million psi which is about a million times higher than the pressure in a typical car tire 22 The highest superconducting transition temperature reported was 287 7 1 2 K 14 6 1 2 C 58 2 2 2 F at a pressure of 267 10 GPa 38 7 1 5 million psi The material was tested at several lower pressures and it was reported that at 138 7 GPa 20 0 1 0 million psi the transition temperature is lowered to 147 K 126 C 195 F 2 In addition as expected from BCS theory a notable decrease in the transition temperature was reported when an external magnetic field is applied The scientists reported that the transition temperature was lowered by 22 K 40 F in a nine tesla magnetic field at a pressure of 267 GPa 2 Criticism EditThe validity of these results was called into question 3 by Jorge E Hirsch 4 as well as others 7 5 Unavailability of the data prompted an editor s note on the original paper 2 The criticism focuses on the measurements of AC susceptibility 6 23 used to test the superconductivity as the more definitive Meissner effect is too hard to observe at the scale of the experiments nevertheless this effect has been measured later on sulfur hydrides without carbon by another team 24 but those results have also been called into question 25 On February 15 2022 Nature added the following Editor s Note to the article reporting room temperature superconductivity in carbonaceous sulfur hydride The editors of Nature have been alerted to concerns regarding the manner in which the data in this paper have been processed and interpreted Nature is working with the authors to investigate these concerns and establish what if any impact they will have on the paper s results and conclusions In the meantime readers are advised to use caution when using results reported therein 2 On 26 September 26 2022 the original article by Snider et al was retracted by Nature 2 8 References Edit The technical term room temperature superconductor means temperatures as low as the melting point of ice rather than typical room temperatures a b c d e f g h i j k Snider Elliot Dasenbrock Gammon Nathan McBride Raymond Debessai Mathew Vindana Hiranya Vencatasamy Kevin Lawler Keith V Salamat Ashkan Dias Ranga P 15 October 2020 RETRACTED ARTICLE Room temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride Nature 586 7829 373 377 Bibcode 2020Natur 586 373S doi 10 1038 s41586 020 2801 z OSTI 1673473 PMID 33057222 S2CID 222823227 a b Breakthrough or bust Claim of room temperature superconductivity draws fire Retrieved 2021 10 26 a b Hirsch J E Marsiglio F August 2021 Unusual width of the superconducting transition in a hydride Nature 596 7873 E9 E10 arXiv 2010 10307 Bibcode 2021Natur 596E 9H doi 10 1038 s41586 021 03595 z ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 34433940 S2CID 237306217 a b Eremets M I Minkov V S Drozdov A P Kong P P Ksenofontov V Shylin S I Bud ko S L Prozorov R Balakirev F F Sun Dan Mozaffari S 2022 03 25 High Temperature Superconductivity in Hydrides Experimental Evidence and Details Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 35 4 965 977 doi 10 1007 s10948 022 06148 1 ISSN 1557 1939 S2CID 245906117 a b Hirsch J E 2021 09 26 On the ac magnetic susceptibility of a room temperature superconductor anatomy of a probable scientific fraud Physica C Superconductivity and Its Applications 1353964 arXiv 2110 12854 doi 10 1016 j physc 2021 1353964 ISSN 0921 4534 S2CID 239194714 a b Dogan Mehmet Cohen Marvin L 2021 04 15 Anomalous behavior in high pressure carbonaceous sulfur hydride Physica C Superconductivity and Its Applications 583 1353851 arXiv 2012 10771 Bibcode 2021PhyC 58353851D doi 10 1016 j physc 2021 1353851 ISSN 0921 4534 S2CID 229340504 a b Castelvecchi Davide 2022 09 27 Room Stunning room temperature superconductor claim is retracted Nature doi 10 1038 d41586 022 03066 z PMID 36171305 S2CID 252597663 a b c Service Robert F 2020 10 16 At last room temperature superconductivity achieved Science 370 6514 273 274 Bibcode 2020Sci 370 273S doi 10 1126 science 370 6514 273 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 33060340 S2CID 222841128 a b Material sets superconducting record Chemical amp Engineering News Retrieved 2020 10 17 a b Wood Charlie 14 October 2020 Room Temperature Superconductivity Achieved for the First Time Quanta Magazine Retrieved 2020 10 16 Gubler Moritz Flores Livas Jose A Kozhevnikov Anton Goedecker Stefan 2022 01 06 Missing theoretical evidence for conventional room temperature superconductivity in low enthalpy structures of carbonaceous sulfur hydrides Physical Review Materials 6 1 014801 arXiv 2109 10019 Bibcode 2022PhRvM 6a4801G doi 10 1103 PhysRevMaterials 6 014801 ISSN 2475 9953 Cartlidge Edwin 2015 Superconductivity record sparks wave of follow up physics Nature 524 7565 277 Bibcode 2015Natur 524 277C doi 10 1038 nature 2015 18191 PMID 26289188 S2CID 2294273 Castelvecchi Davide 15 October 2020 First room temperature superconductor excites and baffles scientists Nature 586 7829 349 Bibcode 2020Natur 586 349C doi 10 1038 d41586 020 02895 0 PMID 33057238 Conover Emily 2020 10 14 The first room temperature superconductor has finally been found Science News Retrieved 2020 10 16 Delbert Caroline 2020 10 15 In a Monumental First Scientists Discover a Room Temperature Superconductor Popular Mechanics Retrieved 2020 10 16 Chang Kenneth 2020 10 14 Finally the First Room Temperature Superconductor The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2020 10 16 Rochester University of 2020 10 14 Holy Grail Sought for More Than a Century Researchers Synthesize Room Temperature Superconducting Material SciTechDaily Retrieved 2020 10 16 Eric Hand 26 September 2022 Something is seriously wrong Room temperature superconductivity study retracted Science After doubts grew blockbuster Nature paper is withdrawn over objections of study team Snider Elliot Dasenbrock Gammon Nathan McBride Raymond Debessai Mathew Vindana Hiranya Vencatasamy Kevin Lawler Keith V Salamat Ashkan Dias Ranga P 2022 Retraction Note Room temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride Nature 610 7933 804 Bibcode 2022Natur 610 804S doi 10 1038 s41586 022 05294 9 PMID 36163290 S2CID 252544156 Johnston Hamish 14 October 2020 Superconductivity endures to 15 C in high pressure material Physics World Retrieved 15 October 2020 a b Rincon Paul 2020 10 15 Superconductors Material raises hope of energy revolution BBC News Retrieved 2020 10 16 van der Marel D Hirsch J E 2022 Room temperature superconductivity or not Comment on Nature 586 373 2020 by E Snider et al International Journal of Modern Physics B 37 4 2375001 arXiv 2201 07686 doi 10 1142 S0217979223750012 S2CID 252324362 Minkov Vasily Bud ko Sergey Balakirev Fedor Prakapenka Vitali Chariton Stella Husband Rachel Liermann Hanns Peter Eremets Mikhail 2021 10 26 The Meissner effect in high temperature hydrogen rich superconductors under high pressure doi 10 21203 rs 3 rs 936317 v1 S2CID 244229007 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Hirsch J E Marsiglio F 2022 Clear evidence against superconductivity in hydrides under high pressure Matter and Radiation at Extremes 7 5 058401 arXiv 2110 07568 doi 10 1063 5 0091404 S2CID 238857145 External links EditRobert Service 26 August 2021 Thanks to a bit of diamond smashing practical room temperature superconductivity could be close to reality Science AAAS Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Carbonaceous sulfur hydride amp oldid 1167779513, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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