Capsian industry was concentrated mainly in what is now Tunisia Morocco and Algeria. It is traditionally divided into two horizons, the Capsien typique (Typical Capsian) and the Capsien supérieur (Upper Capsian), which are sometimes found in chronostratigraphic sequence. Sometimes, a third period, Capsian Neolithic (6,200–5,300 BP) is also specified. They represent variants of one tradition, the differences between them being both typological and technological.[3][4][5]
During this period, the environment of the Maghreb was open savanna, much like modern East Africa, with Mediterranean forests at higher altitudes;[6] where the initial phase overlaps with the African humid period.[7] The Capsian diet included a wide variety of animals, ranging from aurochs and hartebeest to hares and snails; there is little evidence concerning plants eaten.[8][9] During the succeeding Neolithic of Capsian Tradition, there is evidence from one site, for domesticated, probably imported, ovicaprids.[10]
Anatomically, Capsian populations were modern Homo sapiens, traditionally classed into two variegate types: Proto-Mediterranean and Mechta-Afalou on the basis of cranial morphology. Some have argued that they were immigrants from the east (Natufians),[11] whereas others argue for population continuity based on physical skeletal characteristics and other criteria.[12][8][13]
Given the Capsian culture's timescale, widespread occurrence in the Sahara, and geographic association with modern speakers of the Afroasiatic languages, historical linguists have tentatively associated the industry with the Afroasiatic family's earliest speakers on the continent.[14]
Nothing is known about Capsian religion, but their burial methods suggest a belief in an afterlife. Decorative art is widely found at their sites, including figurative and abstract rock art, and ochre is found coloring both tools and corpses. Ostrich eggshells were used to make beads and containers; seashells were used for necklaces. The Ibero-Maurusian practice of extracting the central incisors continued sporadically, but became rarer.
The Eburran industry which dates between 13,000 and 9,000 BC[is this date calibrated?] in East Africa, was formerly known as the "Kenya Capsian" due to similarities in the stone blade shapes.
^Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000-04-30). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 93. ISBN9780306461583.
^Whitehouse, Ruth D. (24 February 2016). Macmillan Dictionary of Archaeology – Google Książki. Macmillan Education UK. ISBN9781349075898.[permanent dead link]
^2005 D. Lubell. Continuité et changement dans l'Epipaléolithique du Maghreb. In, M. Sahnouni (ed.) Le Paléolithique en Afrique: l’histoire la plus longue, pp. 205–226. Paris: Guides de la Préhistoire Mondiale, Éditions Artcom’/Errance.
^Rahmani, Noura (2004-03-01). "Technological and Cultural Change Among the Last Hunter-Gatherers of the Maghreb: The Capsian (10,000–6000 B.P.)". Journal of World Prehistory. 18 (1): 57–105. doi:10.1023/B:JOWO.0000038658.50738.eb. ISSN 1573-7802. S2CID 162822759.
^Mulazzani, Simone (2013). Le Capsien de Hergla (Tunisie): culture, environnement et économie (in French). Africa Magna Verlag. ISBN978-3-937248-36-3.
^1984 D. Lubell. Paleoenvironments and Epi Paleolithic economies in the Maghreb (ca. 20,000 to 5000 B.C.). In, J.D. Clark & S.A. Brandt (eds.), From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 41–56.
^Jackes, Mary; Lubell, David (2008). "Early and Middle Holocene Environments and Capsian Cultural Change: Evidence from the Télidjène Basin, Eastern Algeria". African Archaeological Review. 25 (1–2): 41–55. doi:10.1007/s10437-008-9024-2. ISSN 0263-0338. S2CID 53678760.
^ ab1984 D. Lubell, P. Sheppard & M. Jackes. Continuity in the Epipalaeolithic of northern Africa with an emphasis on the Maghreb. In, F. Wendorf & A. Close (eds.), Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. 3: 143–191. New York: Academic Press.
^2004 D. Lubell.Prehistoric edible land snails in the circum-Mediterranean: the archaeological evidence. In, J-J. Brugal & J. Desse (eds.), Petits Animaux et Sociétés Humaines. Du Complément Alimentaire Aux Ressources Utilitaires. XXIVe rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes, pp. 77–98. Antibes: Éditions APDCA.
^1979 C. Roubet. Économie Pastorale Préagricole en Algérie Orientale: le Néolithique de Tradition Capsienne. Paris: CNRS.
^1985 D. Ferembach. On the origin of the Iberomaurusians (Upper Paleolithic, North Africa): a new hypothesis. Journal of Human Evolution 14: 393–397.
^1991 P. Sheppard & D. Lubell. Early Holocene Maghreb prehistory: an evolutionary approach. Sahara 3: 63–9
^D. Lubell (October 1, 2001). "Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb". In Peregrine, Peter Neal; Ember, Melvin (eds.). Encyclopedia of Prehistory(PDF). Vol. 1 : Africa. New York: Springer. pp. 129–149.
^Language, Volume 61, Issues 3–4. Linguistic Society of America. 1985. p. 695. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
capsian, culture, mesolithic, neolithic, culture, centered, maghreb, that, lasted, from, about, this, date, calibrated, named, after, town, gafsa, tunisia, which, known, capsa, roman, times, capsiangeographical, rangenorth, africa, possibly, east, africaperiod. The Capsian culture was a Mesolithic and Neolithic culture centered in the Maghreb that lasted from about 8 000 to 2 700 BC 1 2 is this date calibrated It was named after the town of Gafsa in Tunisia which was known as Capsa in Roman times CapsianGeographical rangeNorth Africa possibly East AfricaPeriodNeolithic Bronze AgeDatesc 8 000 c 2 700 BCType siteEl MektaMajor sitesMedjez II Dakhlat es Saadane Ain Naga Khanguet El Mouhaad Ain Misteheyia Kef Zoura D El Mekta Preceded byIberomaurusianFollowed byLibyans Capsian industry was concentrated mainly in what is now Tunisia Morocco and Algeria It is traditionally divided into two horizons the Capsien typique Typical Capsian and the Capsien superieur Upper Capsian which are sometimes found in chronostratigraphic sequence Sometimes a third period Capsian Neolithic 6 200 5 300 BP is also specified They represent variants of one tradition the differences between them being both typological and technological 3 4 5 During this period the environment of the Maghreb was open savanna much like modern East Africa with Mediterranean forests at higher altitudes 6 where the initial phase overlaps with the African humid period 7 The Capsian diet included a wide variety of animals ranging from aurochs and hartebeest to hares and snails there is little evidence concerning plants eaten 8 9 During the succeeding Neolithic of Capsian Tradition there is evidence from one site for domesticated probably imported ovicaprids 10 Anatomically Capsian populations were modern Homo sapiens traditionally classed into two variegate types Proto Mediterranean and Mechta Afalou on the basis of cranial morphology Some have argued that they were immigrants from the east Natufians 11 whereas others argue for population continuity based on physical skeletal characteristics and other criteria 12 8 13 Given the Capsian culture s timescale widespread occurrence in the Sahara and geographic association with modern speakers of the Afroasiatic languages historical linguists have tentatively associated the industry with the Afroasiatic family s earliest speakers on the continent 14 Nothing is known about Capsian religion but their burial methods suggest a belief in an afterlife Decorative art is widely found at their sites including figurative and abstract rock art and ochre is found coloring both tools and corpses Ostrich eggshells were used to make beads and containers seashells were used for necklaces The Ibero Maurusian practice of extracting the central incisors continued sporadically but became rarer The Eburran industry which dates between 13 000 and 9 000 BC is this date calibrated in East Africa was formerly known as the Kenya Capsian due to similarities in the stone blade shapes Contents 1 Gallery 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksGallery edit nbsp The main sites of the Iberomaurusian and Capsian cultures in north Africa nbsp A Capsian ostrich egg bottle nbsp Typical Capsian burial Tunisia nbsp Capsian culture ArrowheadSee also editIfri n Amr or Moussa Kelif el Boroud Prehistory of Central North Africa African humid periodReferences edit Kipfer Barbara Ann 2000 04 30 Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology Springer Science amp Business Media p 93 ISBN 9780306461583 Whitehouse Ruth D 24 February 2016 Macmillan Dictionary of Archaeology Google Ksiazki Macmillan Education UK ISBN 9781349075898 permanent dead link 2005 D Lubell Continuite et changement dans l Epipaleolithique du Maghreb In M Sahnouni ed Le Paleolithique en Afrique l histoire la plus longue pp 205 226 Paris Guides de la Prehistoire Mondiale Editions Artcom Errance Rahmani Noura 2004 03 01 Technological and Cultural Change Among the Last Hunter Gatherers of the Maghreb The Capsian 10 000 6000 B P Journal of World Prehistory 18 1 57 105 doi 10 1023 B JOWO 0000038658 50738 eb ISSN 1573 7802 S2CID 162822759 Mulazzani Simone 2013 Le Capsien de Hergla Tunisie culture environnement et economie in French Africa Magna Verlag ISBN 978 3 937248 36 3 1984 D Lubell Paleoenvironments and Epi Paleolithic economies in the Maghreb ca 20 000 to 5000 B C In J D Clark amp S A Brandt eds From Hunters to Farmers The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa Berkeley University of California Press pp 41 56 Jackes Mary Lubell David 2008 Early and Middle Holocene Environments and Capsian Cultural Change Evidence from the Telidjene Basin Eastern Algeria African Archaeological Review 25 1 2 41 55 doi 10 1007 s10437 008 9024 2 ISSN 0263 0338 S2CID 53678760 a b 1984 D Lubell P Sheppard amp M Jackes Continuity in the Epipalaeolithic of northern Africa with an emphasis on the Maghreb In F Wendorf amp A Close eds Advances in World Archaeology Vol 3 143 191 New York Academic Press 2004 D Lubell Prehistoric edible land snails in the circum Mediterranean the archaeological evidence In J J Brugal amp J Desse eds Petits Animaux et Societes Humaines Du Complement Alimentaire Aux Ressources Utilitaires XXIVe rencontres internationales d archeologie et d histoire d Antibes pp 77 98 Antibes Editions APDCA 1979 C Roubet Economie Pastorale Preagricole en Algerie Orientale le Neolithique de Tradition Capsienne Paris CNRS 1985 D Ferembach On the origin of the Iberomaurusians Upper Paleolithic North Africa a new hypothesis Journal of Human Evolution 14 393 397 1991 P Sheppard amp D Lubell Early Holocene Maghreb prehistory an evolutionary approach Sahara 3 63 9 D Lubell October 1 2001 Late Pleistocene Early Holocene Maghreb In Peregrine Peter Neal Ember Melvin eds Encyclopedia of Prehistory PDF Vol 1 Africa New York Springer pp 129 149 Language Volume 61 Issues 3 4 Linguistic Society of America 1985 p 695 Retrieved 31 January 2017 External links editCapsian African Neolithic Tools Weapons and Artifacts Capsian North Africa Prof David Lubell home page at University of Waterloo L Universite de Geneve drawing of mircoliths from upper Capsian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Capsian culture amp oldid 1216635273, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
