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Commander-in-Chief, Africa (Royal Navy)

February 16, 2024

The Commander-in-Chief, Africa was the last title of a Royal Navy's formation commander located in South Africa from 1795 to 1939. Under varying titles, it was one of the longest-lived formations of the Royal Navy. It was also often known as the Cape of Good Hope Station.

Commander-in-Chief, Africa
The cruiser HMS Gibraltar, flagship of the Cape of Good Hope Station in the early 1900s
Active1795–1939 [1]
Country United Kingdom
Branch Royal Navy
Garrison/HQTable Bay, Simonstown, South Africa

History edit

 
Admiralty House, Simonstown

From 1750 to 1779 the Cape of Good Hope became strategically important due to the increasing competition between France and Great Britain for control of the seas.[2] In 1780 Holland joined the American Revolutionary War[3] in alliance[4] with France and Spain against Great Britain; the British Government were aware of the consequences should the Cape of Good Hope fall and the impact it would have on its trade links with India and put a plan into place to capture the Cape and circumvent its use by the enemy. The first attempt was subject to prolonged delays and the fact that the French were able to reinforce their defences enabled them to successfully defend it from the British attack. From 1781 to 1791 various attempts[5] were made to capture the station: all failed and it remained under the control of France and the French were successful in attacking and disrupting the trade cargo of the East India Company's ships that were travelling between Asian subcontinent and Europe.[6] In 1792 hostilities temporarily ceased and by 1793 the Directors of the East India Company expressed their concern[7] about the cape being retained by the French. The British government and the Admiralty decided to act and successfully retook it in 1795:[8] the first Naval base was established at Table Bay.[9]

In 1802 the British government agreed to restore the Cape to the Dutch control but this was not finalized until 1803 and lasted until 1806,[10] when a new British Administration under William Pitt cancelled the agreement between both countries and re-took the Cape once more in 1806,[11] which effectively from this point on remained under British control. In 1811 the Royal Navy decided it wanted to move from its current base to a new base at Simon's Town bay; however the initial facilities took approximately three years to complete and were not ready until 1814.[12] From 1815 to 1849 the base was mainly used for re-fitting and repair work on vessels and acted as a port of call for nautical surveyors who were mapping the region. During the 1850s and 1860s improvements were made to the dockyard facilities with some being re-built in order to accommodate larger ships. On 17 January 1865, it was combined with the East Indies Station to form the East Indies and Cape of Good Hope Station; however, the station was recreated as a separate station on 29 July 1867. From 1870, it absorbed the former West Africa Squadron.[13] By the start of the Second Boer War in 1899 a long period of relative peace had existed; the station became the main base for British Forces disembarking and embarking during the war and for supplies and equipment being shipped from Britain for the duration of the conflict.[14]

First World War edit

In 1910 a new East Dock was built together with a dry dock facility which proved timely in the event of the breakout of the First World War. From 1914 to 1919 its primary tasks was to seek out and destroy German commerce raiders.[15] HMS Pegasus remained as part of the Cape Station on the outbreak of the First World War. As the likelihood of war with Germany increased, the Commander-in-Chief on the Cape Station, Rear Admiral Herbert King-Hall, deployed his ships in order to counter the threat posed by the German light cruiser Königsberg, based at Dar es Salaam. On 31 July 1914, Pegasus sighted Königsberg leaving Dar es Salaam, but was unable to keep track of the faster German cruiser.[16][17] King-Hall recognised that Königsberg outclassed Pegasus and intended that Pegasus should operate with the cruiser Astraea while his flagship Hyacinth operated independently to protect the trade routes around the Cape, but on 12 August, the Admiralty ordered Astraea to join Hyacinth off the Cape to escort troop convoys, leaving Pegasus unsupported at Zanzibar.[18] On 23 August Pegasus sailed to the port of Bagamoyo in German East Africa with the intention of forcing a truce so that the port would take no further part in the war. Similar agreements had previously been made with the authorities of Dar es Salaam and Tanga.[19] When the port authorities refused to agree to such a truce, Pegasus shelled the port's Customs House.[19]

During the interwar period the Cape Station resumed the work of maintaining and refitting vessels stationed there and those travelling en route to Asia. In 1939, at the start of the Second World War, the base played an early prominent role in the Battle of the Atlantic, and the hunt for the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee, that led to the Battle of the River Plate. After the conclusion of that engagement the station ceased as a command operations center with the senior naval staff moving to the newly formed South Atlantic station headquartered at Freetown. The naval base remained as part of that command until 1957.[20] In 1958 the British government handed over the facility to the South African Navy.[21]

Commanders-in-Chief edit

The commanders-in-chief were:[22]
 N = died in post

Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope edit

Note: from 1803-06 a Dutch colony

Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope Station and West Africa Station edit

Commander-in-Chief, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station edit

Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope Station and West Africa Station edit

Commander-in-Chief, Africa Station edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Walker, Eric Anderson (1963). The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive. p. 879. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  2. ^ Duigan, Peter; Gann, L. H. (1978). South Africa: War, Revolution, or Peace?. Hoover Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780817969936.
  3. ^ "Dutch and British Coastal Fortifications at the Cape of Good Hope (1665 to 1829)". sahistory.org.za. South African History Online, 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  4. ^ Robbins, Louise E. (2002). Elephant slaves and pampered parrots : exotic animals in eighteenth century Paris ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Baltimore [u.a.]: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780801867538.
  5. ^ "Dutch and British Coastal Fortifications at the Cape of Good Hope (1665 to 1829)". sahistory.org.za. South African History Online, 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  6. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 1303. ISBN 9781851096725.
  7. ^ Mackay, David (1985). In the Wake of Cook: Exploration, Science & Empire, 1780-1801. Victoria University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780864730251.
  8. ^ Baines, Edward (1817). History of the Wars of the French Revolution, from the Breaking Point of the War in 1792, to the Restoration of a General Peace in 1815: Comprehending the Civil History of Great Britain and France, During that Period .--. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. p. 146.
  9. ^ Robbins, Louise E. (2002). Elephant Slaves and Pampered Parrots: Exotic Animals in Eighteenth-Century Paris. JHU Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780801867538.
  10. ^ Hore, Peter (2012). Dreadnought to Daring: 100 Years of Comment, Controversy and Debate in The Naval Review. [S.l.]: Seaforth Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 9781848321489.
  11. ^ Ward, Peter A. (2013). British naval power in the East, 1794-1805 : the command of Admiral Peter Rainier (1. publ. ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 231. ISBN 9781843838487.
  12. ^ Goosen, C (1973). South Africa's Navy - the first Fifty years. W. J. Flesch & partners. pp. 131–132. ISBN 0-949989-02-9.
  13. ^ West Africa Squadron
  14. ^ . 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  15. ^ Friedman, Norman (2011). British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After. Seaforth Publishing. pp. 76–79. ISBN 9781848320789.
  16. ^ Corbett 1920, p. 152
  17. ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 10 1921, pp. 17–20
  18. ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 10 1921, pp. 21–25
  19. ^ a b Naval Staff Monograph No. 10 1921, pp. 22, 28–29
  20. ^ Wilson, Alastair (11 May 2021). ""Mrs Bathurst" Notes on the text". kiplingsociety.co.uk. The Kipling Society, Page 339, line 2, April 29, 2008.
  21. ^ "1956 to 1958". HMS Ceylon Association. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  22. ^ Hiscocks, Richard (2016-01-17). "Cape Commander-in-Chief 1795-1852". morethannelson.com. morethannelson.com. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  23. ^ Barnard, Lady Anne Lindsay; Cordeur, Basil Le (1999). The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800: 1799. Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, The. p. 27. ISBN 9780958411257.
  24. ^ "Christian, Sir Hugh Cloberry, Rear Admiral, 1747-1798 Biographical Details". Royal Museums Greenwich, 1798-02-26 - 1798-11-04. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  25. ^ "Bertie, Admiral Sir Albemarle". The annual biography and obituary for the year 1825. Vol. 9. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1825. p. 396.
  26. ^ Clarke, James Stanier; McArthur, John (2010). The Naval Chronicle: Volume 28, July-December 1812: Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects. Cambridge University Press. p. 260. ISBN 9781108018678.
  27. ^ Napoleon & Betsy: Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon on St Helena. Fonthill Media. 2016. p. 80. ISBN 9781781551356.
  28. ^ Great Britain H.M. Stationery Office, House of Commons; State Library, Bavarian (1 January 1821). Journals of the House of Commons, Digitized 23 Jun 2010. Vol. 76. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 794.
  29. ^ Marshall 1827, p. 119.
  30. ^ Colbourn, H (1830). "The United Service Magazine, 1830". p. 249, The University of Wisconsin - Madison Digitized, 12 Apr 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  31. ^ a b c Bethell, Leslie (2009). The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade Question. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780521101134.
  32. ^ The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1840. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 459. ISBN 9781108053921.
  33. ^ "Colonial Magazine and Commercial Maritime Journal". Fisher, son. p.253, Digitized by the University of Minnesota,18 Jun 2014. 1 January 1844. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  34. ^ "The New Commander for the Cape". nla.gov.au. Morning Chronicle, 10 Jan 1846. Retrieved 19 November 2016.

Sources edit

  • Corbett, Julian S. (1920). Naval Operations: Volume 1: To the Battle of the Falklands December 1914. History of the Great War. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
  • Marshall, John (1827). Royal Naval Biography Supplement: Or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired-Captains, Post-Captains, and Commanders. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02272-9. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  • Rodger, N.A.M. The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815. New York and London: W.W. Norton and Company, 2004.
  • Monograph No. 10.—East Africa to July 1915 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. II. The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1921.

Further reading edit

  • Miller, Nathan. Broadsides: The Age of Fighting Sail, 1775-1815 . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2000.

February 16, 2024
commander, chief, africa, royal, navy, commander, chief, africa, last, title, royal, navy, formation, commander, located, south, africa, from, 1795, 1939, under, varying, titles, longest, lived, formations, royal, navy, also, often, known, cape, good, hope, st. The Commander in Chief Africa was the last title of a Royal Navy s formation commander located in South Africa from 1795 to 1939 Under varying titles it was one of the longest lived formations of the Royal Navy It was also often known as the Cape of Good Hope Station Commander in Chief AfricaThe cruiser HMS Gibraltar flagship of the Cape of Good Hope Station in the early 1900sActive1795 1939 1 Country United KingdomBranchRoyal NavyGarrison HQTable Bay Simonstown South Africa Contents 1 History 1 1 First World War 2 Commanders in Chief 2 1 Commander in Chief Cape of Good Hope 2 2 Commander in Chief Cape of Good Hope Station and West Africa Station 2 3 Commander in Chief East Indies amp Cape of Good Hope Station 2 4 Commander in Chief Cape of Good Hope Station and West Africa Station 2 5 Commander in Chief Africa Station 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 Further readingHistory edit nbsp Admiralty House SimonstownFrom 1750 to 1779 the Cape of Good Hope became strategically important due to the increasing competition between France and Great Britain for control of the seas 2 In 1780 Holland joined the American Revolutionary War 3 in alliance 4 with France and Spain against Great Britain the British Government were aware of the consequences should the Cape of Good Hope fall and the impact it would have on its trade links with India and put a plan into place to capture the Cape and circumvent its use by the enemy The first attempt was subject to prolonged delays and the fact that the French were able to reinforce their defences enabled them to successfully defend it from the British attack From 1781 to 1791 various attempts 5 were made to capture the station all failed and it remained under the control of France and the French were successful in attacking and disrupting the trade cargo of the East India Company s ships that were travelling between Asian subcontinent and Europe 6 In 1792 hostilities temporarily ceased and by 1793 the Directors of the East India Company expressed their concern 7 about the cape being retained by the French The British government and the Admiralty decided to act and successfully retook it in 1795 8 the first Naval base was established at Table Bay 9 In 1802 the British government agreed to restore the Cape to the Dutch control but this was not finalized until 1803 and lasted until 1806 10 when a new British Administration under William Pitt cancelled the agreement between both countries and re took the Cape once more in 1806 11 which effectively from this point on remained under British control In 1811 the Royal Navy decided it wanted to move from its current base to a new base at Simon s Town bay however the initial facilities took approximately three years to complete and were not ready until 1814 12 From 1815 to 1849 the base was mainly used for re fitting and repair work on vessels and acted as a port of call for nautical surveyors who were mapping the region During the 1850s and 1860s improvements were made to the dockyard facilities with some being re built in order to accommodate larger ships On 17 January 1865 it was combined with the East Indies Station to form the East Indies and Cape of Good Hope Station however the station was recreated as a separate station on 29 July 1867 From 1870 it absorbed the former West Africa Squadron 13 By the start of the Second Boer War in 1899 a long period of relative peace had existed the station became the main base for British Forces disembarking and embarking during the war and for supplies and equipment being shipped from Britain for the duration of the conflict 14 First World War edit In 1910 a new East Dock was built together with a dry dock facility which proved timely in the event of the breakout of the First World War From 1914 to 1919 its primary tasks was to seek out and destroy German commerce raiders 15 HMS Pegasus remained as part of the Cape Station on the outbreak of the First World War As the likelihood of war with Germany increased the Commander in Chief on the Cape Station Rear Admiral Herbert King Hall deployed his ships in order to counter the threat posed by the German light cruiser Konigsberg based at Dar es Salaam On 31 July 1914 Pegasus sighted Konigsberg leaving Dar es Salaam but was unable to keep track of the faster German cruiser 16 17 King Hall recognised that Konigsberg outclassed Pegasus and intended that Pegasus should operate with the cruiser Astraea while his flagship Hyacinth operated independently to protect the trade routes around the Cape but on 12 August the Admiralty ordered Astraea to join Hyacinth off the Cape to escort troop convoys leaving Pegasus unsupported at Zanzibar 18 On 23 August Pegasus sailed to the port of Bagamoyo in German East Africa with the intention of forcing a truce so that the port would take no further part in the war Similar agreements had previously been made with the authorities of Dar es Salaam and Tanga 19 When the port authorities refused to agree to such a truce Pegasus shelled the port s Customs House 19 During the interwar period the Cape Station resumed the work of maintaining and refitting vessels stationed there and those travelling en route to Asia In 1939 at the start of the Second World War the base played an early prominent role in the Battle of the Atlantic and the hunt for the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee that led to the Battle of the River Plate After the conclusion of that engagement the station ceased as a command operations center with the senior naval staff moving to the newly formed South Atlantic station headquartered at Freetown The naval base remained as part of that command until 1957 20 In 1958 the British government handed over the facility to the South African Navy 21 Commanders in Chief editThe commanders in chief were 22 nbsp N died in post Commander in Chief Cape of Good Hope edit Vice Admiral Sir George Elphinstone 1795 96 23 Rear Admiral Thomas Pringle 1797 98 Rear Admiral Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian 1798 24 nbsp N Vice Admiral Sir Roger Curtis 1800 03 Note from 1803 06 a Dutch colony Commodore Sir Home Riggs Popham 1806 07 Rear Admiral Charles Stirling 1807 08 Commodore Josias Rowley 1808 Vice Admiral Sir Albemarle Bertie 1808 10 25 Rear Admiral Robert Stopford 1810 12 Rear Admiral Charles Tyler 1812 15 26 Rear Admiral George Cockburn 1815 16 27 Rear Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm 1816 1817 Rear Admiral Robert Plampin 1817 20 28 Rear Admiral Robert Lambert 1820 21 Commodore James Lillicrap 1821 22 Commodore Joseph Nourse 1822 24 1 nbsp N Commodore Robert Moorsom 1825 Commodore Hood Hanway Christian 1825 27 29 Commodore William Skipsey 1827 28 Commodore Charles Marsh Schomberg 1828 31 30 Rear Admiral Frederick Warren 1831 34 31 Rear Admiral Sir Patrick Campbell 1834 37 31 Rear Admiral George Elliot 1837 40 31 Rear Admiral Sir Edward Durnford King 1840 41 32 Rear Admiral Josceline Percy 1841 46 33 Rear Admiral James Dacres 1846 1848 34 Rear Admiral Barrington Reynolds 1848 49 Commodore Christopher Wyvill 1849 1853 Commodore Charles Talbot 1853 1854 Commodore John Adams 1854 1857 Commander in Chief Cape of Good Hope Station and West Africa Station edit Rear Admiral Sir Frederick Grey 1857 1860 Rear Admiral Sir Henry Keppel 1860 Rear Admiral Sir Baldwin Walker 1861 1865 Commander in Chief East Indies amp Cape of Good Hope Station edit Commodore Frederick Montresor 1865 Commodore Charles Hillyar 1865 1867 Commander in Chief Cape of Good Hope Station and West Africa Station edit Commodore Sir William Dowell 1867 1871 Commodore Sir John Commerell 1871 1873 Commodore Sir William Hewett 1873 1876 Commodore Sir Francis Sullivan 1876 1879 Commodore Sir Frederick Richards 1879 1882 Rear Admiral Sir Nowell Salmon 1882 1885 Rear Admiral Sir Walter Hunt Grubbe 1885 1888 Rear Admiral Sir Richard Wells 1888 1890 Rear Admiral Sir Henry Nicholson 1890 1892 Rear Admiral Sir Frederick Bedford 1892 1895 Rear Admiral Sir Harry Rawson 1895 1898 Rear Admiral Sir Robert Harris 1898 1900 Rear Admiral Sir Arthur Moore 1901 1903 Rear Admiral Sir John Durnford 1904 1907 Rear Admiral Sir Edmund Poe 1907 1908 Rear Admiral Sir George Egerton 1908 1910 Rear Admiral Sir Paul Bush 1910 1913 Vice Admiral Sir Herbert King Hall 1913 1916 Vice Admiral Sir Edward Charlton 1916 1918 Vice Admiral Sir Edward Fitzherbert 1918 1920 Commander in Chief Africa Station edit Vice Admiral Sir William Goodenough 1920 1922 Vice Admiral Sir Rudolph Bentinck 1922 1924 Vice Admiral Sir Maurice Fitzmaurice 1924 1926 nbsp N Vice Admiral Sir David Anderson 1926 1929 Vice Admiral Sir Rudolf Burmester 1929 1931 Vice Admiral Sir Hugh Tweedie 1931 1933 Vice Admiral Sir Edward Evans 1933 1935 Vice Admiral Sir Francis Tottenham 1935 1938 Vice Admiral Sir George Lyon 1938 1939 who then became Commander in Chief South Atlantic 1939 40 See also editList of fleets and major commands of the Royal NavyReferences edit a b Walker Eric Anderson 1963 The Cambridge History of the British Empire CUP Archive p 879 Retrieved 19 November 2016 Duigan Peter Gann L H 1978 South Africa War Revolution or Peace Hoover Press p 10 ISBN 9780817969936 Dutch and British Coastal Fortifications at the Cape of Good Hope 1665 to 1829 sahistory org za South African History Online 2015 Retrieved 26 November 2016 Robbins Louise E 2002 Elephant slaves and pampered parrots exotic animals in eighteenth century Paris Online Ausg ed Baltimore u a Johns Hopkins University Press p 54 ISBN 9780801867538 Dutch and British Coastal Fortifications at the Cape of Good Hope 1665 to 1829 sahistory org za South African History Online 2015 Retrieved 26 November 2016 Tucker Spencer C 2009 A Global Chronology of Conflict From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East 6 volumes From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ABC CLIO p 1303 ISBN 9781851096725 Mackay David 1985 In the Wake of Cook Exploration Science amp Empire 1780 1801 Victoria University Press p 31 ISBN 9780864730251 Baines Edward 1817 History of the Wars of the French Revolution from the Breaking Point of the War in 1792 to the Restoration of a General Peace in 1815 Comprehending the Civil History of Great Britain and France During that Period Longman Hurst Rees Orme and Brown p 146 Robbins Louise E 2002 Elephant Slaves and Pampered Parrots Exotic Animals in Eighteenth Century Paris JHU Press p 54 ISBN 9780801867538 Hore Peter 2012 Dreadnought to Daring 100 Years of Comment Controversy and Debate in The Naval Review S l Seaforth Publishing p 200 ISBN 9781848321489 Ward Peter A 2013 British naval power in the East 1794 1805 the command of Admiral Peter Rainier 1 publ ed Woodbridge Boydell Press p 231 ISBN 9781843838487 Goosen C 1973 South Africa s Navy the first Fifty years W J Flesch amp partners pp 131 132 ISBN 0 949989 02 9 West Africa Squadron South Africa 1899 1902 1st The Queen s Dragoon Guards Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 Retrieved 26 November 2016 Friedman Norman 2011 British Cruisers Two World Wars and After Seaforth Publishing pp 76 79 ISBN 9781848320789 Corbett 1920 p 152 Naval Staff Monograph No 10 1921 pp 17 20 Naval Staff Monograph No 10 1921 pp 21 25 a b Naval Staff Monograph No 10 1921 pp 22 28 29 Wilson Alastair 11 May 2021 Mrs Bathurst Notes on the text kiplingsociety co uk The Kipling Society Page 339 line 2 April 29 2008 1956 to 1958 HMS Ceylon Association Retrieved 26 November 2016 Hiscocks Richard 2016 01 17 Cape Commander in Chief 1795 1852 morethannelson com morethannelson com Retrieved 19 November 2016 Barnard Lady Anne Lindsay Cordeur Basil Le 1999 The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard 1799 1800 1799 Cape Town Van Riebeeck Society The p 27 ISBN 9780958411257 Christian Sir Hugh Cloberry Rear Admiral 1747 1798 Biographical Details Royal Museums Greenwich 1798 02 26 1798 11 04 Retrieved 19 November 2016 Bertie Admiral Sir Albemarle The annual biography and obituary for the year 1825 Vol 9 London Longman Hurst Rees Orme Brown and Green 1825 p 396 Clarke James Stanier McArthur John 2010 The Naval Chronicle Volume 28 July December 1812 Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects Cambridge University Press p 260 ISBN 9781108018678 Napoleon amp Betsy Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon on St Helena Fonthill Media 2016 p 80 ISBN 9781781551356 Great Britain H M Stationery Office House of Commons State Library Bavarian 1 January 1821 Journals of the House of Commons Digitized 23 Jun 2010 Vol 76 H M Stationery Office p 794 Marshall 1827 p 119 Colbourn H 1830 The United Service Magazine 1830 p 249 The University of Wisconsin Madison Digitized 12 Apr 2010 Retrieved 19 November 2016 a b c Bethell Leslie 2009 The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade Britain Brazil and the Slave Trade Question Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 122 ISBN 9780521101134 The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1840 New York Cambridge University Press 2013 p 459 ISBN 9781108053921 Colonial Magazine and Commercial Maritime Journal Fisher son p 253 Digitized by the University of Minnesota 18 Jun 2014 1 January 1844 Retrieved 19 November 2016 The New Commander for the Cape nla gov au Morning Chronicle 10 Jan 1846 Retrieved 19 November 2016 Sources editCorbett Julian S 1920 Naval Operations Volume 1 To the Battle of the Falklands December 1914 History of the Great War London Longmans Green and Co Marshall John 1827 Royal Naval Biography Supplement Or Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag Officers Superannuated Rear Admirals Retired Captains Post Captains and Commanders Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 108 02272 9 Retrieved 2016 11 19 Rodger N A M The Command of the Ocean A Naval History of Britain 1649 1815 New York and London W W Norton and Company 2004 Monograph No 10 East Africa to July 1915 PDF Naval Staff Monographs Historical Vol II The Naval Staff Training and Staff Duties Division 1921 Further reading editMiller Nathan Broadsides The Age of Fighting Sail 1775 1815 New York John Wiley amp Sons Inc 2000 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Commander in Chief Africa Royal Navy amp oldid 1138461042, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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