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Canadian Martyrs

January 01, 1970

The Canadian Martyrs (French: Martyrs canadiens), also known as the North American Martyrs (French: Saints martyrs canadiens, Holy Canadian Martyrs), were eight Jesuit missionaries from Sainte-Marie among the Hurons. They were ritually tortured and killed on various dates in the mid-17th century in Canada, in what is now southern Ontario, and in upstate New York, during the warfare between the Iroquioan tribes the Mohawk and the Huron. They have subsequently been canonized and venerated as martyrs by the Catholic Church.

Canadian Martyrs
Holy card depicting the martyrs
BornFrance
Died17th century, Canada and Upstate New York
Martyred byIroquois
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Anglican Church
BeatifiedJune 21, 1925, Rome, by Pope Pius XI
CanonizedJune 29, 1930, Rome, by Pope Pius XI
Major shrineMartyrs' Shrine, Midland, Ontario, Canada
National Shrine of the North American Martyrs, Auriesville, New York
FeastSeptember 26 (in Canada and among Traditional Roman Catholics)
October 19 (General Calendar); Anglican Church of Canada
PatronageCanada

The martyrs are:

Name Date of death Place of death Means of death
René Goupil September 29, 1642 Ossernenon, near Auriesville, New York tomahawk to the head[1]
Isaac Jogues October 18, 1646 Ossernenon, near Auriesville, New York tomahawk to the head[2]
Jean de Lalande October 19, 1646 Ossernenon, near Auriesville, New York tomahawk to the head[3]
Antoine Daniel July 4, 1648 Teanaostaye, near Hillsdale, Ontario shot[4]
Jean de Brébeuf March 16, 1649 St. Ignace, near Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, Ontario boiling water and fire at the stake[5]
Gabriel Lalemant March 17, 1649 St. Ignace, near Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, Ontario boiling water and fire at the stake[5]
Charles Garnier December 7, 1649 near Collingwood, Ontario shot[6]
Noël Chabanel December 8, 1649 Nottawasaga River, Ontario tomahawk to the head[6]
Jesuit map

Background edit

Jesuit missionaries worked among the Huron (Wendat), an Iroquoian-speaking people who occupied territory in the Georgian Bay area of Central Ontario. (They were not part of the Iroquois Confederacy, initially made up of five tribes south and east of the Great Lakes.) The area of their traditional territory is called Huronia. The Huron in this area were farmers, fishermen and traders who lived in villages surrounded by defensive wooden palisades for protection.[7] Sainte-Marie among the Hurons was the headquarters for the French Jesuit Mission to the Huron Wendat people.[8]

By the late 1640s, the Jesuits believed they were making progress in their mission to the Huron, and claimed to have made many converts. But, the priests were not universally trusted. Many Huron considered them to be malevolent shamans who brought death and disease wherever they travelled; after European contact, the Huron had suffered high fatalities in epidemics after 1634 of smallpox and other Eurasian infectious diseases.

The nations of the Iroquois Confederacy considered the Jesuits legitimate targets of their raids and warfare, as the missionaries were nominally allies of the Huron and French fur traders. Retaliating for French colonial attacks against the Iroquois was also a reason for their raids against the Huron and Jesuits.

In 1642, the Mohawk captured René Goupil,[1] and Father Isaac Jogues,[2] bringing them back to their village of Ossernenon south of the Mohawk River. They ritually tortured both men and killed Goupil. After several months of captivity, Jogues was ransomed by Dutch traders and the minister Johannes Megapolensis from New Netherland (later Albany). He returned for a time to France, but then sailed back to Quebec. In 1646 he and Jean de Lalande were killed during a visit to Ossernenon intended to achieve peace between the French and the Mohawk.[3]

Other Jesuit missionaries were killed by the Mohawk and martyred in the following years: Antoine Daniel (1648),[9] Jean de Brébeuf (1649),[5] Noël Chabanel (1649),[6] Charles Garnier (1649),[6] and Gabriel Lalemant (1649).[5] All were canonized in 1930 as the Canadian Martyrs, also known as the North American Martyrs.

Legacy and honours edit

 
Martyr's Shrine, Midland, Ontario

The martyrs were canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1930.[10] They are collectively the secondary patron saints of Canada. St. René Goupil, St. Isaac Jogues, and St. Jean de Lalande are the first three U.S. saints, martyred at Ossernenon, 9 miles (14.5 km) west of the confluence of the Schoharie and Mohawk rivers. Their feast day is celebrated in the General Roman Calendar and in the United States on October 19 under the title of "John de Brébeuf and Isaac Jogues, Priests, and Companions, Martyrs," and in Canada on September 26.

The Martyrs' Shrine in Midland, Ontario,[11] the site of the Jesuits' missionary work among the Huron, is the National Shrine to the Canadian Martyrs.

A National Shrine of the North American Martyrs has been constructed and dedicated in Auriesville, New York.[12] It is located south of the Mohawk River, near a Jesuit cemetery containing remains of missionaries who died in the area from 1669 to 1684, when the Jesuits had a local mission to the Mohawk.

Churches dedicated to the Canadian Martyrs edit

Churches dedicated to the martyrs include the following:

Schools dedicated to the Canadian Martyrs edit

Many schools also honour the martyrs, including the following:

Municipality named after the Canadian Martyrs edit

  • The parish municipality of Saints-Martyrs-Canadiens, in Quebec, Canada

The torture of the martyrs by the Iroquois is the subject depicted in the twelve-light World War I memorial window (1933) by Charles William Kelsey at the Loyola College (Montreal) chapel, at the Chapel of Our Lady of Lourdes on the campus of Georgetown Preparatory School in North Bethesda, Maryland, and a side shine at Madonna Della Strada Chapel on the campus of Loyola University Chicago. Fordham University additionally has named the Martyrs' Court residential complex in their collective honour, as well as individual halls in the complex being named for Jogues, Goupil and Lalande. The North American College in Rome has a crypt chapel dedicated to the North American Martyrs.

The martyrs are also honoured at Camp Ondessonk, a Catholic summer camp in Ozark, Illinois, where each unit of cabins is named after one of the martyrs, and also at the American Martyrs Retreat House in Cedar Falls, Iowa.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Jesuit Relations: 28, "Account of René Goupil (donné)," by Father Isaac Jogues
  2. ^ a b Jesuit Relations: 31, VIII
  3. ^ a b Jesuit Relations vol 34, LXIV
  4. ^ Jesuit Relations vol 33, LXVII
  5. ^ a b c d Jesuit Relations vol 35, IV
  6. ^ a b c d Jesuit Relations vol 40, LXXXIII
  7. ^ "Canadian Martyrs and Huronia", Athabasca University
  8. ^ Sainte Marie among the Hurons
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-21. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
  10. ^ (PDF). Conca can Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
  11. ^ Martyrs Shrine, Midand Ontario
  12. ^ Martyrs' Shrine, Auriesville 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Martyrs' Shrine".
  14. ^ . www.jesuitnola.org. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24.

Further reading edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canadian Martyrs.
  • Fisher, Lillian M. (2001). The North American Martyrs: Jesuits in the New World. Boston: Pauline Books & Media. ISBN 0-8198-5132-9.
  • Trigger, Bruce (1990). The Hurons: Farmers of the North. University of Michigan: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0030316898.

January 01, 1970
canadian, martyrs, french, martyrs, canadiens, also, known, north, american, martyrs, french, saints, martyrs, canadiens, holy, were, eight, jesuit, missionaries, from, sainte, marie, among, hurons, they, were, ritually, tortured, killed, various, dates, 17th,. The Canadian Martyrs French Martyrs canadiens also known as the North American Martyrs French Saints martyrs canadiens Holy Canadian Martyrs were eight Jesuit missionaries from Sainte Marie among the Hurons They were ritually tortured and killed on various dates in the mid 17th century in Canada in what is now southern Ontario and in upstate New York during the warfare between the Iroquioan tribes the Mohawk and the Huron They have subsequently been canonized and venerated as martyrs by the Catholic Church Canadian MartyrsHoly card depicting the martyrsBornFranceDied17th century Canada and Upstate New YorkMartyred byIroquoisVenerated inRoman Catholic Church Anglican ChurchBeatifiedJune 21 1925 Rome by Pope Pius XICanonizedJune 29 1930 Rome by Pope Pius XIMajor shrineMartyrs Shrine Midland Ontario Canada National Shrine of the North American Martyrs Auriesville New YorkFeastSeptember 26 in Canada and among Traditional Roman Catholics October 19 General Calendar Anglican Church of CanadaPatronageCanada The martyrs are Name Date of death Place of death Means of death Rene Goupil September 29 1642 Ossernenon near Auriesville New York tomahawk to the head 1 Isaac Jogues October 18 1646 Ossernenon near Auriesville New York tomahawk to the head 2 Jean de Lalande October 19 1646 Ossernenon near Auriesville New York tomahawk to the head 3 Antoine Daniel July 4 1648 Teanaostaye near Hillsdale Ontario shot 4 Jean de Brebeuf March 16 1649 St Ignace near Sainte Marie among the Hurons Ontario boiling water and fire at the stake 5 Gabriel Lalemant March 17 1649 St Ignace near Sainte Marie among the Hurons Ontario boiling water and fire at the stake 5 Charles Garnier December 7 1649 near Collingwood Ontario shot 6 Noel Chabanel December 8 1649 Nottawasaga River Ontario tomahawk to the head 6 Jesuit map Contents 1 Background 2 Legacy and honours 2 1 Churches dedicated to the Canadian Martyrs 2 2 Schools dedicated to the Canadian Martyrs 2 3 Municipality named after the Canadian Martyrs 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingBackground editJesuit missionaries worked among the Huron Wendat an Iroquoian speaking people who occupied territory in the Georgian Bay area of Central Ontario They were not part of the Iroquois Confederacy initially made up of five tribes south and east of the Great Lakes The area of their traditional territory is called Huronia The Huron in this area were farmers fishermen and traders who lived in villages surrounded by defensive wooden palisades for protection 7 Sainte Marie among the Hurons was the headquarters for the French Jesuit Mission to the Huron Wendat people 8 By the late 1640s the Jesuits believed they were making progress in their mission to the Huron and claimed to have made many converts But the priests were not universally trusted Many Huron considered them to be malevolent shamans who brought death and disease wherever they travelled after European contact the Huron had suffered high fatalities in epidemics after 1634 of smallpox and other Eurasian infectious diseases The nations of the Iroquois Confederacy considered the Jesuits legitimate targets of their raids and warfare as the missionaries were nominally allies of the Huron and French fur traders Retaliating for French colonial attacks against the Iroquois was also a reason for their raids against the Huron and Jesuits In 1642 the Mohawk captured Rene Goupil 1 and Father Isaac Jogues 2 bringing them back to their village of Ossernenon south of the Mohawk River They ritually tortured both men and killed Goupil After several months of captivity Jogues was ransomed by Dutch traders and the minister Johannes Megapolensis from New Netherland later Albany He returned for a time to France but then sailed back to Quebec In 1646 he and Jean de Lalande were killed during a visit to Ossernenon intended to achieve peace between the French and the Mohawk 3 Other Jesuit missionaries were killed by the Mohawk and martyred in the following years Antoine Daniel 1648 9 Jean de Brebeuf 1649 5 Noel Chabanel 1649 6 Charles Garnier 1649 6 and Gabriel Lalemant 1649 5 All were canonized in 1930 as the Canadian Martyrs also known as the North American Martyrs Legacy and honours edit nbsp Martyr s Shrine Midland Ontario The martyrs were canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1930 10 They are collectively the secondary patron saints of Canada St Rene Goupil St Isaac Jogues and St Jean de Lalande are the first three U S saints martyred at Ossernenon 9 miles 14 5 km west of the confluence of the Schoharie and Mohawk rivers Their feast day is celebrated in the General Roman Calendar and in the United States on October 19 under the title of John de Brebeuf and Isaac Jogues Priests and Companions Martyrs and in Canada on September 26 The Martyrs Shrine in Midland Ontario 11 the site of the Jesuits missionary work among the Huron is the National Shrine to the Canadian Martyrs A National Shrine of the North American Martyrs has been constructed and dedicated in Auriesville New York 12 It is located south of the Mohawk River near a Jesuit cemetery containing remains of missionaries who died in the area from 1669 to 1684 when the Jesuits had a local mission to the Mohawk Churches dedicated to the Canadian Martyrs edit Churches dedicated to the martyrs include the following National Shrine of the North American Martyrs in Auriesville New York Nostra Signora del Santissimo Sacramento e Santi Martiri Canadesi the Canadian national church in Rome Martyrs Shrine in Midland Ontario 13 Canadian Martyrs Parish in Calgary AB Canadian Martyrs Church in Halifax Nova Scotia Canadian Martyrs Catholic Church in Ottawa Ontario 1 Canadian Martyrs Parish in Richmond British Columbia Canadian Martyrs Parish in Invermere BC The parish of Saints Martyrs Canadiens 2 founded in 1961 in St Boniface now part of Winnipeg Manitoba North American Martyrs Parish and School in Monroeville Pennsylvania North American Martyrs Catholic Church in Lincoln Nebraska North American Martyrs Catholic Church in Auburn Massachusetts North American Martyrs Catholic Church a parish of the Priestly Fraternity of St Peter in Seattle Washington American Martyrs Parish in Manhattan Beach California American Martyrs Roman Catholic Church in Bayside New York American Martyrs Catholic Church in Kingsford Michigan The Chapel of the North American Martyrs at the University of Detroit Jesuit High School Detroit Michigan The Chapel of the North American Martyrs at Jesuit High School New Orleans New Orleans Louisiana 14 The Chapel of the North American Martyrs at Walsh Jesuit High School in Cuyahoga Falls Ohio The Kaboni Catholic Church St Anthony Daniel Parish located in Wiikwemkoong First Nation Ontario Canadian Martyrs Church in Hamilton Ontario St Charles Garnier Church in Hamilton Ontario St Charles Garnier Church in Kelowna British Columbia The parishes of Saints Martyrs Canadiens in Montreal in the City of Quebec in Victoriaville in Trois Rivieres and in Beauharnois province of Quebec Canada Holy Martyrs of North America Catholic Church in Falmouth Maine Schools dedicated to the Canadian Martyrs edit Many schools also honour the martyrs including the following The sports teams of the Pontifical North American College in Rome Elementary schools named after them in Newmarket Ontario East York Ontario Hamilton Ontario Burlington Ontario Penetanguishene Ontario and Victoria Harbour Ontario Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School in Indianapolis Indiana Jesuit High School in Sacramento California where each building on the campus has been named after one of the saints Jesuit High School in New Orleans Louisiana Walsh Jesuit High School in Cuyahoga Falls Ohio which holds the martyrs as their patron saints Walsh Jesuit s chapel is named in their honour Brebeuf College School Jesuit formerly Catholic Secondary School in Willowdale north Toronto established in 1963 named after St Jean de Brebeuf Canadian Martyrs Elementary School Grades Kindergarten to Grade 8 Ottawa Ontario established by Oblates Of Mary Immaculate 1930 1983 3 4 Municipality named after the Canadian Martyrs edit The parish municipality of Saints Martyrs Canadiens in Quebec Canada The torture of the martyrs by the Iroquois is the subject depicted in the twelve light World War I memorial window 1933 by Charles William Kelsey at the Loyola College Montreal chapel at the Chapel of Our Lady of Lourdes on the campus of Georgetown Preparatory School in North Bethesda Maryland and a side shine at Madonna Della Strada Chapel on the campus of Loyola University Chicago Fordham University additionally has named the Martyrs Court residential complex in their collective honour as well as individual halls in the complex being named for Jogues Goupil and Lalande The North American College in Rome has a crypt chapel dedicated to the North American Martyrs The martyrs are also honoured at Camp Ondessonk a Catholic summer camp in Ozark Illinois where each unit of cabins is named after one of the martyrs and also at the American Martyrs Retreat House in Cedar Falls Iowa See also editJesuit missions in North America Christian martyrs Martyrs Shrine National Shrine of the North American MartyrsReferences edit a b Jesuit Relations 28 Account of Rene Goupil donne by Father Isaac Jogues a b Jesuit Relations 31 VIII a b Jesuit Relations vol 34 LXIV Jesuit Relations vol 33 LXVII a b c d Jesuit Relations vol 35 IV a b c d Jesuit Relations vol 40 LXXXIII Canadian Martyrs and Huronia Athabasca University Sainte Marie among the Hurons Jesuit Relations vol 33 LXVII Archived from the original on 2016 03 21 Retrieved 2007 01 17 Celebrating the 350th Anniversary of the Canadian Martyrs PDF Conca can Inc Archived from the original PDF on 2013 12 16 Retrieved 2013 04 26 Martyrs Shrine Midand Ontario Martyrs Shrine Auriesville Archived 2008 05 09 at the Wayback Machine Martyrs Shrine Chapel of the North American Martyrs Jesuit High School of New Orleans www jesuitnola org Archived from the original on 2017 06 24 Further reading edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canadian Martyrs Fisher Lillian M 2001 The North American Martyrs Jesuits in the New World Boston Pauline Books amp Media ISBN 0 8198 5132 9 Trigger Bruce 1990 The Hurons Farmers of the North University of Michigan Holt Rinehart and Winston ISBN 0030316898 Portals nbsp Saints nbsp Biography nbsp Catholicism nbsp Canada Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Canadian Martyrs amp oldid 1216072392, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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