In Asian countries, calculus bovis are sometimes harvested when steers (Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin) are slaughtered. Their gall bladders are taken out, the bile is filtered, and the stones are cleaned and dried. The bezoars may also be surgically removed by veterinarians when working cattle become ill. In western countries, they are usually discarded. Its equivalent in Vedic culture is Gorochana.
Calculus bovis have a color varying from golden yellow to brownish yellow. The shape of a stone is variable and depends on how it was formed, becoming spherical, oval, triangular, tubular, or irregular.
Since natural calculus bovis are scarce, they can be very expensive. There are artificial calculus bovis or bovis calculus artifactus used as substitutes. In China, these are manufactured from cholic acid derived from bovine bile[3] combined with dry bovine bile powder, porcine ursodeoxycholic acid, taurine, bilirubin, cholesterol, etc.[4] Chinese regulations forbid the use of artificial calculus bovis in 42 drugs.[5]
Calculus bovis can cultivated (induced) in vivo by implanting a foreign object and microbials into bovine biles.[6]: 478 It can also be cultivated (precipitated) in vitro from bovine bile by adding ursodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and calcium bilirubinate, producing calculus bovis sativus.[7][8] Unlike artificial calculus bovis, either type of cultivated calculus bovis can fully replace calculus bovis under Chinese regulations.[5]
Referencesedit
^Ingredients, AN KUNG NIU HUANG WAN (Bezoar Chest Functioning Pills), Beijing Tong Ren Tang, Peking, China. 1980. PPRC 2015 entry
^Yu, Zhi-Jie; Xu, Ying; Peng, Wei; Liu, Yu-Jie; Zhang, Jin-Ming; Li, Jin-Song; Sun, Tao; Wang, Ping (23 May 2020). "Calculus bovis: A review of the traditional usages, origin, chemistry, pharmacological activities and toxicology". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 254: 112649. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112649. ISSN 1872-7573. PMID 32068140. S2CID 211161780.
^. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
^"人工牛黄". (cowgallstones.com). Retrieved 10 July 2020.
^ ab. www.sda.gov.cn. 国食药监局. 21 January 2004. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
^石元春 (2002). 20世纪中国学术大典：农业科学 (in Chinese) (第一版 ed.). 福州: 福建教育出版社. ISBN9787533431631.
^张晓松. . 新华网. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
calculus, bovis, huang, 牛黃, bezoars, dried, gallstones, cattle, used, chinese, herbology, china, japan, been, long, used, treat, various, diseases, including, high, fever, convulsion, stroke, asian, countries, calculus, bovis, sometimes, harvested, when, steer. Calculus bovis 1 niu huang 牛黃 or ox bezoars are dried gallstones of cattle used in Chinese herbology In China and Japan it has been long used to treat various diseases including high fever convulsion and stroke 2 In Asian countries calculus bovis are sometimes harvested when steers Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin are slaughtered Their gall bladders are taken out the bile is filtered and the stones are cleaned and dried The bezoars may also be surgically removed by veterinarians when working cattle become ill In western countries they are usually discarded Its equivalent in Vedic culture is Gorochana Calculus bovis have a color varying from golden yellow to brownish yellow The shape of a stone is variable and depends on how it was formed becoming spherical oval triangular tubular or irregular Since natural calculus bovis are scarce they can be very expensive There are artificial calculus bovis or bovis calculus artifactus used as substitutes In China these are manufactured from cholic acid derived from bovine bile 3 combined with dry bovine bile powder porcine ursodeoxycholic acid taurine bilirubin cholesterol etc 4 Chinese regulations forbid the use of artificial calculus bovis in 42 drugs 5 Calculus bovis can cultivated induced in vivo by implanting a foreign object and microbials into bovine biles 6 478 It can also be cultivated precipitated in vitro from bovine bile by adding ursodeoxycholic acid cholic acid and calcium bilirubinate producing calculus bovis sativus 7 8 Unlike artificial calculus bovis either type of cultivated calculus bovis can fully replace calculus bovis under Chinese regulations 5 References edit Ingredients AN KUNG NIU HUANG WAN Bezoar Chest Functioning Pills Beijing Tong Ren Tang Peking China 1980 PPRC 2015 entry Yu Zhi Jie Xu Ying Peng Wei Liu Yu Jie Zhang Jin Ming Li Jin Song Sun Tao Wang Ping 23 May 2020 Calculus bovis A review of the traditional usages origin chemistry pharmacological activities and toxicology Journal of Ethnopharmacology 254 112649 doi 10 1016 j jep 2020 112649 ISSN 1872 7573 PMID 32068140 S2CID 211161780 Cholic Acid Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 Retrieved 9 November 2016 人工牛黄 cowgallstones com Retrieved 10 July 2020 a b 关于牛黄及其代用品使用问题的通知 www sda gov cn 国食药监局 21 January 2004 Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 Retrieved 7 May 2017 石元春 2002 20世纪中国学术大典 农业科学 in Chinese 第一版 ed 福州 福建教育出版社 ISBN 9787533431631 张晓松 背景 何谓人工牛黄 培植牛黄和体外培育牛黄 新华网 Archived from the original on 18 February 2008 Retrieved 7 May 2017 体外培育牛黄说明书 北京同仁堂 Retrieved 7 May 2017 permanent dead link External links editNiuhuang Pharmacopoeia of the People s Republic of China 2015 entries for calculus bovis Bovis calculus 5 cholic acid 25 bilirubin by dry wright Bovis calculus artifacus artificial replacement produced from dry bovine bile 13 cholic acid 0 63 bilirubin by dry wright Bovis calculus sativus in vitro cultivated replacement produced from bovine bile 6 cholic acid 35 bilirubin by dry wright nbsp This pharmacology related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Calculus bovis amp oldid 1153519412, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
