In astronomy, a calcium-rich supernova (or Calcium-rich transient, Ca-rich SN) is a subclass of supernovae that, in contrast to more well-known traditional supernova classes, are fainter and produce unusually large amounts of calcium. Since their luminosity is located in a gap between that of novae and other supernovae, they are also referred to as "gap" transients. Only around 15 events have been classified as a calcium-rich supernova (as of August 2017) – a combination of their intrinsic rarity and low luminosity make new discoveries and their subsequent study difficult. This makes calcium-rich supernovae one of the most mysterious supernova subclasses currently known.
A peculiar group of supernova that were unusually rich in calcium were identified by Alexei Filippenko and collaborators. Although they appeared somewhat similar to Type Ib and Ic supernovae, their spectra were dominated by calcium, without other signatures often seen in Type Ib and Ic supernovae, and the term calcium-rich was coined to describe them.[1] Subsequent discoveries led to the classification of empirically similar supernovae.[2][3] They share characteristics such as quickly rising and fading light curves that peak in luminosity between novae and supernovae, and spectra that are dominated by calcium 2–3 months after initial explosion.[4]
Explosion mechanismedit
The exact nature of the stellar systems and their subsequent explosions that give rise to calcium-rich supernovae are unknown. Despite appearing similar to Type Ib supernovae, it was noted that a different explosion mechanism was likely to be responsible for calcium-rich supernovae.[2] Since a large proportion of the galaxies from which they are thought to originate are early-type galaxies, and thus composed of old stellar populations, they are unlikely to contain many young, massive stars that give rise to Type Ib supernovae.[5] Supernova explosions in old stellar populations generally involved a white dwarf since these are old systems that can undergo thermonuclear explosion under the right circumstances, as is the case for Type Ia supernovae. However, because calcium-rich supernovae are much less luminous and fade more quickly than normal Type Ia supernovae, it is unlikely that the same mechanism is at play for both.
Another peculiarity of calcium-rich supernovae is that they appear to explode far away from galaxies, even reaching intergalactic space. Searches for faint dwarf galaxies at their locations have ruled that they are exploding in very low density environments, unlike other supernova types.[6][7]
There are several theories that attempt to explain this behaviour. Binary systems of high-velocity stars, such as two white dwarfs or a white dwarf and a neutron star, that have been ejected from their galaxy either due to a neutron star kick[8][9] or interaction with the supermassive black hole in their galaxy[10][11] could produce explosions when they eventually merge (due to gravitational wave radiation) that would preferentially occur far from galaxies. Alternatively they have been suggested to be due to stars that reside in the intracluster medium within large galaxy groups or clusters, having been expelled from their galaxy during mergers or interactions.[7] The explosion would then be caused by the detonation of a low mass white dwarf during a merging event as part of a binary system, or the detonation of a helium shell on a white dwarf.
A calcium-rich supernova event expels several tenths of a solar mass in material at thousands of kilometres per second and reaches a peak luminosity equal to around 100–200 million times that of the Sun. Despite calcium-rich supernovae being comparatively rare and diminutive compared to other supernova types, they are thought to make a significant contribution to the production of calcium in the Universe.[12]
^ abPerets, H. B.; Gal-Yam, A.; Mazzali, P. A.; Arnett, D.; Kagan, D.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Arcavi, I.; Cenko, S. B. (2010-05-20). "A faint type of supernova from a white dwarf with a helium-rich companion". Nature. 465 (7296): 322–325. arXiv:0906.2003. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..322P. doi:10.1038/nature09056. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20485429. S2CID 4368207.
^Brown, Eryn (2010-05-19). "Supernova is rich in calcium". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
^Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Gal-Yam, Avishay; Nugent, Peter E.; Sullivan, Mark; Bildsten, Lars; Ofer Yaron; Perets, Hagai B.; Arcavi, Iair (2012). "Calcium-rich Gap Transients in the Remote Outskirts of Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 755 (2): 161. arXiv:1111.6109. Bibcode:2012ApJ...755..161K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/755/2/161. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 32808402.
^Smartt, Stephen J. (2009). "Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 47 (1): 63–106. arXiv:0908.0700. Bibcode:2009ARA&A..47...63S. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101737. S2CID 55900386.
^Lyman, J. D.; Levan, A. J.; James, P. A.; Angus, C. R.; Church, R. P.; Davies, M. B.; Tanvir, N. R. (2016-05-11). "Hubble Space Telescopeobservations of the host galaxies and environments of calcium-rich supernovae". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 458 (2): 1768–1777. arXiv:1602.08098. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458.1768L. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw477. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 55274829.
^ abLunnan, R.; Kasliwal, M. M.; Cao, Y.; Hangard, L.; Yaron, O.; Parrent, J. T.; McCully, C.; Gal-Yam, A.; Mulchaey, J. S. (2017). "Two New Calcium-rich Gap Transients in Group and Cluster Environments". The Astrophysical Journal. 836 (1): 60. arXiv:1612.00454. Bibcode:2017ApJ...836...60L. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/60. S2CID 36667230.
^Lyman, J. D.; Levan, A. J.; Church, R. P.; Davies, M. B.; Tanvir, N. R. (2014-11-01). "The progenitors of calcium-rich transients are not formed in situ". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 444 (3): 2157–2166. arXiv:1408.1424. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.444.2157L. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1574. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119196405.
^Parnell, Brid-Aine. "Lonely Supernovae May Have Been Kicked Out Of Their Galaxies". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
^Foley, Ryan J. (2015-09-21). "Kinematics and host-galaxy properties suggest a nuclear origin for calcium-rich supernova progenitors". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 452 (3): 2463–2478. arXiv:1501.07607. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.452.2463F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv789. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119261181.
^"HubbleSite: News – NASA's Hubble Finds Supernovae in 'Wrong Place at Wrong Time'". hubblesite.org. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
^Mulchaey, John S.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Kollmeier, Juna A. (2014). "Calcium-rich Gap Transients: Solving the Calcium Conundrum in the Intracluster Medium". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 780 (2): L34. arXiv:1401.7017. Bibcode:2014ApJ...780L..34M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/780/2/L34. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 118539574.
^Prentice, S. J.; Maguire, K.; Flörs, A.; Taubenberger, S.; Inserra, C.; Frohmaier, C.; Chen, T. W.; Anderson, J. P.; Ashall, C.; Clark, P.; Fraser, M.; Galbany, L.; Gal-Yam, A.; Gromadzki, M.; Gutiérrez, C. P.; James, P. A.; Jonker, P. G.; Kankare, E.; Leloudas, G.; Magee, M. R.; Mazzali, P. A.; Nicholl, M.; Pursiainen, M.; Skillen, K.; Smartt, S. J.; Smith, K. W.; Vogl, C.; Young, D. R. (2020). "The rise and fall of an extraordinary Ca-rich transient – The discovery of ATLAS19dqr/SN 2019bkc". Astronomy & Astrophysics. A186: 635. arXiv:1909.05567. Bibcode:2020A&A...635A.186P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936515. S2CID 202565575.
^Perets, H. B.; Gal-Yam, A.; Mazzali, P. A.; Arnett, D.; Kagan, D.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Arcavi, I.; Cenko, S. B.; Fox, D. B.; Leonard, D. C.; Moon, D.-S.; Sand, D. J.; Soderberg, A. M.; Anderson, J. P.; James, P. A.; Foley, R. J.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Ofek, E. O.; Bildsten, L.; Nelemans, G.; Shen, K. J.; Weinberg, N. N.; Metzger, B. D.; Piro, A. L.; Quataert, E.; Kiewe, M.; Poznanski, D. (2010). "A faint type of supernova from a white dwarf with a helium-rich companion". Nature. 465 (7296): 322–325. arXiv:0906.2003. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..322P. doi:10.1038/nature09056. PMID 20485429. S2CID 4368207.
External linksedit
List of all known Type Ca-rich supernovae at The Open Supernova Catalog.
January 01, 1970
calcium, rich, supernova, astronomy, calcium, rich, supernova, calcium, rich, transient, rich, subclass, supernovae, that, contrast, more, well, known, traditional, supernova, classes, fainter, produce, unusually, large, amounts, calcium, since, their, luminos. In astronomy a calcium rich supernova or Calcium rich transient Ca rich SN is a subclass of supernovae that in contrast to more well known traditional supernova classes are fainter and produce unusually large amounts of calcium Since their luminosity is located in a gap between that of novae and other supernovae they are also referred to as gap transients Only around 15 events have been classified as a calcium rich supernova as of August 2017 a combination of their intrinsic rarity and low luminosity make new discoveries and their subsequent study difficult This makes calcium rich supernovae one of the most mysterious supernova subclasses currently known Contents 1 Origins and classification 2 Explosion mechanism 3 List 4 References 5 External linksOrigins and classification editA peculiar group of supernova that were unusually rich in calcium were identified by Alexei Filippenko and collaborators Although they appeared somewhat similar to Type Ib and Ic supernovae their spectra were dominated by calcium without other signatures often seen in Type Ib and Ic supernovae and the term calcium rich was coined to describe them 1 Subsequent discoveries led to the classification of empirically similar supernovae 2 3 They share characteristics such as quickly rising and fading light curves that peak in luminosity between novae and supernovae and spectra that are dominated by calcium 2 3 months after initial explosion 4 Explosion mechanism editThe exact nature of the stellar systems and their subsequent explosions that give rise to calcium rich supernovae are unknown Despite appearing similar to Type Ib supernovae it was noted that a different explosion mechanism was likely to be responsible for calcium rich supernovae 2 Since a large proportion of the galaxies from which they are thought to originate are early type galaxies and thus composed of old stellar populations they are unlikely to contain many young massive stars that give rise to Type Ib supernovae 5 Supernova explosions in old stellar populations generally involved a white dwarf since these are old systems that can undergo thermonuclear explosion under the right circumstances as is the case for Type Ia supernovae However because calcium rich supernovae are much less luminous and fade more quickly than normal Type Ia supernovae it is unlikely that the same mechanism is at play for both Another peculiarity of calcium rich supernovae is that they appear to explode far away from galaxies even reaching intergalactic space Searches for faint dwarf galaxies at their locations have ruled that they are exploding in very low density environments unlike other supernova types 6 7 There are several theories that attempt to explain this behaviour Binary systems of high velocity stars such as two white dwarfs or a white dwarf and a neutron star that have been ejected from their galaxy either due to a neutron star kick 8 9 or interaction with the supermassive black hole in their galaxy 10 11 could produce explosions when they eventually merge due to gravitational wave radiation that would preferentially occur far from galaxies Alternatively they have been suggested to be due to stars that reside in the intracluster medium within large galaxy groups or clusters having been expelled from their galaxy during mergers or interactions 7 The explosion would then be caused by the detonation of a low mass white dwarf during a merging event as part of a binary system or the detonation of a helium shell on a white dwarf A calcium rich supernova event expels several tenths of a solar mass in material at thousands of kilometres per second and reaches a peak luminosity equal to around 100 200 million times that of the Sun Despite calcium rich supernovae being comparatively rare and diminutive compared to other supernova types they are thought to make a significant contribution to the production of calcium in the Universe 12 List editDesignation Date Location Redshift Host galaxy Ejecta mass Reference SN 2019bkc March 2019 0 0209 0 0003 unknown 0 3 0 1 M 13 SN 2005E January 2005 2694 18 km s NGC 1032 0 275 M 14 References edit IAUC 8159 2003gh 2001co 2003H 2003dg 2003dr www cbat eps harvard edu Retrieved 2017 08 10 a b Perets H B Gal Yam A Mazzali P A Arnett D Kagan D Filippenko A V Li W Arcavi I Cenko S B 2010 05 20 A faint type of supernova from a white dwarf with a helium rich companion Nature 465 7296 322 325 arXiv 0906 2003 Bibcode 2010Natur 465 322P doi 10 1038 nature09056 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 20485429 S2CID 4368207 Brown Eryn 2010 05 19 Supernova is rich in calcium Los Angeles Times ISSN 0458 3035 Retrieved 2017 08 10 Kasliwal Mansi M Kulkarni S R Gal Yam Avishay Nugent Peter E Sullivan Mark Bildsten Lars Ofer Yaron Perets Hagai B Arcavi Iair 2012 Calcium rich Gap Transients in the Remote Outskirts of Galaxies The Astrophysical Journal 755 2 161 arXiv 1111 6109 Bibcode 2012ApJ 755 161K doi 10 1088 0004 637X 755 2 161 ISSN 0004 637X S2CID 32808402 Smartt Stephen J 2009 Progenitors of Core Collapse Supernovae Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 47 1 63 106 arXiv 0908 0700 Bibcode 2009ARA amp A 47 63S doi 10 1146 annurev astro 082708 101737 S2CID 55900386 Lyman J D Levan A J James P A Angus C R Church R P Davies M B Tanvir N R 2016 05 11 Hubble Space Telescopeobservations of the host galaxies and environments of calcium rich supernovae Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 458 2 1768 1777 arXiv 1602 08098 Bibcode 2016MNRAS 458 1768L doi 10 1093 mnras stw477 ISSN 0035 8711 S2CID 55274829 a b Lunnan R Kasliwal M M Cao Y Hangard L Yaron O Parrent J T McCully C Gal Yam A Mulchaey J S 2017 Two New Calcium rich Gap Transients in Group and Cluster Environments The Astrophysical Journal 836 1 60 arXiv 1612 00454 Bibcode 2017ApJ 836 60L doi 10 3847 1538 4357 836 1 60 S2CID 36667230 Lyman J D Levan A J Church R P Davies M B Tanvir N R 2014 11 01 The progenitors of calcium rich transients are not formed in situ Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 444 3 2157 2166 arXiv 1408 1424 Bibcode 2014MNRAS 444 2157L doi 10 1093 mnras stu1574 ISSN 0035 8711 S2CID 119196405 Parnell Brid Aine Lonely Supernovae May Have Been Kicked Out Of Their Galaxies Forbes Retrieved 2017 08 10 Foley Ryan J 2015 09 21 Kinematics and host galaxy properties suggest a nuclear origin for calcium rich supernova progenitors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 452 3 2463 2478 arXiv 1501 07607 Bibcode 2015MNRAS 452 2463F doi 10 1093 mnras stv789 ISSN 0035 8711 S2CID 119261181 HubbleSite News NASA s Hubble Finds Supernovae in Wrong Place at Wrong Time hubblesite org Retrieved 2017 08 10 Mulchaey John S Kasliwal Mansi M Kollmeier Juna A 2014 Calcium rich Gap Transients Solving the Calcium Conundrum in the Intracluster Medium The Astrophysical Journal Letters 780 2 L34 arXiv 1401 7017 Bibcode 2014ApJ 780L 34M doi 10 1088 2041 8205 780 2 L34 ISSN 2041 8205 S2CID 118539574 Prentice S J Maguire K Flors A Taubenberger S Inserra C Frohmaier C Chen T W Anderson J P Ashall C Clark P Fraser M Galbany L Gal Yam A Gromadzki M Gutierrez C P James P A Jonker P G Kankare E Leloudas G Magee M R Mazzali P A Nicholl M Pursiainen M Skillen K Smartt S J Smith K W Vogl C Young D R 2020 The rise and fall of an extraordinary Ca rich transient The discovery of ATLAS19dqr SN 2019bkc Astronomy amp Astrophysics A186 635 arXiv 1909 05567 Bibcode 2020A amp A 635A 186P doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201936515 S2CID 202565575 Perets H B Gal Yam A Mazzali P A Arnett D Kagan D Filippenko A V Li W Arcavi I Cenko S B Fox D B Leonard D C Moon D S Sand D J Soderberg A M Anderson J P James P A Foley R J Ganeshalingam M Ofek E O Bildsten L Nelemans G Shen K J Weinberg N N Metzger B D Piro A L Quataert E Kiewe M Poznanski D 2010 A faint type of supernova from a white dwarf with a helium rich companion Nature 465 7296 322 325 arXiv 0906 2003 Bibcode 2010Natur 465 322P doi 10 1038 nature09056 PMID 20485429 S2CID 4368207 External links editList of all known Type Ca rich supernovae at The Open Supernova Catalog Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Calcium rich supernova amp oldid 1174812446, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
